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Physiology > Exam Final: Exam 4 Review > Flashcards

Exam Final: Exam 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q

common following cardiac failure resulting from infarction (myocardial necrosis caused by ischemia) that causes significant myocardial loss; Severe arrythmias or valve damage

A

a. cardiogenic shock

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2
Q

Rapid fall in BP is called ______ and can result from decrease in Symp tone following spinal cord damage or anesthesia

A

a. neurogenic shock

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3
Q

Positive feed back loops between actions of ascending and descending limbs that causes osmolality to build in medulla

A

a. Countercurrent multiplier system

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4
Q

acid that can be converted to a gas

A

a. volatile acid

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5
Q

ability of kidneys to excrete wastes & regulate blood volume, pH, & electrolytes is impaired; Signs = rise in blood creatinine & decrease in renal plasma clearance of creatinine

A

a. acute renal failure

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6
Q

% filtered H20 & salt are reabsorbed early in tubule

A

a. 85%

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7
Q

inflammation of glomeruli; Autoimmune attack against glomerular capillary basement membranes causes leakage of protein into urine resulting in decreased colloid osmotic pressure & resulting edema

A

a. glomerulonephritis

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8
Q

(systolic pressure) – (diastolic pressure); rise in pressure from diastolic to systolic levels = reflects stroke volume

A

a. Pulse pressure

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9
Q

results from excess of nonvolatile acids; E.g. excess ketone bodies in diabetes or loss of HC03- (for buffering) in diarrhea

A

a. metabolic acidosis

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10
Q

amount of blood in ventricles just before they contract = workload (preload) on heart prior to contraction

A

EDV

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11
Q

activated by changes in BP; tonically active; helps maintain BP on beat to beat basis

A

a. Baroreceptor Reflex

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12
Q

Occurs when CO is insufficient to maintain blood flow required by body; Caused by myocardial infarction (most common), congenital defects, hypertension (↑afterload which impedes ejection from ventricle), aortic valve stenosis (thickened and hardened valve), disturbances in electrolyte levels

A

a. Congestive heart failure

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13
Q

minimum of 400 ml/day urine necessary to excrete metabolic wastes

A

a. obligatory water loss

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14
Q

Excess salt intake or dehydration causes thirst and stimulates H2O reabsorption from ADH release inhibited by

A

a. Low osmolality

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15
Q

acids that cannot leave blood

A

a. nonvolatile

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16
Q

BP is regulated by mainly by controlling

A

a. HR, SV and TPR

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17
Q

Regulate plasma and interstitial fluid by formation of urine

A

a. Kidneys

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18
Q

from adrenal cortex (stimulates K+ excretion & Na+ and H20 reabsorption)

A

a. aldosterone

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19
Q

2 ways CO is affected by sympathoadrenal activity

A

a. Positive inotropic effect on contractility

b. Positive choronotropic effect on HR

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20
Q

Impedance to blood flow in arteries; afterload which impedes ejection from ventricle

A

a. Total peripheral resistance

↑ TPR = ↓ SV; ↓ TPR = ↑ SV /

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21
Q

strength of ventricular contraction

A

a. contractility

↓ contractility = ↓ SV

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22
Q

Main controller of HR because nerve fibers modify rate of spontaneous depolarization

A

a. Autonomic innervation of SA Node

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23
Q

Contains many capillaries and outer parts of nephrons

A

cortex

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24
Q

caused by hypoventilation; causes ↑ in blood C02 & thus ↑ carbonic acid (H2C03)

A

a. respiratory acidosis

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25
Q

States that strength of ventricular contraction varies directly with EDV (intrinsic property of myocardium))

A

a. Frank-starling law of the heart

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26
Q

Refer to ability of kidney to remove substances from blood and excrete them in urine; occurs by filtration and by secretion

A

a. Renal clearance

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27
Q

Severe allergic reaction can cause a rapid fall in BP called _____ due to generalized release of histamine causing vasodilation

A

a. Anaphylactic shock

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28
Q

Blood pumped/beat by each ventricle (total blood volume 5.5 L. avg HR 70BPM)

A

stroke volume

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29
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s Capsule) surrounds glomerulus; together they form ______ where glomerular filtration occurs; Filtrate passes into PCT

A

Renal Corpuscle

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30
Q

Is permeable to H2O; is impermeable to and does not actively transport salt

A

a. Descending Limb LH

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31
Q

Useful for measuring GFR because is neither reabsorbed or secreted

A

a. Inulin

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32
Q

Join to form renal pelvis which collects urine and conducts it to ureters which empty into bladder

