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Physiology > Exam 1: Cell respiration - metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cell respiration - metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A
  • all reactions in body that involve energy transformations

- catabolism + anabolism

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2
Q

catabolism

A
  • breaks down molecules & releases energy

- Is primary source of energy for making ATP

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3
Q

anabolism

A
  • makes larger molecules & requires energy

- Source of body’s large energy-storage compounds

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4
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

series of chemical reactions whereby glucose (or other molecules) and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water in the process of making adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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5
Q

Under Aerobic cellular respiration 1 glucose molecules can be made into how many ATP molecules

A

30-38

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6
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration

A

series of chemical reactions whereby glucose (or other molecules) is converted into carbon dioxide and water in the process of making (ATP)

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7
Q

Under Anaerobic cellular respiration 1 glucose molecules can be made into how many ATP molecules

A

2 atp molecules

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8
Q

Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with

A

glycolysis

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9
Q

glycolysis

A

metabolic pathway by which glucose (C6H12O6 ) is converted to 2 pyruvates = pyruvic acid (C3H4O3 );

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10
Q

glycolysis occurs where

A

occurs in cytoplasm and does not require oxygen

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11
Q

overall net equation of glycolysis is

A

Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi  2 pyruvates + 2NADH + 2 ATP

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12
Q

what is NAD

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide = electron carrier

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13
Q

Glycolysis produces net gain of?

A

2ATPs & 2NADHs

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14
Q

The 9 steps of Glycolysis :

1st Step

A
  1. Glucose is activated with ATP (phosphorylation) before energy can be obtained; phosphorylation traps glucose inside cell by forming glucose 6-phosphate
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15
Q

The 9 steps of Glycolysis :

2nd Step

A

.2. glucose 6-phosphate is converted to its isomer fructose 6-phosphate

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16
Q

The 9 steps of Glycolysis :

3rd Step

A

.3. Another ATP is used to form fructose 1,6-biphosphate

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17
Q

The 9 steps of Glycolysis :

4th Step

A

. fructose 1,6-biphosphate is converted into two 3 C molecules = 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde

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18
Q

The 9 steps of Glycolysis :

5th Step

A
  1. 2 pairs of H’s are removed and added to NAD forming NADH and Pi is added to form 1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid
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19
Q

The 9 steps of Glycolysis :

6th Step

A
  1. a phosphate is removed from each 1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid forming 2 ATP and 3-phosphoglyceric acid
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20
Q

The 9 steps of Glycolysis :

7th Step

A
  1. 3-phosphoglyceric acid is changed to the isomer 2-phosphoglyceric acid
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21
Q

The 9 steps of Glycolysis :

8th Step

A
  1. 2-phosphoglyceric acid is changed to the isomer phosphoenolpyruvic acid
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22
Q

The 9 steps of Glycolysis :

9th Step

A
  1. last phosphate is removed from phosphoenolpyruvic acid forming 2 more ATP and pyruvic acid
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23
Q

Glycolysis end

A

2ATPs added & 4 are produced for a net gain of 2 ATP

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24
Q

In order for glycolysis to continue, what must happen

A

there must be sufficient NAD available to accept hydrogens from glucose,
- needs to be more NAD for step 5 of glycolysis

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25
Q

What needs to happen to avoid end-product inhibition

A

NADHs produced in glycolysis need to give Hs away

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26
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

= lactic acid fermentation

- happens in the absence of O2

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27
Q

What happens in absence of O2

A

NADH gives its Hs to pyruvate creating lactic acid, which makes muscles feel fatigued and can cause cell death in excessively high concentrations

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28
Q

When NADH gives its Hs to pyruvate (rather than taking them to the mitochondira), what is created?

A

lactic acid

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29
Q

what uses only lactic acid pathway and why

A

RBCs because they dont have mitochondria

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30
Q

lactic acid occurs where?

A

Occurs in skeletal (during heavy exercise ) regularly & heart muscle (vascular blockage) when oxygen supply falls below critical level only rarely

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31
Q

Cells cannot store a lot of separate glucose molecules because

A

the osmotic pressure would draw large amounts of water into cells

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32
Q

where is glucose stored as glycogen

A

some organs (liver, skeletal muscle, heart)

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33
Q

Glycogenesis

A

process of polymerizing glucose into glycogen

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34
Q

process of glycogenesis

A

glucose -> glucose 6-phosphate -> glucose 1-phosphate –> enzyme called glycogen synthase removes the phosphate as polymerization to glycogen

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35
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

glycogen (catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase) -> glucose 1-phosphate -> glucose 6-phosphate; can be used for glycolysis by skeletal muscles

