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Physiology > Exam 3: Ch 11 Hormones > Flashcards

Exam 3: Ch 11 Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands =

A

ductless & secrete hormones

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2
Q

hormones

A
  • regulatory molecules secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands
  • go to target cells that contain receptor proteins for it
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3
Q

Main endocrine glands are

A

discrete organs whose primary function is to produce and secrete hormones

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4
Q

The endocrine system includes

A

many other organ whose primary function is NOT to release hormones but do Neurohormones

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5
Q

Neurohormones

A

are secreted into blood by specialized neurons (e.g. hypothalamus)

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6
Q

Chemical Classification of Hormones:

Amino Acid Base

A
  • Amine
  • Polypeptide(<100 aa)/protein(>100 aa)
  • Glycoproteins
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7
Q

Chemical Classification of Hormones:

Steroid Base

A

Steroids

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8
Q

Amine hormones are

A

derived from the amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan

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9
Q

Amine hormones include

A

Include hormones secreted by adrenal medulla and pineal glands (NE, Epi,melatonin)

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10
Q

Polypeptide(<100 aa)/protein(>100 aa)

A

hormones are chains of amino acids (Include AntiDiruetic Hormone, GH, insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), PTH)

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11
Q

Glycoproteins =

A

long polypeptide chains connected to 1 or more carbohydrate (include LH, FSH, TSH)

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12
Q

Steroids

A

are lipids derived (as are thyroid hormones) from cholesterol so they can diffuse into cells (include testosterone, estrogen, progesterone &; cortisol);

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13
Q

Steroids made only by

A

adrenal cortex and gonads

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14
Q

Prohormones

A

are precursors of hormones; E.g. proinsulin

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15
Q

Prehormones

A

are precursors of prohormones; E.g. preproinsulin

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16
Q

Some hormones are inactive until

A
  • activated by target cells

- E.g. thyroxine (T4) is inactive until converted to T3 in target cells

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17
Q

Both NS & endocrine system use

A

chemicals to communicate

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18
Q

Difference between NTs & hormones:

A
  • transport in blood

- more diversity of effects in hormone targets

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19
Q

Common Aspects of Neural & Endocrine Regulation

A
  • Some chemicals are used as hormones & NTs
    (e. g. norepinephrine)
  • Targets for both NTs & hormones must have specific receptor proteins
  • Must be way to rapidly inactivate both
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20
Q

Hormone Interactions

A

A tissue usually responds to # of hormones

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21
Q

2 hormones are synergistic if

A
  • work together to produce an effect

- produce a larger effect together than individual effects added together

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22
Q

A hormone has permissive effect if

A

if it enhances responsiveness of a target organ to 2nd hormone

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23
Q

antagonistic

A

If action of 1 hormone inhibits effect of another

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24
Q

Normal tissue responses are produced

A

only when hormones are in physiological range

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25
Q

High (pharmacological) doses

A
  • can cause # of side effects; probably by binding to receptors of other hormones
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26
Q

Priming effect (upregulation)

A

occurs when a hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cells; results in greater response in target cell

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27
Q

Desensitization (downregulation)

A

occurs after long exposure to high levels of polypeptide hormone

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28
Q

Subsequent exposure to high levels of polypeptide hormone

A

produces a lesser response due to decrease in # of receptors on targets

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29
Q

Most peptide hormones have

A

pulsatile secretion

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30
Q

pulsatile secretion

A

(in spurts rather than continuously) which prevents downregulation

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31
Q

Target cell receptors show

A
  • specificity (specific receptors)
  • high affinity (high bonding strength), &
  • low capacity (saturation) for a hormone
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32
Q

Lipid hormones have

A

receptors in target cell’s cytoplasm &/or nucleus because can they diffuse through plasma membrane

