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PathoPhysiology > Exam Five - Reproductive One > Flashcards

Exam Five - Reproductive One Flashcards

1
Q

What chromosomes do a typical female have?

A

xx

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2
Q

What chromosomes do a typical male have?

A

xy

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3
Q

describe development from fertilization to a fetus

A

fertilization
zygote
morula
blastocyst
embryo
fetus

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4
Q

what is the likelihood of a fertilized egg becoming male? female?

A

50/50

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5
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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6
Q

______ determines sex of zygote

A

sperm

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7
Q

tuner syndrome

A

missing or incomplete x
1/2000 births
infertile/short

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8
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

xxy
1-2/1000
in males, causes infertility, small genitalia and muscles, grow breasts, sparse/abnormal body hair

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9
Q

jacob’s syndrome

A

xyy 1/1000
not many symptoms but increased chance of learning/cognitive disability. taller than normal height

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10
Q

xxx chromosome

A

1/1000 females
not many/mild symptoms, learning disabilities, developmental delays, rarely have seizures/kidney issues

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11
Q

gonads contain:

A

germ cells and produce gametes and sex hormones

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12
Q

male gonads are

A

testes and produce sperm

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13
Q

female gonads are

A

ovaries and produce ova

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14
Q

internal bipotential gonads

A

wolffian ducts
mullerian ducts

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15
Q

external bipotential gonads

A

genital tubercle
urethral folds
urethral groove
labioscrotal swellings

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16
Q

what gene on the y chromosome allows for male development

A

SRY

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17
Q

in males, wolffian ducts development into

A
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicle (w/ test)
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18
Q

in males, sertoli cells secrete ______ and cause the mullerian duct to ____________

A

anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)
degenerate

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19
Q

T or F: testes can develop without testosterone but require testosterone to descent into the scrotum

A

T

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20
Q

In males, ___- cells secrete androgens (test & DHT)

A

Interstitial Leydig

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21
Q

In females, mullerian ducts develop into upper portions of:

A
  • vagina
  • uterus
  • fallopian tubes (w/o AMH)
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22
Q

In females, ____ degenerate without testosterone

A

wolffian ducts

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23
Q

external genitalia takes on female characteristics without ________

A

DHT

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24
Q

what does the genital tubercle form in the female? male?

A

female - clit
male - glans penis

25
Q

What does the urethral folds and grooves form in female? males?

A

females - labia minora, opening of vagina and urethra
males - shaft of penis

26
Q

What does the labioscrotal swellings form in females? males?

A

females - labia majora
males - shaft of penis and scrotum

27
Q

_____ causes development of make external genitals

A

DHT

28
Q

meiosis produces ______ cells

A

haploid

29
Q

first meiotic division to produce ________-

A

secondary spermatocyte or secondary oocyte

30
Q

second meiotic division to produce _______

A

gametes

31
Q

When do females produce their gametes? males?

A

females are born with all their ovum
males start producing sperm during puberty

32
Q

_____ are dominant in males

A

androgens

33
Q

most testosterone comes from ______

A

testes

34
Q

_________- converts androgens to estrogens

A

aromatase

35
Q

____ are dominant in females

A

estrogens

36
Q

ovaries produce

A

estrogens, progestins and androgens

37
Q

________ secretes small amounts of sex steroids

A

adrenal gland

38
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the ______________- controls the release of these 2 hormones:

A

hypothalamus
FSH & LH

39
Q

FSH regulates

A

gametogenesis in gonads

40
Q

LH controls

A

production of sex hormones

41
Q

GnRH is regulated by several hypothalamic peptides including:

A

kisspeptin

42
Q

______ inhibit FSH secretion

A

inhibins

43
Q

________ stimulate FSH secretion

A

activins

44
Q

T or F: estrogen is a positive feedback pathway

A

T

45
Q

T or F: GnRH is released in a steady amount to and is important for sexual maturity

A

F - GnRH is released in pulses

46
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

failure of both testes to descend

47
Q

What are the 3 male accessory glands

A
  • prostate gland
  • seminal vesicles
  • bulbourethral (cowper’s) glands
48
Q

seminiferous tubules leave the testicles and join the _____ then vas deferens

A

epidydimis

49
Q

________ produce sperm and hormones

A

testes

50
Q

where is sperm produced specifically?

A

spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules

51
Q

Where is testosterone produced in males?

A

interstitial cells of leydig

52
Q

How do sertoli cells support sperm production?

A
  • blood/testes barrier (keeps testosterone in testes)
  • androgen-binding protein (ABP)
53
Q

sperm cells need ______ for fertilization

A

acrosome

54
Q

spermatogenesis requires (2)

A

gonadotropins and testosterone

55
Q

Why is it important for male accessory glands to contribute secretions to semen?

A
  • alkaline to protect against acidity of the vagina
  • nutrients to keep sperm alive
  • lubricate ejaculatory tract and ensure there’s no urine left in tract
56
Q

all steroid hormones are made from?

A

cholesterol

57
Q

What is the only cell in the human body with a flagellum?

A

sperm

58
Q

What percent of semen is just fluid?

A

99

59
Q

What are some primary/secondary sex characteristics males and females share?

A
  • pubic hair
  • oily skin
  • voice deepens
  • acne
  • increase in height
  • increase in body odor

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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