A

a. Major calyces

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33
Q

volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys/min; Is controlled by extrinsic (sympathetic) & intrinsic (autoregulation) mechanisms

A

a. Glomerular filtration rate GFR

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34
Q

surround visceral layer to help ensure protein-free filtrate

A

a. podocytes

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35
Q

renal insufficiency treatment includes

A

a. hemodialysis

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36
Q

______ of medulla coordinated activity of autonomic innervation

A

a. Cardiac control center

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37
Q

Urine formation begins with filtration of plasma in renal capillaries = ____; filtrate passes through and is modified by nephron

A

a. Glomeruli

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38
Q

Contains minor calyces which unite to form a major calyx

A

a. Pyramid

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39
Q

nephrons have been destroyed as a result of a disease ; Clinical manifestations include salt & H20 retention & uremia

A

a. renal insufficiency

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40
Q

Kidneys help regulate blood pH by

A

a. excreting H+ &/or reabsorbing HC03-

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41
Q

T or F 1st Korotkoff sound is heard at pressure that blood is 1st able to pass thru cuff; represents systolic pressure and last sound occurs when cuff pressure = diastolic pressure

A

true

42
Q

Occurs when hyperglycemia results in glycosuria

A

a. Diabetes mellitus

43
Q

Controls EDV and thus SV and CO; and is dependent on total blood volume and venous pressure

A

a. Venous return

44
Q

is activated by release of renin from granular cells within afferent arteriole

A

a. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

45
Q

Occurs when there is inadequate blood flow to, &/or O2 usage by tissues

A

a. Circulatory shock

46
Q

Is circulatory shock caused by low blood volume. E.g. from hemorrhage, dehydration, or burns; characterized by decreased CO & BP

A

a. Hypovolemic Shock

47
Q

Volume of urine excreted can be varied by changes in ____ of filtrate adjusted according to needs of body by actions of hormones

A

a. Reabsorption

48
Q

Secreted by posterior pituitary in response to dehydration; stimulates insertion of aquaporins

A

a. ADHD

49
Q

Constitutes most of hypertensives. ~ 95% of high BP cases; increase in peripheral resistance is universal; CO & HR are elevated in many

A

a. Primary (essential) Hypertension

50
Q

Impermeable to H2O; permeable to salt; thick part actively transports salt out of filtrate; causing filtrate to become dilute by end of LH

A

a. Ascending Limb LH

51
Q

Blood enters kidney through renal artery… subdivide into ______ in the cortex, that deliver blood to glomeruli

A

a. Afferent arterioles

52
Q

Parasympathetic division of ANS decrease HR

A

a. Negative chronotropic affect

53
Q

Refers to dangerously low blood pressure resulting from sepsis (infection); Mortality rate is high (50-70%); Often occurs as a result of endotoxin release from bacteria

A

a. Septic shock

54
Q

Pores are lined with _____ to keep blood proteins (also _______) from filtering

A

a. Negative charge

55
Q

Relationship of renal clearance to reabsorption and secretion

A

a. Reabsorption: decreases renal clearance

b. Secretion: increases renal clearance: so, does filtration

56
Q

Control of plasma of ____ important in proper function of cardiac & skeletal muscles

A

a. K+

57
Q

No sound is heard during ____ (normal, quiet, smooth blood flow)

A

a. Laminar flow

58
Q

Released by posterior pituitary when osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect high osmolality

A

a. ADH (Vasopressin)

59
Q

Release stimulated by salt deprivation, low blood volume and low blood pressure

A

a. Aldosterone

60
Q

Is produced by atria due to stretching of walls; Acts opposite to aldosterone: Stimulates salt & H20 excretion; Acts as an endogenous diuretic

A

a. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

61
Q

fluid that enters glomerular capsule, whose filtration was driven by blood pressure

A

a. Ultrafiltrate

62
Q

At any given EDV, strength of contraction depends upon level of sympathoadrenal activity
- increase Contration

A

a. Positive inotropic effect

63
Q

Can by heard when sphygmomanometer cuff pressure is greater than diastolic (lowest BP) but lower than systolic (highest BP) pressure

A

a. Korotkoff sound

64
Q

Efferent arteriole drains glomerulus & delivers that blood to

A

a. Peritubular capillaries (vasa recta)

