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PathoPhysiology > Exam Five - Immune System One > Flashcards

Exam Five - Immune System One Flashcards

1
Q

Is adaptive immunity fast or slow?

A

slow

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2
Q

Is innate immunity fast or slow?

A

fast

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3
Q

What are the 3 main immune system functions?

A

1 - recognize and remove abnormal “self” cells
2 - removed dead or damaged cells
3 - protects the body from disease- causing pathogens

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4
Q

innate or adaptive is nonspecific and responds quickly?

A

innate

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5
Q

immunity definition:

A

having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion

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6
Q

immune system must distinguish between:

A

self and non-self cells

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7
Q

What are 3 types of barriers than act as our first line of defense to pathogens?

A
  • physical
  • chemical
  • mechanical
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8
Q

What is the 4 step response if our barriers fail?

A

1 - detection and identification
2 - communication with other immune cells
3 - recruitment of assistance and coordination of response
4 - destruction or suppression of the pathogen

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9
Q

antigen:

A

any substance specifically binding to antibodies or cell surface receptors of B and T cells

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10
Q

immunogen:

A

antigen capable of inducing an immune response

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11
Q

internal response is carried out by ______, which communicate via ___________

A

leukocytes, cytokines

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12
Q

describe innate immunity:

A
  • immediate immune response
  • non-specific
  • rapid
  • inflammation
  • antigen presenting cells
  • not remembered by immune system
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13
Q

describe adaptive immunity:

A
  • specific response
  • slow
  • remembered by system
  • cell-mediated immunity, contact dependent signaling
  • antibody mediated immunity
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14
Q

What are all the organs of the immune system?

A
  • tonsils and adenoids
  • lymph nodes/vessels
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • peyers patches
  • appendix
  • bone marrow
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15
Q

why are tonsils and adenoids important?

A
  • help filter pathogens
  • contain many leukocytes
  • lymphoid tissue
  • M cells recognize antigens
  • M cells activate T-cells and B-cells
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16
Q

why are lymph nodes and vessels important?

A
  • help filter pathogens
  • contains many leukocytes
  • limphoid tissue
  • M cells recognize antigens
  • M cells activate T-cells and B-cells
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17
Q

What is the function of the red pulp of the spleen?

A
  • splenic cords bust up RBC
  • recycle iron
  • blood storage
  • blood filtration (of old RBC)
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18
Q

What is the function of the white pulp of the spleen?

A
  • lymphatic tissue
  • adaptive immune system
  • contain B and T cells
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19
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A
  • where leukocytes mature (B and Tcells)
  • must pass positive selectivity before released (be able to distinguish self cells from pathogens)
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20
Q

What is the function of the appendix

A

“safe house” for gut bacteria

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21
Q

What is the function for Peyer’s Patches

A
  • “tonsils” of the digestive system
  • detect pathogens
  • M-cells
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22
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow?

A

produce erythrocytes
produce meukocytes

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23
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

it is inactive/fatty but can be restored to red blood marrow in time of stress

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24
Q

What process takes place in the bone marrow?

A

hematopoiesis
- requires cytokines called colony-stimulating factors and interleukins

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25
Q

where do T-lymphocytes mature?

A

thymus

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26
Q

where do B-lymphocytes mature?

A

bone marrow

27
Q

where do natural killer cells develop?

A

bone marrow and other tissues

28
Q

What two cells can form from apluripotent hematopoetic stem cell?

A
  • lymphocyte stem cell
  • committed progenitor cell
29
Q

What cells form from a lymphocyte stem cell?

A
  • NK cell
  • T lymphocyte
  • B lymphocyte (then becomes plasma cell)
30
Q

What cells form from a committed progenitor cell?

A
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • neutrophil
  • monocyte
  • mast cell
  • dendritic cell
  • macrophage
  • megakaryocyte (platelets)
  • reticulocyte (RBC)
31
Q

neutrophil

A

first responders to microbacterial infection
1 - largest # of WBC
2 - first responder
3 - phagocytes and granulocytes
4 - monocytes
5 - cytokine communication

32
Q

eosinophil

A

allergic reactions (inflammatory)
2 functions
1 - destroy pathogens
2 - create inflammatory response
(destroy path by releasing chemicals from granules)
- >7% of cells, circulating 1/2 life is 4.5-8 hrs, live in tissue for 8-12 days

33
Q

basophil

A

allergic and antigen response (release histamine causing vasodilation)
- inflammation
- innate immune response
- only WBC w/ histamine
- basophils circulate 1-2 day life
- mast cells are fixed in tissues

34
Q

lymphocyte

A

operate in lymph system
- cytotoxic T-cell: kill infected cells
- helper T-cell: help T&B
- B-cell: produce antibodies

35
Q

monocyte

A
  • differentiate into macrophage (in tissue) and dendritic cells
  • 2 roles: patrol for bacteria and orchestrate immune response in times of infection and inflammation
  • phagocytosis of pathogens
36
Q

Thymus gland

A
  • produces T-cells and peptides
  • shrinks with age
37
Q

what happens to lymphocytes whose receptors bind to the self antigen?

A

they die by apoptosis

38
Q

what happens to lymphocytes whose receptors do not react to self-antigen?

A

they go on to form clones

39
Q

natural killer cell

A
  • directly lyse infected cells
  • produce inflammatory cytokines
40
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • the process where a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm
41
Q

what barrier prevents microbial entrance

A

skin

42
Q

what barrier prevents microbial entrance, secretes proteins and enzymes, and absorbs metabolic substrates

A

mucosa

43
Q

what effector cells do phagocytosis, cytokine production, protein and enzyme secretion, and destruction of pathogens?

A
  • granulocytes
  • monocytes/macrophage
  • dendritic cells
44
Q

what effector cells lyse infected and tumor cells, activate macrophage through cytokine production

A

NK cells

45
Q

what effector cell mediates immune response and regulates tissue homeostasis and inflammation

A

innate lymphoid cells

46
Q

what effector cells do microbial recognition and cytokine production

A

endothelial and epithelial cells

47
Q

what is responsible for the destruction of invading pathogens

A

antimicrobial peptides

48
Q

What are the chemicals of the innate immune response

A
  • chemotaxins
  • opsonins
  • pyrogens
49
Q

chemotaxins

A

molecules that attract phagocytes to a site of infection

50
Q

opsonins

A

proteins that coat pathogens so that phagocytes recognize and ingest them

51
Q

pyrogens

A

fever-producing substances

52
Q

complement

A

plasma and cell membrane proteins that act as opsonins, cytolytic agents, and mediators of inflammation

53
Q

C-reactive protein

A

opsonin that activates complement cascade (produced by liver)

54
Q

histamine

A

vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor released by mast cells and basophils

55
Q

interferons (IFN)

A

cytokines that inhibit viral replication and modulate the immune response

56
Q

interleukins (IL)

A

cytokines secreted by leukocytes to act primarily on other leukocytes; IL-1 mediates inflammatory response and reduces fever

57
Q

membrane attack complex

A

a membrane pore protein made in the complement cascade (water pours in the cell and causes it to burst)

58
Q

tumor necrosis factor (TFN)

A

cytokines that produce inflammation

59
Q

T or F: inflected cells are marked with MHC One for destruction

A

false, marked with MHC2

60
Q

antibodies are created by

A

B-lymphocytes

61
Q

T-cell receptors are created by

A

T Lymphocytes

62
Q

IgG

A

most abundant in the serum

63
Q

IgE

A

associated with allergic responses

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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