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33
Q

Receptors for water-soluble hormones are

A

on surface of target cell

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34
Q

Lipid hormones

A

(steroids and thyroid hormones) travel in blood attached to carrier proteins

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35
Q

Lipid hormones dissociate from

A

carriers to pass thru plasma membrane of target

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36
Q

Lipid hormones receptors are called

A

nuclear hormone receptors

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37
Q

Nuclear Hormone Receptors

A

serve as transcription factors (Activate transcription) when bound to hormone ligands

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38
Q

Nuclear Hormone Receptors Constitute a

A

a “superfamily” composed of steroid family & thyroid hormone family

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39
Q

Nuclear Hormone Receptors have

A

ligand (hormone)-binding & DNA-binding domains

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40
Q

Nuclear Hormone Receptors bind

A

hormone & translocate to nucleus

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41
Q

Nuclear Hormone Receptors binds to

A

hormone-response element (HRE) on DNA located adjacent to target gene

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42
Q

Nuclear Hormone Receptors consists of

A

of 2 half-sites; 2 ligand-bound receptors have to bind to each HRE (dimerization), which stimulates transcription of target gene

43
Q

Thyroid gland secretes

A
  • 90% T4 (tetraiodothyronine = thyroxine = inactive form)

- 10% T3 (triiodothyronine = active form)

44
Q

99.96% of T4 in blood is bound to

A
  • carrier protein (thyroid binding globulin - TBG)
    • but only free T4 can enter cells, so bound is reservoir
    • T4 converted to T3 inside cell
45
Q

T3 binds to

A

receptor protein located in nucleus bound to DNA…

46
Q

T3 & receptor bind to 1 half-site

Other half-site binds

A

retinoic acid (vitamin A derivative)

47
Q

Two partners form heterodimer

A

that activates hormone response element (HRE) =

Stimulates transcription of target gene

48
Q

Pituitary gland is located

A

beneath hypothalamus at base of forebrain

49
Q

Pituitary gland Is structurally & functionally

A

into anterior & posterior lobes

50
Q

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

produces own hormones and is controlled by hypothalamus

51
Q

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

stores & releases hormones made in hypothalamus

52
Q

Anterior Pituitary secretes

A
  • 6 trophic hormones that maintain size of targets

- High blood levels cause target to hypertrophy and low levels cause atrophy

53
Q

6 trophic hormones

A
  • Growth hormone (GH = somatotropin)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH =thyrotropin)
  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH = corticotropin)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH = folliculotropin)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH = luteotropin)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
54
Q

Growth hormone (GH = somatotropin)

A

promotes growth, protein synthesis, & movement of amino acids into most cells

55
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH =thyrotropin)

A

stimulates thyroid gland to produce & secrete T4 & T3

56
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH = corticotropin)

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aldosterone

57
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH = folliculotropin)

A

stimulates growth of ovarian follicles & sperm production

58
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH = luteotropin)

A

causes ovulation & secretion of testosterone in testes

59
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulates milk production by mammary glands

60
Q

Feedback Control of Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Involves short feedback loop and Negative feedback
61
Q

short feedback loop

A

in which retrograde flow of blood & hormones from ant. pit. to hypothalamus inhibits secretion of releasing hormone

62
Q

Anterior Pituitary Involves negative feedback

A

of target gland hormones

63
Q

Anterior Pituitary during menstrual cycle

A

estrogen stimulates “LH surge” by positive feedback

64
Q

Hypothalamus receives input from

A

higher brain centers that can affect A. Pit. secretion

- E.g. psychological stress affects circadian rhythms, menstrual cycle, & adrenal hormones

65
Q

Posterior Pituitary Stores & releases

A

2 hormones produced in hypothalamus:

  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)
  • Oxytocin
66
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

A

which promotes H20 conservation by kidneys

67
Q

Oxytocin

A

which stimulates contractions of uterus during parturition (labor)
- & contractions of mammary gland alveoli for milk-ejection reflex

68
Q

Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary:

Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus produce

69
Q

Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary:

Paraventricular nuclei

A

produce oxytocin

70
Q

Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus and Paraventricular nuclei both

