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PathoPhysiology > Exam Four - Pulmonary 3 > Flashcards

Exam Four - Pulmonary 3 Flashcards

1
Q

hypoxia

A

too little oxygen

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2
Q

hypercapnea

A

increased concentration of co2

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3
Q

to avoid hypoxia and hypercapnia, the body responds to these 3 regulated variables…

A

o2, co2, pH

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4
Q

hypoxic hypoxia

A

low arterial P02

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5
Q

anemic hypoxia

A

decreased total amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin

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6
Q

ischemic hypoxia

A

reduced blood flow

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7
Q

histotoxic hypoxia

A

failure of cells to use o2 because cells have been poisoned

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8
Q

normal arterial and venous level of o2

A

95a, 40v

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9
Q

normal arterial and venous level of co2

A

40a, 46v

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10
Q

normal arterial and venous level of pH

A

7.4a, 7.37v

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11
Q

breathing is ___ of air into and out of the lungs

A

bulk flow

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12
Q

low alveolar PO2 ___ oxygen uptake

A

decreases

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13
Q

t or f. low alveolar po2 if inspired air has abnormally low oxygen content

A

true, higher altitude decreases PO2

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14
Q

low alveolar po2 if alveolar ventilation is inadequate

A

hypoventilation,

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15
Q

hypoventilation can be caused by:

A
  • decreased lung compliance
  • increased airway resistance
  • CNS depression
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16
Q

diffusion rate is related to

A

surface area x concentration gradient x barrier permeability
1/distance^2

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17
Q

what are 3 pathological changes that adversely affect gas exchange

A
  • surface area (emphysema)
  • diffusion barrier permeability (fibrotic lung disease)
  • diffusion distance (edmea)
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18
Q

what are the acronyms we use for symptoms of hypoxia

A

early rat
late to bed
(peds use FINES)

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19
Q

emphysema

A

destruction of alveoli means less surface area for gas exchange

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20
Q

fibrotic lung disease

A

thickened alveolar membrane slows gas exchange. loss of lung compliance may decrease alveolar ventilation

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21
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid in interstitial space increases diffusion distance. arterial Pco2 may be normal due to higher co2 solubility in water

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22
Q

asthma

A

increased airway resistance decreases alveolar ventilation

23
Q

movement of gases is directly proportional to

A
  • pressure gradient of the gas
  • solubility of the gas in liquid
  • temperature
24
Q

with temperature constant, the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid depends on…

A

the solubility of the gas and the partial pressure of the gas

25
Q

fick equation can be used to

A

estimate oxygen consumption

26
Q

what is the fick equation

A

oxygen consumption (Qo2) = CO x (arterial o2 - venous o2)

27
Q

oxygen binding obeys the law of mass action, so what happens if you increase oxygen

A

shift to the right
Hb + o2 -> HbO2

28
Q

oxygen binding obeys the law of mass action, so what happens if you decrease oxygen

A

shift to the left
Hb + o2 <- HbO2

29
Q

if you are at rest, will most of your oxygen be bound to hemoglobin or unbound?

A

bound

30
Q

if you are exercising vigorously, will most of your oxygen be bound to hemoglobin or unbound

A

unbound

31
Q

true or false, hemoglobin increases oxygen transport

A

true

32
Q

What factors influence oxygens ability to bind to hemoglobin

A

pH, temperature, Pco2

33
Q

if pH decreases, temp increases, and concentration of co2 increases, will you have an increase or decreased affinity of O2 to hemoglobin?

A

decreased, more O2 is released and represents and increase in metabolic activity

34
Q

2,3-BPG shifts saturation curve to the _____

A

right (chronic hypoxia increased RBC production of 2,3-BPG)

35
Q

true or false, fetal hemoglobin grabs O2 and holds onto it easier

A

true

36
Q

carbon dioxide is transported in these 3 ways

A
  • dissolved in plasma (7%)
  • bound to hemoglobin (23%)
  • converted to HCO3 (70%)
37
Q

neural networks in the brain stem behave like a _______

A

central pattern generator

38
Q

respiratory neurons in the ________ control inspiratory and expiratory muscles

A

medulla

39
Q

neurons in the ___ integrate sensory info and interact with medullary neurons to influence ______

A

pons, ventilation

40
Q

rhythmic pattern of breathing arises from a neural network of _________

A

spontaneously dischargin neurons

41
Q

t or f? ventilation is subject to continuous modulation by chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor linked reflexes and higher brain centers

A

true

42
Q

What are the 3 groups of neurons in the medulla that control breathing?

A
  • dorsal respiratory group
  • pontine respiratory group
  • ventral respiratory group
43
Q

dorsal respiratory group is located in the _______ and controls _______

A

Nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS), muscles of inspiration (diaphragm)

44
Q

pontine respiratory group is the…

A

integrating center for sensory afferents

45
Q

ventral respiratory group (VRG) is important for

A

basic pacemaker activity, active expiration and greater than normal inspiration

46
Q

medullary chemoreceptors monitor

A

co2

47
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the __________, use specialized ______ cells. O2 must fall below _____ to trigger reflex

A

carotid bodies
glomus
60 mmhg

48
Q

decreased po2, increased hydrogen ions and increased pco2 initiates ___ in ventilation

A

increase

49
Q

central chemoreceptors are located in ______, respond to changes in _________ by detecting

A

CNS/medulla
PCO2
hydrogen ion concentration

50
Q

central chemoreceptors monitor CO2 in the

A

CSF

51
Q

hering - breuer inflation reflex

A

stops you from breathing in so much that you pop your lungs

52
Q

t or f, limbic system can affect breath rate and depth

A

true (emotion)

53
Q

t or f, you cannot override chemoreceptor reflex

A

true

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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