65
Q

Control of plasma ____is important in regulation of blood volume & pressure

A

a. Na+

66
Q

veins hold most of blood in body 70% and is called

A

a. Capacitance vessels

67
Q

caused by too much HC03- or too little nonvolatile acids; e.g. from vomiting out stomach acid

A

a. metabolic alkalosis

68
Q

Steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex and helps maintain blood volume and pressure through reabsorption and retention of salt and water

A

a. Aldosterone

69
Q

mass of capillaries inside glomerular capsule that gives rise to filtrate that enters nephron tubule

A

a. glomerulus

70
Q

caused by hyperventilation; results in too little C02  ↓ (H2C03)

A

a. respiratory alkalosis

71
Q

Inhibits aldosterone, promoting promoting Na+ (natriuresis) excretion & water excretion to lower blood volume, also promotes vasodilation

A

a. ANP

72
Q

** Tubular part of nephron begins with

A

glomerular capsule which transitions into proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), then to descending & ascending limbs of Loop of Henle (LH), & distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

73
Q

Glomerular capillaries & Bowman’s capsule form a filter for blood, which are ____ – have large pores between its endothelial

A

a. Fenestrated

74
Q

represents average arterial pressure during cardiac cycle = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

A

a. Mean arterial pressure

75
Q

Plays important role in water conservation; is impermeable to salt in medulla; permeability to H2O depends on levels of ADH

A

a. Collecting Duct

76
Q

Functional unit of kidney responsible for forming urine

A

Nephron

77
Q

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole ↑

A

a. End diastolic volume f

EDV = ↑ SV; ↓ EDV = ↓ SV

78
Q

Most important buffer in blood is

A

a. bicarbonate:

79
Q

Sympathetic division of ANS increase HR

A

a. Positive chronotropic effect

80
Q

Consists of renal pyramids separated by renal columns

A

a. Medulla

81
Q

Increase blood volume is detected by stretch receptors in left atrium causes release of

A

a. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

82
Q

When there is a salt deficiency, low blood volume, or pressure, what is produced

A

a. Angiotensin II

83
Q

Improper secretion or action of ADH resulting in very large amounts of very dilute urine

A

a. Diabetes insipidus

84
Q

Volume of blood pumped/min by each ventricle = SV x HR

A

a. Cardiac output

85
Q

T or F venous return is aided by vasoconstriction by symp, skeletal muscle pumps and pressure drop during inhalation

A

a. True

86
Q

Refers to dangerously low blood pressure resulting from infection as a result of endotoxin release from bacteria

A

a. Sepsis

87
Q

At any given EDV, strength of contraction depends upon level of sympathoadrenal activity =

A

a. Positive inotropic effect

88
Q

Is common following cardiac failure resulting from infaction (myocardial necrosis caused by ischemia)

A

a. Cardiogenic shock or myocardial infarction is the answer

89
Q

What is used to bring blood volume up

a. Increase Renin
b. ADH
c. Aldosterone
d. ANP

A

a. Increase Renin

90
Q

How can we get Cardiac Output to go up

a. Sympathetic Antagonist
b. Parasympathetic agonist
c. Negative inotropic
d. Positive Chronotropic

A

d. Positive Chronotropic

91
Q

Angiotensin Converting enzyme does what

A

a. Increase blood pressure

92
Q
  1. Aldosterone does what
A

a. Retain water and H2O and excrete K+

93
Q
  1. If parasympathetic division of ANS has an effect on heart rate what is called
A

a. Negative chronotropic
b. parasympathetic Stroke volume: negative inotropic
c. symphathetic hr: positive chronotropic
d. sympathetic stroke volume: positive inotropic

94
Q

Ability of kidneys to remove substances form blood and excrete them in urine

A

a. Renal clearance

95
Q

Where does the majority of absorption occur? What part of the nephron tubule

A

a. PCT

96
Q

Where is the concentration of ultrafiltrate the highest

A

a. Base of Loop Henle

97
Q
  1. Which was impermeable to water
A

a. Ascending LH; permeable to salt

b. Permeable to water and impermeable to salt: descending LH

98
Q
  1. The Average Glomerular filtration rate GFR
A

a. 180 L/Day

99
Q
  1. Minimum of 400 ml/day urine necessary to excrete metabolic waste
A

a. Obligatory water loss

100
Q

Minimum plasma substance resulting in excretion

A

Renal plasma threshold

Physiology (27 decks)

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