Exam Five - Reproductive One Flashcards
What chromosomes do a typical female have?
xx
What chromosomes do a typical male have?
xy
describe development from fertilization to a fetus
fertilization
zygote
morula
blastocyst
embryo
fetus
what is the likelihood of a fertilized egg becoming male? female?
50/50
how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23
______ determines sex of zygote
sperm
tuner syndrome
missing or incomplete x
1/2000 births
infertile/short
klinefelter syndrome
xxy
1-2/1000
in males, causes infertility, small genitalia and muscles, grow breasts, sparse/abnormal body hair
jacob’s syndrome
xyy 1/1000
not many symptoms but increased chance of learning/cognitive disability. taller than normal height
xxx chromosome
1/1000 females
not many/mild symptoms, learning disabilities, developmental delays, rarely have seizures/kidney issues
gonads contain:
germ cells and produce gametes and sex hormones
male gonads are
testes and produce sperm
female gonads are
ovaries and produce ova
internal bipotential gonads
wolffian ducts
mullerian ducts
external bipotential gonads
genital tubercle
urethral folds
urethral groove
labioscrotal swellings
what gene on the y chromosome allows for male development
SRY
in males, wolffian ducts development into
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- seminal vesicle (w/ test)
in males, sertoli cells secrete ______ and cause the mullerian duct to ____________
anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)
degenerate
T or F: testes can develop without testosterone but require testosterone to descent into the scrotum
T
In males, ___- cells secrete androgens (test & DHT)
Interstitial Leydig
In females, mullerian ducts develop into upper portions of:
- vagina
- uterus
- fallopian tubes (w/o AMH)
In females, ____ degenerate without testosterone
wolffian ducts
external genitalia takes on female characteristics without ________
DHT
what does the genital tubercle form in the female? male?
female - clit
male - glans penis
What does the urethral folds and grooves form in female? males?
females - labia minora, opening of vagina and urethra
males - shaft of penis
What does the labioscrotal swellings form in females? males?
females - labia majora
males - shaft of penis and scrotum
_____ causes development of make external genitals
DHT
meiosis produces ______ cells
haploid
first meiotic division to produce ________-
secondary spermatocyte or secondary oocyte
second meiotic division to produce _______
gametes
When do females produce their gametes? males?
females are born with all their ovum
males start producing sperm during puberty
_____ are dominant in males
androgens
most testosterone comes from ______
testes
_________- converts androgens to estrogens
aromatase
____ are dominant in females
estrogens
ovaries produce
estrogens, progestins and androgens
________ secretes small amounts of sex steroids
adrenal gland
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the ______________- controls the release of these 2 hormones:
hypothalamus
FSH & LH
FSH regulates
gametogenesis in gonads
LH controls
production of sex hormones
GnRH is regulated by several hypothalamic peptides including:
kisspeptin
______ inhibit FSH secretion
inhibins
________ stimulate FSH secretion
activins
T or F: estrogen is a positive feedback pathway
T
T or F: GnRH is released in a steady amount to and is important for sexual maturity
F - GnRH is released in pulses
Cryptorchidism
failure of both testes to descend
What are the 3 male accessory glands
- prostate gland
- seminal vesicles
- bulbourethral (cowper’s) glands
seminiferous tubules leave the testicles and join the _____ then vas deferens
epidydimis
________ produce sperm and hormones
testes
where is sperm produced specifically?
spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules
Where is testosterone produced in males?
interstitial cells of leydig
How do sertoli cells support sperm production?
- blood/testes barrier (keeps testosterone in testes)
- androgen-binding protein (ABP)
sperm cells need ______ for fertilization
acrosome
spermatogenesis requires (2)
gonadotropins and testosterone
Why is it important for male accessory glands to contribute secretions to semen?
- alkaline to protect against acidity of the vagina
- nutrients to keep sperm alive
- lubricate ejaculatory tract and ensure there’s no urine left in tract
all steroid hormones are made from?
cholesterol
What is the only cell in the human body with a flagellum?
sperm
What percent of semen is just fluid?
99
What are some primary/secondary sex characteristics males and females share?
- pubic hair
- oily skin
- voice deepens
- acne
- increase in height
- increase in body odor
