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PathoPhysiology > Exam Five - Reproductive Two > Flashcards

Exam Five - Reproductive Two Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered external female genitalia?

A

vulva (labia majora/minora and clitoris)
urethra

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2
Q

What are considered internal female genitalia

A
  • vagina (hymen)
  • cervix
  • uterus
  • 2 fallopian tubes
  • 2 ovaries
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3
Q

what hair like structure is attached to the fallopian tubes and catches the egg when it leaves the ovarie

A

fimbriae

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4
Q

What are the layers of the uterus

A
  • outer covering
  • myometrium ( smooth muscle)
  • endometrium (blood)
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5
Q

the cortex of the ovary contains ________

A

follicles

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6
Q

the medulla of the ovary contains ___________ and _________

A

blood vessels and nerves

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7
Q

What is the different stages of follicular development?

A

primordial follicle, primary, secondary, early tertiary follicle, dominant follicle

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8
Q

primordial follicle

A
  • primary oocyte surrounded by grandulosa cell
  • if unselected for maturation, will undergo atresia
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9
Q

primary follicles

A
  • primary oocyte grows
  • granulosa cells divide
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10
Q

secondary follicles

A
  • follicles grow larger (multiplying granulosa cells)
  • theca begins to form
  • some fail program and become atretic
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11
Q

tertiary follicle

A
  • formation of a large fluid filled cavity (antrum)
  • a follicle that remains from pool becomes the dominant follicle
  • releases egg
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12
Q

what are the 3 parts of the ovarian cycle

A

1 - follicular phase
2 - ovulation
3 - luteal phase with corpus letuem

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13
Q

What is the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

A

1 - menses
2 - proliferative phase
3 - secretory phase

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14
Q

Whats going on during day 1-13 of menstrual cycle?

A
  • lower body temp
  • low levels of LH, FSH, & prog
  • high levels of estradiol
  • follicular phase (& 1/2 of menses)
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15
Q

What’s going on on day 14 of mensuration cycle?

A
  • ovulation day
  • spike in body temp
  • spike in LH & FSH
  • still low prog
  • dip in estrogen
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16
Q

Whats going on in the menstrual cycle from day 15-28?

A
  • body temp stays higher until menses begins
  • low LH and FSH
  • higher prog and lower estrogen
  • luteal phase builds endometrium until menses begins
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17
Q

___________ influence female secondary sex characteristics

A

hormones

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18
Q

procreation

A

the process by which an organism produces others of its biological kind

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18
Q

_________ control breast development and fat distribution

A

estrogen

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18
Q

_________ control public and axillary hair growth and libido

A

androgens

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19
Q

What are the four phases of the human sexual response

A

1 - excitement
2 - plateau
3 - orgasm
4 - resolution

20
Q

explain how vascular congestion aids in lubrication and erection in the excitement phase of arousal

A

the arteries dilate so much, it obstructs the vein and decreases blood return to the heart

21
Q

T or F: the erection response is controlled via sympathetic activation and parasympathetic suppression

A

F: the erection response is due to parasympathetic activation and sympathetic reppression

22
Q

fertilization requires ___________

A

capacitation

23
Q

Capacitation enables…

A

sperm to fertilize an egg

24
Q

capacitated sperm releases….

A

enzymes from their acrosomes in order to penetrate the cells and zona pellucida surrounding the egg

25
Q

fertilization occurs where?

A

in the fallopian tubes

26
Q

fusion of sperm and egg triggers the _____-

A

cortical reaction

27
Q

what is the cortical reaction

A
  • cortical granules released
  • prevents polyspermy
  • creates diploid cell
28
Q

describe the timing of fertilization

A

first - ovulation
day one: fertilization
day 2-4: cell division takes place
day 4-5: blastocyst reaches uterus
day 5-9: bastocyst implants in uterus

29
Q

developing embryo forms a _______ when it reaches the uterus

A

hollow blastocyst

30
Q

What extraembryonic membrane forms the placenta?

A

chorion

31
Q

What extraembryonic membrane secretes amniotic fluid?

A

amnion

32
Q

What extraembryonic membrane creates the umbilical cord

A

allantois

33
Q

T or F: the yolk sac lasts the whole pregnancy

A

F - it degenerates early

34
Q

_____ of placenta surrounded by maternal blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes

A

chorionic

35
Q

describe the job of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in pregnancy

A
  • rescues corpus luteum makes lots hCG early (dips after 14 weeks) and is basis of pregnancy tests
36
Q

describe role of estrogen in pregnancy

A
  • helps develop milk-secreting ducts in the breast
  • very low amounts during pregnancy and a slow gradual rise
37
Q

describe role of human placental lactogen (hPL) in pregnancy

A
  • necessary for breast development and milk production
  • affects maternal metabolism
  • start making A LOT the last 4ish weeks of pregnancy
38
Q

describe role of progesterone in pregnancy

A
  • maintains endometrium
  • corpus luteum does this at first, when it degrades then the placenta takes over production
39
Q

lactation

A

mammary glands secrete milk

40
Q

what happens to mammary glands during pregnancy?

A
  • estrogen, GH, and cortisol stimulate further gland development
41
Q

What happens to mammary glands during late pregnancy?

A
  • progesterone converts duct epithelium into secretory structure
  • prolactin is not inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and glands begin to produce milk
42
Q

mammary glands initially produce _________

A

colostrum

43
Q

describe the let-down reflex

A
  • oxytocin initiates smooth muscle contraction in breast tissue and plays a role in involution (uterus returning to pre-pregnancy size)
44
Q

puberty marks the beginning of _______

A

reproductive years

45
Q

What happens to GnRH during puberty

A

increased pulsatile secretion

46
Q

What happens to females during puberty

A
  • budding breasts
  • menarche
47
Q

What happens to males during puberty

A
  • growth/maturation of external genitalia
  • development of secondary sex characteristics
48
Q

menopause

A
  • stop periods
  • ovaries no longer respond to gonadotropins
  • absence of estrogen
  • hot flashes, atrophy of genitalia and breasts, osteoporosis
  • HRT and SERMs may be used to treat
49
Q

andropause

A
  • decreased testosterone production
  • about 1/2 men over 50 have symptoms
  • controversial because drop of test is gradual and not sudden like estrogen

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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