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Physiology > Exam Final: Exam 4 Review > Flashcards

Exam Final: Exam 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q

common following cardiac failure resulting from infarction (myocardial necrosis caused by ischemia) that causes significant myocardial loss; Severe arrythmias or valve damage

A

a. cardiogenic shock

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2
Q

Rapid fall in BP is called ______ and can result from decrease in Symp tone following spinal cord damage or anesthesia

A

a. neurogenic shock

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3
Q

Positive feed back loops between actions of ascending and descending limbs that causes osmolality to build in medulla

A

a. Countercurrent multiplier system

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4
Q

acid that can be converted to a gas

A

a. volatile acid

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5
Q

ability of kidneys to excrete wastes & regulate blood volume, pH, & electrolytes is impaired; Signs = rise in blood creatinine & decrease in renal plasma clearance of creatinine

A

a. acute renal failure

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6
Q

% filtered H20 & salt are reabsorbed early in tubule

A

a. 85%

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7
Q

inflammation of glomeruli; Autoimmune attack against glomerular capillary basement membranes causes leakage of protein into urine resulting in decreased colloid osmotic pressure & resulting edema

A

a. glomerulonephritis

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8
Q

(systolic pressure) – (diastolic pressure); rise in pressure from diastolic to systolic levels = reflects stroke volume

A

a. Pulse pressure

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9
Q

results from excess of nonvolatile acids; E.g. excess ketone bodies in diabetes or loss of HC03- (for buffering) in diarrhea

A

a. metabolic acidosis

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10
Q

amount of blood in ventricles just before they contract = workload (preload) on heart prior to contraction

A

EDV

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11
Q

activated by changes in BP; tonically active; helps maintain BP on beat to beat basis

A

a. Baroreceptor Reflex

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12
Q

Occurs when CO is insufficient to maintain blood flow required by body; Caused by myocardial infarction (most common), congenital defects, hypertension (↑afterload which impedes ejection from ventricle), aortic valve stenosis (thickened and hardened valve), disturbances in electrolyte levels

A

a. Congestive heart failure

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13
Q

minimum of 400 ml/day urine necessary to excrete metabolic wastes

A

a. obligatory water loss

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14
Q

Excess salt intake or dehydration causes thirst and stimulates H2O reabsorption from ADH release inhibited by

A

a. Low osmolality

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15
Q

acids that cannot leave blood

A

a. nonvolatile

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16
Q

BP is regulated by mainly by controlling

A

a. HR, SV and TPR

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17
Q

Regulate plasma and interstitial fluid by formation of urine

A

a. Kidneys

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18
Q

from adrenal cortex (stimulates K+ excretion & Na+ and H20 reabsorption)

A

a. aldosterone

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19
Q

2 ways CO is affected by sympathoadrenal activity

A

a. Positive inotropic effect on contractility

b. Positive choronotropic effect on HR

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20
Q

Impedance to blood flow in arteries; afterload which impedes ejection from ventricle

A

a. Total peripheral resistance

↑ TPR = ↓ SV; ↓ TPR = ↑ SV /

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21
Q

strength of ventricular contraction

A

a. contractility

↓ contractility = ↓ SV

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22
Q

Main controller of HR because nerve fibers modify rate of spontaneous depolarization

A

a. Autonomic innervation of SA Node

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23
Q

Contains many capillaries and outer parts of nephrons

A

cortex

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24
Q

caused by hypoventilation; causes ↑ in blood C02 & thus ↑ carbonic acid (H2C03)

