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PathoPhysiology > Exam One - 1.2 Biochemistry 101 > Flashcards

Exam One - 1.2 Biochemistry 101 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary elements of life?

A

CHON

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2
Q

Which CHON element is the human body most abundant in?

A

Hydrogen

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3
Q

Which CHON element is the earth most abundant in?

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

Which CHON element is not in everything?

A

Nitrogen

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5
Q

Molar solution

A

one mole of substance/ one liter of solution

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6
Q

isotope

A

same element, different weight

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7
Q

ion

A

same element, different charge

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8
Q

atomic number

A

how many protons in an element

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9
Q

atomic weight

A

protons + neutrons

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10
Q

cations

A

positively charged
lost electrons

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11
Q

anions

A

negatively charged
gained electrons

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12
Q

What are the four major biological roles of electrons?

A

1 - covalent bonds (share)
2 - ions: opposites attract
3 - high-energy electrons: electrons with excess captured energy
4 - free radicals: unpaired electrons, can damage other biological molecules

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13
Q

ionic bond

A

gains or loses an electron, but does not share
opposite charges attract

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14
Q

functional groups

A

combo of elements that frequently occur in biological molecules
move between molecules as a single unit

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15
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak bond
H must bind with a N,O, or F
cause of water surface tension

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16
Q

van der waals forces

A

weak and nonspecific
results from temporary formations of dipoles

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17
Q

hydrophilic

A

like water (have dipole moments)

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18
Q

hydrophobic

A

scared of water
lipids have no dipole moments

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19
Q

solute

A

any substance that dissolves in a liquid

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20
Q

solvent

A

the liquid in which a solute dissolves

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21
Q

what is the universal solvent?

A

water

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22
Q

solution

A

combination of solutes dissolved in water

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23
Q

Concentration = ?

A

solute amount/volume of solution

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24
Q

What are the building blocks of the cell?

A

sugar
fatty acids
amino acids
nucleotides

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25
Q

what are the larger units of the cell?

A

polysaccharides
fats/lipids/membranes
proteins
nucleic acids

26
Q

What are the three types of carbs?

A

monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

27
Q

What are the two kinds of monosaccharides?

A

five-carbon sugar
six-carbon sugar

28
Q

What are the two five-carbon sugars?

A

ribose and deoxyribose

29
Q

What are the three kinds of sex-carbon sugars?

A

fructose glucose and galactose

30
Q

What are three kinds of disaccharides?

A

sucrose maltose and lactose

31
Q

What makes up sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

32
Q

What makes up maltose?

A

glucose and glucose

33
Q

What makes up lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

34
Q

What polysaccharide do humans use?

A

glycogen

35
Q

What are different kinds of lipids?

A

saturated fatty acids
monounsaturated fatty acids
polyunsaturated fatty acids
cholesterol
steroids
membranes

36
Q

What are fats?

A

fatty acids linked with a glycerol

37
Q

What are the basic components of a phospholipid?

A

choline and phosphate and glycerol make the hydrophilic head
one saturated and one unsaturated lipid chain makes the hydrophobic tail

38
Q

What are the nucleotides for RNA?

A

uracil and cytosine
adenine and guanine

39
Q

What are the nucleotides for DNA

A

thymine and cytosine
adenine and guanine

40
Q

What are the three basic components to make a nucleotide?

A

nitrogenous base
five carbon sugar
one phosphate

41
Q

What are the two purines?

A

adenine and guanine

42
Q

What are the three pyramidines?

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

43
Q

What is the product of transcription?

A

mRNA

44
Q

What is the product of translation?

A

Proteins

45
Q

What is the basic building block of proteins?

A

Amino acids

46
Q

What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

A

essential AA you must get from your diet, the body can manufacture non-essential AA

47
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

primary: AA peptide chain
secondary: alpha helix or beta sheets due to hydrogen bonding
tertiary: three dimensional folding
quaternary: more than one peptide chain

48
Q

What are polymers?

A

biomolecules made of repeating units

49
Q

What is an example of a polymer?

A

glycogen is a polymer of glucose

50
Q

True or False? Protein-binding reactions are reversible

A

True

51
Q

Affinity

A

degree to which a protein is attached to a ligand

52
Q

Equilibrium

A

the rate of binding is exactly equal to the rate of unbinding

53
Q

Agonist

A

competing ligands that mimic each others actions

54
Q

Antagonist

A

competing ligand that blocks the action of another

55
Q

proteolytic activation

A

protein does not function correctly until peptide fragments are removed

56
Q

Cofactor activation

A

must have a cofactor bind to an inactive protein to make it active (so the ligand can then attach)

57
Q

Allosteric activator

A

binds to inactive protein on opposite side of the binding site in order to change protein shape and make it active

58
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

binds to site so that the true ligand cannot and makes protein inactive

59
Q

allosteric inhibition

A

binds to active protein on opposite side of the binding site in order to change protein shape and make it inactive again

60
Q

What are some factors that could affect protein binding?

A

temperature, pH, amount of protein in cells, reaction rate

61
Q

When is the maximum reaction rate reached?

A

When the protein is saturated

62
Q
A

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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