Exam Five - Reproductive Two

Question 1

What is considered external female genitalia?

Answer 1

vulva (labia majora/minora and clitoris)
urethra

Question 2

What are considered internal female genitalia

Answer 2

• vagina (hymen)
• cervix
• uterus
• 2 fallopian tubes
• 2 ovaries

Question 3

what hair like structure is attached to the fallopian tubes and catches the egg when it leaves the ovarie

Answer 3

fimbriae

Question 4

What are the layers of the uterus

Answer 4

• outer covering
• myometrium ( smooth muscle)
• endometrium (blood)

Question 5

the cortex of the ovary contains ________

Answer 5

follicles

Question 6

the medulla of the ovary contains ___________ and _________

Answer 6

blood vessels and nerves

Question 7

What is the different stages of follicular development?

Answer 7

primordial follicle, primary, secondary, early tertiary follicle, dominant follicle

Question 8

primordial follicle

Answer 8

• primary oocyte surrounded by grandulosa cell
• if unselected for maturation, will undergo atresia

Question 9

primary follicles

Answer 9

• primary oocyte grows
• granulosa cells divide

Question 10

secondary follicles

Answer 10

• follicles grow larger (multiplying granulosa cells)
• theca begins to form
• some fail program and become atretic

Question 11

tertiary follicle

Answer 11

• formation of a large fluid filled cavity (antrum)
• a follicle that remains from pool becomes the dominant follicle
• releases egg

Question 12

what are the 3 parts of the ovarian cycle

Answer 12

1 - follicular phase
2 - ovulation
3 - luteal phase with corpus letuem

Question 13

What is the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

Answer 13

1 - menses
2 - proliferative phase
3 - secretory phase

Question 14

Whats going on during day 1-13 of menstrual cycle?

Answer 14

• lower body temp
• low levels of LH, FSH, & prog
• high levels of estradiol
• follicular phase (& 1/2 of menses)

Question 15

What’s going on on day 14 of mensuration cycle?

Answer 15

• ovulation day
• spike in body temp
• spike in LH & FSH
• still low prog
• dip in estrogen

Question 16

Whats going on in the menstrual cycle from day 15-28?

Answer 16

• body temp stays higher until menses begins
• low LH and FSH
• higher prog and lower estrogen
• luteal phase builds endometrium until menses begins

Question 17

___________ influence female secondary sex characteristics

Answer 17

hormones

Question 18

procreation

Answer 18

the process by which an organism produces others of its biological kind

Question 18

_________ control breast development and fat distribution

Answer 18

estrogen

Question 18

_________ control public and axillary hair growth and libido

Answer 18

androgens

Question 19

What are the four phases of the human sexual response

Answer 19

1 - excitement
2 - plateau
3 - orgasm
4 - resolution

Question 20

explain how vascular congestion aids in lubrication and erection in the excitement phase of arousal

Answer 20

the arteries dilate so much, it obstructs the vein and decreases blood return to the heart

Question 21

T or F: the erection response is controlled via sympathetic activation and parasympathetic suppression

Answer 21

F: the erection response is due to parasympathetic activation and sympathetic reppression

Question 22

fertilization requires ___________

Answer 22

capacitation

Question 23

Capacitation enables...

Answer 23

sperm to fertilize an egg

Question 24

capacitated sperm releases....

Answer 24

enzymes from their acrosomes in order to penetrate the cells and zona pellucida surrounding the egg

Question 25

fertilization occurs where?

Answer 25

in the fallopian tubes

Question 26

fusion of sperm and egg triggers the _____-

Answer 26

cortical reaction

Question 27

what is the cortical reaction

Answer 27

- cortical granules released - prevents polyspermy - creates diploid cell

Question 28

describe the timing of fertilization

Answer 28

first - ovulation day one: fertilization day 2-4: cell division takes place day 4-5: blastocyst reaches uterus day 5-9: bastocyst implants in uterus

Question 29

developing embryo forms a _______ when it reaches the uterus

Answer 29

hollow blastocyst

Question 30

What extraembryonic membrane forms the placenta?

Answer 30

chorion

Question 31

What extraembryonic membrane secretes amniotic fluid?

Answer 31

amnion

Question 32

What extraembryonic membrane creates the umbilical cord

Answer 32

allantois

Question 33

T or F: the yolk sac lasts the whole pregnancy

Answer 33

F - it degenerates early

Question 34

_____ of placenta surrounded by maternal blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes

Answer 34

chorionic

Question 35

describe the job of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in pregnancy

Answer 35

- rescues corpus luteum makes lots hCG early (dips after 14 weeks) and is basis of pregnancy tests

Question 36

describe role of estrogen in pregnancy

Answer 36

- helps develop milk-secreting ducts in the breast - very low amounts during pregnancy and a slow gradual rise

Question 37

describe role of human placental lactogen (hPL) in pregnancy

Answer 37

- necessary for breast development and milk production - affects maternal metabolism - start making A LOT the last 4ish weeks of pregnancy

Question 38

describe role of progesterone in pregnancy

Answer 38

- maintains endometrium - corpus luteum does this at first, when it degrades then the placenta takes over production

Question 39

lactation

Answer 39

mammary glands secrete milk

Question 40

what happens to mammary glands during pregnancy?

Answer 40

- estrogen, GH, and cortisol stimulate further gland development

Question 41

What happens to mammary glands during late pregnancy?

Answer 41

- progesterone converts duct epithelium into secretory structure - prolactin is not inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and glands begin to produce milk

Question 42

mammary glands initially produce _________

Answer 42

colostrum

Question 43

describe the let-down reflex

Answer 43

- oxytocin initiates smooth muscle contraction in breast tissue and plays a role in involution (uterus returning to pre-pregnancy size)

Question 44

puberty marks the beginning of _______

Answer 44

reproductive years

Question 45

What happens to GnRH during puberty

Answer 45

increased pulsatile secretion

Question 46

What happens to females during puberty

Answer 46

- budding breasts - menarche

Question 47

What happens to males during puberty

Answer 47

- growth/maturation of external genitalia - development of secondary sex characteristics

Question 48

menopause

Answer 48

- stop periods - ovaries no longer respond to gonadotropins - absence of estrogen - hot flashes, atrophy of genitalia and breasts, osteoporosis - HRT and SERMs may be used to treat

Question 49

andropause

Answer 49

- decreased testosterone production - about 1/2 men over 50 have symptoms - controversial because drop of test is gradual and not sudden like estrogen