A

a. respiratory acidosis

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25
States that strength of ventricular contraction varies directly with EDV (intrinsic property of myocardium))
a. Frank-starling law of the heart
26
Refer to ability of kidney to remove substances from blood and excrete them in urine; occurs by filtration and by secretion
a. Renal clearance
27
Severe allergic reaction can cause a rapid fall in BP called _____ due to generalized release of histamine causing vasodilation
a. Anaphylactic shock
28
Blood pumped/beat by each ventricle (total blood volume 5.5 L. avg HR 70BPM)
stroke volume
29
Glomerular (Bowman’s Capsule) surrounds glomerulus; together they form ______ where glomerular filtration occurs; Filtrate passes into PCT
Renal Corpuscle
30
Is permeable to H2O; is impermeable to and does not actively transport salt
a. Descending Limb LH
31
Useful for measuring GFR because is neither reabsorbed or secreted
a. Inulin
32
Join to form renal pelvis which collects urine and conducts it to ureters which empty into bladder
a. Major calyces
33
volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys/min; Is controlled by extrinsic (sympathetic) & intrinsic (autoregulation) mechanisms
a. Glomerular filtration rate GFR
34
surround visceral layer to help ensure protein-free filtrate
a. podocytes
35
renal insufficiency treatment includes
a. hemodialysis
36
______ of medulla coordinated activity of autonomic innervation
a. Cardiac control center
37
Urine formation begins with filtration of plasma in renal capillaries = ____; filtrate passes through and is modified by nephron
a. Glomeruli
38
Contains minor calyces which unite to form a major calyx
a. Pyramid
39
nephrons have been destroyed as a result of a disease ; Clinical manifestations include salt & H20 retention & uremia
a. renal insufficiency
40
Kidneys help regulate blood pH by
a. excreting H+ &/or reabsorbing HC03-
41
T or F 1st Korotkoff sound is heard at pressure that blood is 1st able to pass thru cuff; represents systolic pressure and last sound occurs when cuff pressure = diastolic pressure
true
42
Occurs when hyperglycemia results in glycosuria
a. Diabetes mellitus
43
Controls EDV and thus SV and CO; and is dependent on total blood volume and venous pressure
a. Venous return
44
is activated by release of renin from granular cells within afferent arteriole
a. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
45
Occurs when there is inadequate blood flow to, &/or O2 usage by tissues
a. Circulatory shock
46
Is circulatory shock caused by low blood volume. E.g. from hemorrhage, dehydration, or burns; characterized by decreased CO & BP
a. Hypovolemic Shock
47
Volume of urine excreted can be varied by changes in ____ of filtrate adjusted according to needs of body by actions of hormones
a. Reabsorption
48
Secreted by posterior pituitary in response to dehydration; stimulates insertion of aquaporins
a. ADHD
49
Constitutes most of hypertensives. ~ 95% of high BP cases; increase in peripheral resistance is universal; CO & HR are elevated in many
a. Primary (essential) Hypertension
50
Impermeable to H2O; permeable to salt; thick part actively transports salt out of filtrate; causing filtrate to become dilute by end of LH
a. Ascending Limb LH
51
Blood enters kidney through renal artery… subdivide into ______ in the cortex, that deliver blood to glomeruli
a. Afferent arterioles
52
Parasympathetic division of ANS decrease HR
a. Negative chronotropic affect
53
Refers to dangerously low blood pressure resulting from sepsis (infection); Mortality rate is high (50-70%); Often occurs as a result of endotoxin release from bacteria
a. Septic shock
54
Pores are lined with _____ to keep blood proteins (also _______) from filtering
a. Negative charge
55
Relationship of renal clearance to reabsorption and secretion
a. Reabsorption: decreases renal clearance | b. Secretion: increases renal clearance: so, does filtration
56
Control of plasma of ____ important in proper function of cardiac & skeletal muscles
a. K+
57
No sound is heard during ____ (normal, quiet, smooth blood flow)
a. Laminar flow
58
Released by posterior pituitary when osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect high osmolality
a. ADH (Vasopressin)
59
Release stimulated by salt deprivation, low blood volume and low blood pressure
a. Aldosterone
60
Is produced by atria due to stretching of walls; Acts opposite to aldosterone: Stimulates salt & H20 excretion; Acts as an endogenous diuretic
a. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
61
fluid that enters glomerular capsule, whose filtration was driven by blood pressure
