Exam Four - Pulmonary 1&2 Flashcards
function of respiratory system (4)
- exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
- homeostatic regulation of body pH
- protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
- vocalization
flow takes place from regions of _____ pressure to ________ pressure
high, low
a _______ pump creates pressure gradients
muscular
resistance to air flow to primarily influenced by_______
the diameter of the tubes through which air is flowing
the upper respiratory tract includes
mouth basal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
the lower respiratory tract includes
trachea, 2 primary bronchi, their branches, and lungs
where is the site of gas exchange?
alveoli
the thoracic cage includes:
bones and muscle of thorax and abdomen
Why is pleural fluid important?
- lowers friction between membranes
- holds lungs tight against thoracic wall
the pleural cavity is slightly (neg/postitive)?
negative
how many lobes does the right lung have? left?
3,2
the pleural sac forms a _____________ surrounding the lung
double membrane
What are the muscles of inspiration?
SCM, scalenes, external intercostals, and diaphragm
What are the muscles of expiration?
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
What are the airways that connect the lungs to the external environment responsible for?
- warming air to body temperature
- adding water vapor
- filtering out foreign material
type one alveolar cells are responsible for…
gas exchange
type 2 alveolar cells are responsible for
surfactant production
t/f? there is a fused basement membrane between alveolar cells and capallaries
true
low interstitial fluid, elastic fibers, and macrophages hang around alveolar cells, t/f?
true
pulmonary circulation is _______ flow, ______ pressure
high, low
epithelial cells lining the airways and submucosal glands secrete _______- and __________-
saline and mucus
______ move the mucus layer toward the pharynx, removing trapped pathogens and particulate matter
cilia
CFTR is what type of channel?
apical anion channel
What does CFTR do?
allows Cl- to enter the lumen (facilitates bulk flow of water into the lumen)
Explain CFTR in relation to cystic fibrosis
CFTR doesn’t work so the mucus is too thick and can’t move irritants out
dalton’s law
total pressure equals sum of all partial pressures
boyle’s law
P1V1 = P2V2
what is the ideal gas equation for the human body? (number of moles and temp is constant)
v = 1/p
the pressure exerted by an individual gas is determined only by ___________ and is __________ (dependent/independent) of the molecular size/mass of the gas
relative abundance, independent
respiratory cycle is
1 inspiration followed by 1 expiration
pulmonary function tests use a
spirometer
tidal volume (Vt)
volume that moves during a respiratory cycle
IRV
inspiratory reserve volume - additional volume above tidal volume
ERV
expiratory reserve volume - forecefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration
RV
residual volume - volume of air in the respiratory system after max exhalation
VC
vital capacity = IRV + ERV + Vt
TLC
total lung capacity = IRV + ERV + Vt + RV
t/f? males typically have a higher total lung capacity
true
when you inhale, what happens to the diaphragm and the thoracic volume?
diaphragm contracts and relaxes, thoracic volume increases
flow is proportional to…
change in pressure/resistance
inspiration occurs when alveolar pressure ________
decreases
expiration occurs when alveolar pressure___________
increases
When you inhale, intrapleural pressure gets more (neg/positive)?
negative
when you exhale, intrapleural pressure gets less (neg/postitive)?
neg
true or false, intrapleural pressure is negative at rest?
true
pneumothorax
collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall
compliance
ability to stretch
high compliance means
lungs stretch easily
low compliance means
stretching the lungs requires more force
Restrictive lung diseases have high/low compliance
low
What are 2 examples of low compliance, restrictive lung diseases?
fibrotic lung disease
inadequate surfactant production (NRDS)
elastance
ability to return to resting volume when stretching force is released
law of laplace
p = 2T/r
what does law of laplace mean in words?
pressure in alveoli si directly proportional to surface tension and is inversely proportional to radius of alveoli
what are issues premature babies have with their lungs
inadequate surfactant concentrations
(Bronchoconstriction or brochodilation) increases resistance in air ways and is under parasympathetic control
brochoconstriction
(Bronchoconstriction or brochodilation) decreases resistance and is under sympathetic influence
bronchodilation
true or false, bronchodilation is under sympathetic INFLUENCE by epinephrine not sympathetic control
true
total pulmonary ventilaiton
- volume of air moved in and out of lungs per minute
- ventilation rate x tidal volume
norm value for total pulmonary ventilation
6 L/min
norm value for total alveolar ventilation
4.2 L/min
norm value for max voluntary ventilation
125-170 L/min
norm value for respiration rate
12-20 breaths/min
ventilation and alveolar blood flow are ___ to ensure efficiency of gas exchange
matched
what happens to CO2 and O2 levels when you hypoventilate
high co2 and low o2
what happens to co2 and o2 levels when you hyperventilate
high o2 and low co2
obstructive lung disease increases
airway resistance
What are some examples of obstructive lung diseases?
asthma, COPD, obstructive sleep apnea
Forced vital capacity
FEV1/FVC ration distinguishes restrictive versus obstructive lung disease (if you have 80% or above then you have no disease)
why is smoking bad
because it paralyzes respiratory cilia (among other things)