A
  • Both transported along hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to posterior pituitary
  • Release controlled in hypothalamus by neuroendocrine reflexes
71
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Sit on top of kidneys

72
Q

Adrenal Glands each consists of

A

outer cortex (glandular tissue) & inner medulla (derives from neuronal tissue)

73
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes

A

steroid hormones called corticosteroids (corticoids);

74
Q

Adrenal cortex controlled by

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from ant. Pit. & secretes:

75
Q

3 categories of corticoids

A
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Glucocorticoids
  • & some supplementary sex steroids
76
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

regulate Na+ and K+ balance ex: Aldosterone which stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and water and secrete K+

77
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

regulate metabolism of glucose and other organic molecules ex:Cortisol which inhibits glucose utilization & stimulates gluconeogenesis

78
Q

Functions of adrenal medulla

A

Medulla synthesizes & secretes 80% Epinephrine & 20% Norepiphrine,

79
Q

effects of Epi

A
  • last 10X longer than NE;

- Innervated by preganglionic Symp fibers

80
Q

Functions of adrenal medulla Activated during

A
  • “fight or flight” response:
  • ↑ respiratory rate and HR & cardiac output; general vasoconstriction which increases venous return, and glycogenolysis & lipolysis
81
Q

Thyroid Gland Is located

A

just below the larynx w/ each lobe on either side of trachea

82
Q

Thyroid Gland Secretes

A

T4 & T3 which set basal metabolic rate & are needed for growth, development

83
Q

Thyroid Gland Consists of

A

microscopic thyroid follicles and the outer layer is follicular cells that synthesize T4

84
Q

Outer parafollicular cells secrete

A

calcitonin = ↓ blood [Ca2+] levels by stimulating secretion and osteoblast activity

85
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

4 glands embedded in posterior surfaces of lateral lobes of thyroid gland

86
Q

Parathyroid glands Only secrete

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

87
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A
  • Most important hormone for control of blood Ca2+ levels
  • Release stimulated by decreased blood Ca2+
  • Acts on bones, kidney, & intestines to increase blood Ca2+ levels
88
Q

pancreas

A

has both exocrine (discharge of secretions through a duct) and endocrine functions (secretion of hormones into circulation)

89
Q

Endocrine portion of pancreas

A

scattered clusters of cells = pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

90
Q

pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

A
  • 2 cells types in the pancreatic islets:
    • Alpha Cells
    • Beta Cells
91
Q

Alpha cells secrete

92
Q

Beta cells secrete

93
Q

Glucagon

A
  • released in response to low blood glucose
  • stimulates glycogenolysis (occurs at the liver to ↑ blood glucose)
  • stimulates lipolysis (↑ free fatty acids) and helps with conversion of fatty acids to ketone bodies
94
Q

Insulin

A
  • released in response to high blood glucose which promotes:
    • entry of glucose into cells
    • conversion of glucose into glycogen & fat causing decreases blood glucose
95
Q

Pineal gland

A

located in basal forebrain near thalamus

96
Q

Pineal gland Secretes

A

melatonin in response to activity of hypothalamus

97
Q

melatonin

A

nvolved in aligning physiology with sleep/wake cycle & seasons
secreted at night & is inhibited by light

98
Q

Thymus

A

Is located around trachea below thyroid and behind manubrum

99
Q

Thymus Produces

A

T cells of immune system & hormones that stimulate them

100
Q

Sex & Reproductive Hormones

A

Gonads (testes & ovaries)

101
Q

Gonads (testes & ovaries) secrete

A

steroid hormones testosterone, estrogen, & progesterone

102
Q

Autocrine regulatory molecules

A

produced & act within same cell type in which they were produced

103
Q

All autocrines control

A

gene expression in target cells

104
Q

Paracrine regulatory molecules

A

are produced within one tissue & act on different tissue in same organ.

Physiology (27 decks)

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