a. Ultrafiltrate
62
At any given EDV, strength of contraction depends upon level of sympathoadrenal activity - increase Contration
a. Positive inotropic effect
63
Can by heard when sphygmomanometer cuff pressure is greater than diastolic (lowest BP) but lower than systolic (highest BP) pressure
a. Korotkoff sound
64
Efferent arteriole drains glomerulus & delivers that blood to
a. Peritubular capillaries (vasa recta)
65
Control of plasma ____is important in regulation of blood volume & pressure
a. Na+
66
veins hold most of blood in body 70% and is called
a. Capacitance vessels
67
caused by too much HC03- or too little nonvolatile acids; e.g. from vomiting out stomach acid
a. metabolic alkalosis
68
Steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex and helps maintain blood volume and pressure through reabsorption and retention of salt and water
a. Aldosterone
69
mass of capillaries inside glomerular capsule that gives rise to filtrate that enters nephron tubule
a. glomerulus
70
caused by hyperventilation; results in too little C02  ↓ (H2C03)
a. respiratory alkalosis
71
Inhibits aldosterone, promoting promoting Na+ (natriuresis) excretion & water excretion to lower blood volume, also promotes vasodilation
a. ANP
72
** Tubular part of nephron begins with
glomerular capsule which transitions into proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), then to descending & ascending limbs of Loop of Henle (LH), & distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
73
Glomerular capillaries & Bowman's capsule form a filter for blood, which are ____ -- have large pores between its endothelial
a. Fenestrated
74
represents average arterial pressure during cardiac cycle = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
a. Mean arterial pressure
75
Plays important role in water conservation; is impermeable to salt in medulla; permeability to H2O depends on levels of ADH
a. Collecting Duct
76
Functional unit of kidney responsible for forming urine
Nephron
77
Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole ↑
a. End diastolic volume f EDV = ↑ SV; ↓ EDV = ↓ SV
78
Most important buffer in blood is
a. bicarbonate:
79
Sympathetic division of ANS increase HR
a. Positive chronotropic effect
80
Consists of renal pyramids separated by renal columns
a. Medulla
81
Increase blood volume is detected by stretch receptors in left atrium causes release of
a. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
82
When there is a salt deficiency, low blood volume, or pressure, what is produced
a. Angiotensin II
83
Improper secretion or action of ADH resulting in very large amounts of very dilute urine
a. Diabetes insipidus
84
Volume of blood pumped/min by each ventricle = SV x HR
a. Cardiac output
85
T or F venous return is aided by vasoconstriction by symp, skeletal muscle pumps and pressure drop during inhalation
a. True
86
Refers to dangerously low blood pressure resulting from infection as a result of endotoxin release from bacteria
a. Sepsis
87
At any given EDV, strength of contraction depends upon level of sympathoadrenal activity =
a. Positive inotropic effect
88
Is common following cardiac failure resulting from infaction (myocardial necrosis caused by ischemia)
a. Cardiogenic shock or myocardial infarction is the answer
89
What is used to bring blood volume up a. Increase Renin b. ADH c. Aldosterone d. ANP
a. Increase Renin
90
How can we get Cardiac Output to go up a. Sympathetic Antagonist b. Parasympathetic agonist c. Negative inotropic d. Positive Chronotropic
d. Positive Chronotropic
91
Angiotensin Converting enzyme does what
a. Increase blood pressure
92
7. Aldosterone does what
a. Retain water and H2O and excrete K+
93
8. If parasympathetic division of ANS has an effect on heart rate what is called
a. Negative chronotropic b. parasympathetic Stroke volume: negative inotropic c. symphathetic hr: positive chronotropic d. sympathetic stroke volume: positive inotropic
94
Ability of kidneys to remove substances form blood and excrete them in urine
a. Renal clearance
95
Where does the majority of absorption occur? What part of the nephron tubule
a. PCT
96
Where is the concentration of ultrafiltrate the highest
a. Base of Loop Henle
97
12. Which was impermeable to water
a. Ascending LH; permeable to salt | b. Permeable to water and impermeable to salt: descending LH
98
13. The Average Glomerular filtration rate GFR
a. 180 L/Day
99
14. Minimum of 400 ml/day urine necessary to excrete metabolic waste
a. Obligatory water loss
100
Minimum plasma substance resulting in excretion
Renal plasma threshold

Physiology (27 decks)

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