Exam Five - Immune System One Flashcards
Is adaptive immunity fast or slow?
slow
Is innate immunity fast or slow?
fast
What are the 3 main immune system functions?
1 - recognize and remove abnormal “self” cells
2 - removed dead or damaged cells
3 - protects the body from disease- causing pathogens
innate or adaptive is nonspecific and responds quickly?
innate
immunity definition:
having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion
immune system must distinguish between:
self and non-self cells
What are 3 types of barriers than act as our first line of defense to pathogens?
- physical
- chemical
- mechanical
What is the 4 step response if our barriers fail?
1 - detection and identification
2 - communication with other immune cells
3 - recruitment of assistance and coordination of response
4 - destruction or suppression of the pathogen
antigen:
any substance specifically binding to antibodies or cell surface receptors of B and T cells
immunogen:
antigen capable of inducing an immune response
internal response is carried out by ______, which communicate via ___________
leukocytes, cytokines
describe innate immunity:
- immediate immune response
- non-specific
- rapid
- inflammation
- antigen presenting cells
- not remembered by immune system
describe adaptive immunity:
- specific response
- slow
- remembered by system
- cell-mediated immunity, contact dependent signaling
- antibody mediated immunity
What are all the organs of the immune system?
- tonsils and adenoids
- lymph nodes/vessels
- thymus
- spleen
- peyers patches
- appendix
- bone marrow
why are tonsils and adenoids important?
- help filter pathogens
- contain many leukocytes
- lymphoid tissue
- M cells recognize antigens
- M cells activate T-cells and B-cells
why are lymph nodes and vessels important?
- help filter pathogens
- contains many leukocytes
- limphoid tissue
- M cells recognize antigens
- M cells activate T-cells and B-cells
What is the function of the red pulp of the spleen?
- splenic cords bust up RBC
- recycle iron
- blood storage
- blood filtration (of old RBC)
What is the function of the white pulp of the spleen?
- lymphatic tissue
- adaptive immune system
- contain B and T cells
What is the function of the thymus?
- where leukocytes mature (B and Tcells)
- must pass positive selectivity before released (be able to distinguish self cells from pathogens)
What is the function of the appendix
“safe house” for gut bacteria
What is the function for Peyer’s Patches
- “tonsils” of the digestive system
- detect pathogens
- M-cells
What is the function of red bone marrow?
produce erythrocytes
produce meukocytes
What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
it is inactive/fatty but can be restored to red blood marrow in time of stress
What process takes place in the bone marrow?
hematopoiesis
- requires cytokines called colony-stimulating factors and interleukins
where do T-lymphocytes mature?
thymus
where do B-lymphocytes mature?
bone marrow
where do natural killer cells develop?
bone marrow and other tissues
What two cells can form from apluripotent hematopoetic stem cell?
- lymphocyte stem cell
- committed progenitor cell
What cells form from a lymphocyte stem cell?
- NK cell
- T lymphocyte
- B lymphocyte (then becomes plasma cell)
What cells form from a committed progenitor cell?
- eosinophil
- basophil
- neutrophil
- monocyte
- mast cell
- dendritic cell
- macrophage
- megakaryocyte (platelets)
- reticulocyte (RBC)
neutrophil
first responders to microbacterial infection
1 - largest # of WBC
2 - first responder
3 - phagocytes and granulocytes
4 - monocytes
5 - cytokine communication
eosinophil
allergic reactions (inflammatory)
2 functions
1 - destroy pathogens
2 - create inflammatory response
(destroy path by releasing chemicals from granules)
- >7% of cells, circulating 1/2 life is 4.5-8 hrs, live in tissue for 8-12 days
basophil
allergic and antigen response (release histamine causing vasodilation)
- inflammation
- innate immune response
- only WBC w/ histamine
- basophils circulate 1-2 day life
- mast cells are fixed in tissues
lymphocyte
operate in lymph system
- cytotoxic T-cell: kill infected cells
- helper T-cell: help T&B
- B-cell: produce antibodies
monocyte
- differentiate into macrophage (in tissue) and dendritic cells
- 2 roles: patrol for bacteria and orchestrate immune response in times of infection and inflammation
- phagocytosis of pathogens
Thymus gland
- produces T-cells and peptides
- shrinks with age
what happens to lymphocytes whose receptors bind to the self antigen?
they die by apoptosis
what happens to lymphocytes whose receptors do not react to self-antigen?
they go on to form clones
natural killer cell
- directly lyse infected cells
- produce inflammatory cytokines
phagocytosis
- the process where a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm
what barrier prevents microbial entrance
skin
what barrier prevents microbial entrance, secretes proteins and enzymes, and absorbs metabolic substrates
mucosa
what effector cells do phagocytosis, cytokine production, protein and enzyme secretion, and destruction of pathogens?
- granulocytes
- monocytes/macrophage
- dendritic cells
what effector cells lyse infected and tumor cells, activate macrophage through cytokine production
NK cells
what effector cell mediates immune response and regulates tissue homeostasis and inflammation
innate lymphoid cells
what effector cells do microbial recognition and cytokine production
endothelial and epithelial cells
what is responsible for the destruction of invading pathogens
antimicrobial peptides
What are the chemicals of the innate immune response
- chemotaxins
- opsonins
- pyrogens
chemotaxins
molecules that attract phagocytes to a site of infection
opsonins
proteins that coat pathogens so that phagocytes recognize and ingest them
pyrogens
fever-producing substances
complement
plasma and cell membrane proteins that act as opsonins, cytolytic agents, and mediators of inflammation
C-reactive protein
opsonin that activates complement cascade (produced by liver)
histamine
vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor released by mast cells and basophils
interferons (IFN)
cytokines that inhibit viral replication and modulate the immune response
interleukins (IL)
cytokines secreted by leukocytes to act primarily on other leukocytes; IL-1 mediates inflammatory response and reduces fever
membrane attack complex
a membrane pore protein made in the complement cascade (water pours in the cell and causes it to burst)
tumor necrosis factor (TFN)
cytokines that produce inflammation
T or F: inflected cells are marked with MHC One for destruction
false, marked with MHC2
antibodies are created by
B-lymphocytes
T-cell receptors are created by
T Lymphocytes
IgG
most abundant in the serum
IgE
associated with allergic responses
