Exam Five - Reproductive Two Flashcards
What is considered external female genitalia?
vulva (labia majora/minora and clitoris)
urethra
What are considered internal female genitalia
- vagina (hymen)
- cervix
- uterus
- 2 fallopian tubes
- 2 ovaries
what hair like structure is attached to the fallopian tubes and catches the egg when it leaves the ovarie
fimbriae
What are the layers of the uterus
- outer covering
- myometrium ( smooth muscle)
- endometrium (blood)
the cortex of the ovary contains ________
follicles
the medulla of the ovary contains ___________ and _________
blood vessels and nerves
What is the different stages of follicular development?
primordial follicle, primary, secondary, early tertiary follicle, dominant follicle
primordial follicle
- primary oocyte surrounded by grandulosa cell
- if unselected for maturation, will undergo atresia
primary follicles
- primary oocyte grows
- granulosa cells divide
secondary follicles
- follicles grow larger (multiplying granulosa cells)
- theca begins to form
- some fail program and become atretic
tertiary follicle
- formation of a large fluid filled cavity (antrum)
- a follicle that remains from pool becomes the dominant follicle
- releases egg
what are the 3 parts of the ovarian cycle
1 - follicular phase
2 - ovulation
3 - luteal phase with corpus letuem
What is the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?
1 - menses
2 - proliferative phase
3 - secretory phase
Whats going on during day 1-13 of menstrual cycle?
- lower body temp
- low levels of LH, FSH, & prog
- high levels of estradiol
- follicular phase (& 1/2 of menses)
What’s going on on day 14 of mensuration cycle?
- ovulation day
- spike in body temp
- spike in LH & FSH
- still low prog
- dip in estrogen
Whats going on in the menstrual cycle from day 15-28?
- body temp stays higher until menses begins
- low LH and FSH
- higher prog and lower estrogen
- luteal phase builds endometrium until menses begins
___________ influence female secondary sex characteristics
hormones
procreation
the process by which an organism produces others of its biological kind
_________ control breast development and fat distribution
estrogen
_________ control public and axillary hair growth and libido
androgens
What are the four phases of the human sexual response
1 - excitement
2 - plateau
3 - orgasm
4 - resolution
explain how vascular congestion aids in lubrication and erection in the excitement phase of arousal
the arteries dilate so much, it obstructs the vein and decreases blood return to the heart
T or F: the erection response is controlled via sympathetic activation and parasympathetic suppression
F: the erection response is due to parasympathetic activation and sympathetic reppression
fertilization requires ___________
capacitation
Capacitation enables…
sperm to fertilize an egg
capacitated sperm releases….
enzymes from their acrosomes in order to penetrate the cells and zona pellucida surrounding the egg
fertilization occurs where?
in the fallopian tubes
fusion of sperm and egg triggers the _____-
cortical reaction
what is the cortical reaction
- cortical granules released
- prevents polyspermy
- creates diploid cell
describe the timing of fertilization
first - ovulation
day one: fertilization
day 2-4: cell division takes place
day 4-5: blastocyst reaches uterus
day 5-9: bastocyst implants in uterus
developing embryo forms a _______ when it reaches the uterus
hollow blastocyst
What extraembryonic membrane forms the placenta?
chorion
What extraembryonic membrane secretes amniotic fluid?
amnion
What extraembryonic membrane creates the umbilical cord
allantois
T or F: the yolk sac lasts the whole pregnancy
F - it degenerates early
_____ of placenta surrounded by maternal blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes
chorionic
describe the job of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in pregnancy
- rescues corpus luteum makes lots hCG early (dips after 14 weeks) and is basis of pregnancy tests
describe role of estrogen in pregnancy
- helps develop milk-secreting ducts in the breast
- very low amounts during pregnancy and a slow gradual rise
describe role of human placental lactogen (hPL) in pregnancy
- necessary for breast development and milk production
- affects maternal metabolism
- start making A LOT the last 4ish weeks of pregnancy
describe role of progesterone in pregnancy
- maintains endometrium
- corpus luteum does this at first, when it degrades then the placenta takes over production
lactation
mammary glands secrete milk
what happens to mammary glands during pregnancy?
- estrogen, GH, and cortisol stimulate further gland development
What happens to mammary glands during late pregnancy?
- progesterone converts duct epithelium into secretory structure
- prolactin is not inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and glands begin to produce milk
mammary glands initially produce _________
colostrum
describe the let-down reflex
- oxytocin initiates smooth muscle contraction in breast tissue and plays a role in involution (uterus returning to pre-pregnancy size)
puberty marks the beginning of _______
reproductive years
What happens to GnRH during puberty
increased pulsatile secretion
What happens to females during puberty
- budding breasts
- menarche
What happens to males during puberty
- growth/maturation of external genitalia
- development of secondary sex characteristics
menopause
- stop periods
- ovaries no longer respond to gonadotropins
- absence of estrogen
- hot flashes, atrophy of genitalia and breasts, osteoporosis
- HRT and SERMs may be used to treat
andropause
- decreased testosterone production
- about 1/2 men over 50 have symptoms
- controversial because drop of test is gradual and not sudden like estrogen