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36
Q

In glycogenolysis only liver has

A

glucose-6-phosphatase that removes phosphate groups from glucose 6-phosphate so glucose can be secreted into blood for use by other tissues/organs

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37
Q

cori cycle

A

2-way traffic between skeletal muscle and the liver

** must know 2 diagram

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38
Q

most of the lactic acid produced in anaerobic respiration is

A

eliminated by aerobic respiration where it is made into CO2 and H2O

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39
Q

Some of the lactic acid produced in anaerobic goes to

A

liver where it is converted back to pyruvate via lactic acid dehydrogenase and then to glucose 6-phosphate

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40
Q

what happens to glucose 6-phosphate after the lactic acid produced in anaerobic goes to liver where it is converted back to pyruvate

A

Glucose 6-phosphate can then be converted to free glucose or be used to make glycogen

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41
Q

Aerobic respiration; is preceded by

A

glycolysis (2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADH)

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42
Q

Aerobic respiration has end products of

A

CO2, H2O, and ATP

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43
Q

Aerobic respiration begins when

A

when pyruvate enters mitochondria

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44
Q

in Aerobic respiration what happens to pyruvate after it enters mitochondira

A

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA = a 2 C molecule) via coenzyme A and C02

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45
Q

Energy in acetyl CoA is extracted during

A

aerobic respiration in mitochondria

46
Q

where does CO2 goes

A

lungs

47
Q

Why is lactic acid made

A

 So glycolysis continue

 Nadh that was made during step 5 glycolysis has to be generated to NAD

48
Q

During Aerobic respiration each pyruvate (3c) –> 1 acetyl CoA + CO2, therefore what is formed from 1 glucose

A

 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2

49
Q

During Aerobic Respiration Oxygen in CO2 is not from breathed O2 gas, its from?

A

glucose

50
Q

Krebs cycle

A

= Citric Acid Cycle = Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

51
Q

krebs cycle begins with

A

 Begins with acetyl CoA (2 C) combining with oxaloacetic acid (4 C) to form citric acid (6 C)

52
Q

krebs cycle:

in a series of reactions citric acid converted back to?

A

oxaloacetic acid to complete the pathway

53
Q

key point: Products of Krebs Cycle/ acetyl CoA : (x2 all)

A

 1 GTP, which donates phosphate to ADP to produce ATP
 3 NADH, & 1 FADH2, which carry electrons to Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
 2 more CO2 = waste = byproduct

54
Q

what is electron transport chain and how does it contribute to making of cellular energy

A

ETC is a link series of protein embedded in the cristae in the mitochondria which creates proton gradient that atp synthase uses as energy to make ATP

55
Q

Why do we breathe o2

A

So O2 can server as the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain

56
Q

ETC

A

 The electron transport chain (ETC) is a linked series of proteins on the foldings (cristae) of mitochondria

57
Q

proteins of ETC include

A

flavin mononucleotide FMN, coenzyme Q, & iron containing pigments (cytochromes)

58
Q

 NADH & FADH2 from Krebs carry

A

electrons to ETC, which are then shuttled in sequence through ETC

59
Q

NAD and FAD are regenerated to?

A

to shuttle more electrons from Krebs Cycle to ETC

60
Q

 As each protein in ETC accepts electrons

A

it is reduced

61
Q

When protein in ETC gives electrons to next protein it is

A

oxidized

62
Q

the process of accepting and giving electrons from and to protein is called?

A

exergonic

63
Q

exergonic:

energy gained is used to?

A

is used to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP

 Called oxidative phosphorylation

64
Q

chemiosmotic theory

A

: energy gathered by ETC by the passage of e- is used to pump H+s (by the proteins of the ETC) into mitochondria outer chamber; this creates high H+ concentration f

65
Q

 As H+s diffuse down concentration & charge gradients thru ATP synthase, & back into inner chamber, their energy drives ATP synthesis by:

A

ADP + Pi = ATP

66
Q

function of Oxygen in ETC

A

 Electrons added to beginning of ETC by NADH and FADH2 and are passed along until they reach the last member of the ETC (cytochrome a3), which has to pass the e- on or the chain will stop

67
Q

Where will the e- s be passed if we have reach the end of the chain??? ….A: THIS IS WHY YOU BREATH O2!!!

A

 O2 is reduced and serves as the final e- acceptor by accepting these electrons & combining with 4H+s to form H2O: O2 + 4 e- + 4 H+  2 H20

68
Q

cyanide is deadly b/c?

A

it blocks transfer of e- from cytochrome a3 to O2

69
Q

Fats as energy source

A

 Fats can be hydrolyzed to glycerol & fatty acids, which can be modified to run thru Kreb’s to make ATP

70
Q

Proteins as energy source

A

 Proteins can be broken down to amino acids, which can be deaminated (removal of the amine group), converted into pyruvate & run thru Kreb’s

71
Q

Fats and protein pathways can be used to

A

interconvert carbohydrates, fats, & proteins into cellular energy

72
Q

When more energy (ffod) is taken in that consumed (used to make heat and ATP)

A

ATP synthesis is inhibited;

 we do not store extra ATP

73
Q

 Glucose converted into glycogen & fat

A

can later be broken down (if needed) to form ATP

74
Q

 When glucose is going to be converted to fat

A

glycolysis 1st occurs forming pyruvate, which is converted to acetyl CoA

75
Q

 Acetyl CoA is a common substrate for energy & synthetic pathways because

A

it can be sent to Krebs cycle (to make ATP) or made into cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, ketone bodies, and fatty acids

76
Q

fat synthesis

A

lipogenesis

77
Q

 Acetyl CoA can be linked together to form

A

fatty acids

78
Q

 Fatty acids + glycerol =

A

Fat (triglycerides);

79
Q

fat productions occurs mainly in

A

adipose & liver tissues when blood [glucose] are high (usually after a meal)

80
Q

what is a major form of energy storage in body

A

fat

81
Q

lipolysis

A

breakdown of fat into free fatty acids & glycerol via hydrolysis by lipase

82
Q

 Acetyl CoA from free fatty acids serve as

A

major energy source for many tissues

83
Q

 Lipolysis Acetyl CoA from Fat

A

Beta-Oxidation

84
Q

lipolysis: equatioin

A

triglyceride  glycerol + fatty acid chains

85
Q

 Some organs use glycerol to

A

form phosphoglyceraldehyde (glycolysis intermediate)

86
Q

 Most fatty acids are used in a process called

A

Beta (β) oxidation

87
Q

Beta-oxidation uses fatty acid chains (long hydrocarbons with COOH at end) to

A

make acetyl CoA (2 C) until the chain is entirely converted to acetyl CoA

88
Q

how many ATP total from 16 C fatty acid chain

A

108

89
Q

brown fat

A

Major site for thermogenesis in the newborn and amount of brown fat greatest at time of birth

90
Q

brown fat are mostly around

A

kidneys and adrenal glands and small amount around blood vessels, chest, and neck

91
Q

brown fat kidneys and adrenal glands and small amount around blood vessels, chest, and neck

A

produces uncoupling protein

92
Q

 Uncoupling protein causing

A

H+ to leak out of inner mitochondrial membrane thus fewer H+ pass through ATP-synthase, thus less ATP is produced

93
Q

in brown fat, lower ATP causes

A

electron transport system to be more active which generates heat instead of ATP

94
Q

ketone bodies

A

 Triglycerides are continually broken down forming glycerol and fatty acids & resynthesized to ensure blood will contain fatty acids for aerobic respiration by other organs

95
Q

 During fasting & diabetes

A

 rate of lipolysis > fatty acid utilization

 blood [fatty acid] increases

96
Q

 Fat metabolites, occur normally, but in fasting conditions get:

A

 too high in blood (ketosis) or in urine (ketonuria); also gives breath an acetone (sweet) smell b/c it is respired

97
Q

 Nitrogen (N) ingested primarily as

A

which is used in body as amino acids

98
Q

 excess N is excreted mainly as

A

urea

99
Q

 Nitrogen balance =

A

N ingested - N excreted

100
Q

 Positive N balance:

A

more N ingested than excreted b/c used in protein synthesis

101
Q

 Negative N balance:

A

: less N ingested than excreted b/c proteins are broken down

102
Q

 In healthy adults amount of N excreted =

A

amount ingested

103
Q

Excess amino acids can be deaminated (have the amine group removed) converted into

A

carbohydrates & fat

104
Q

 Essential & Non-essential Amino Acids

A

 20 amino acids used to build all proteins
 12 can be produced by body (= nonessential amino acids)
 8 for adults must come from diet (= essential amino acids)

105
Q

 New amino acids can be obtained by a process called

A

transamination

106
Q

 Transamination =

A

is addition of amine (-NH2) to pyruvate or Kreb’s cycle acids called “keto acids”, which have a ketone functional group to make a new amino acid

107
Q

transamination is catalyzed by

A

transaminase

108
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

(formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates)

109
Q

 Main substrates for gluconeogenesis

A

alanine, lactic acid, and glycerol

110
Q

 Uses of Different Energy Sources

A

 Different cells have different preferred energy substrates
 Brain uses glucose as its major source of energy
 Under fasting conditions, blood glucose is supplied mostly from liver via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Physiology (27 decks)

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