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Physiology > Exam 1 Ch6: Extracellular Environment > Flashcards

Exam 1 Ch6: Extracellular Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular environment

A

a. Includes all constituents of body outside cells

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2
Q

cells receive nutrients from and get rid of waste over

A

plasma membranes from and to extracellular fluid

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3
Q

67% of total body H20 is

A

inside cells

- intracellular compartment

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4
Q

33% of total body H20 is outside cells

A

= extracellular compartment-ECF

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5
Q

ECF

A

Extracellular compartment fluid

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6
Q

20% of ECF

A

blood plasma contained in blood vessels

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7
Q

80% of ECF

A

interstitial fluid = tissue fluid contained in gel-like matrix

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8
Q

Cells of our body are surrounded by

A

extracellular matrix

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9
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

a meshwork of protein fibers (collagen & elastin fibers) linked to molecules of gel-like ground substance

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10
Q

interstitial fluid

A

tissue fluid resides in hydrated gel of ground substance

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11
Q

interstitial fluid also contains

A

glycoproteins, proteoglycans, which form chemical bonds between carbohydrates on the surface of cells and protein fibers

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12
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Separates intracellular environment from extracellular environment

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13
Q

significance of plasma membrane to nutrients

A

all nutrients reaching cell and all waste leaving the cell must pass over plasma membrane

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14
Q

plasma membrane allows only certain kinds of molecules to pass

A

selective permeable

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15
Q

plasma membranes are impermeable to

A

proteins, nucleic acids, some ions, and/or other molecules necessary for cellular function/metabolism

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16
Q

Categorization of transport into and out of cells:

A
  1. carrier - mediated transport

2. Non-carrier mediated transport

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17
Q

carrier - mediated transport

A

involves specific protein transporters

Facilitated diffusion and Active transport

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18
Q

non- carrier mediated transport

A

occurs by diffusion through membranes

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19
Q

Categorization of transport into and out of cells according to energy requirements

A
  • passive transport

- active transport

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20
Q

passive transport

A

moves compounds down concentration gradient (from areas of ↑ concentration to areas of ↓ concentration)

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21
Q

does passive transport requires energy?

A

No

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22
Q

Passive transport includes

A

simple diffusion

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23
Q

what are simple diffusion

A

osmosis and facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

Active transport

A

moves compounds up a concentration gradient (from areas of ↓ concentration to areas of ↑ concentration)

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25
Q

active transport requires

A

energy & specific transporters

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26
Q

Diffusion

A

random motion of molecules (due to heat energy); the net movement is from region of high to low concentration

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27
Q

in diffusion what kind of compounds readily diffuse thru cell membranes

A

non-polar
hyrophobic
- also some small, polar, but uncharged molecules including C02 & H20

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28
Q

Diffusion of H2O is called

A

osmosis

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29
Q

in diffusion cell membrane is impermeable to

A

charged and most polar compounds

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30
Q

through diffusion charged moleculels must have what to move across membrane

A

ion channel or transporter

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31
Q

rate of diffusion depends on

A
  1. Magnitude of its concentration gradient, which creates driving force (DF)
  2. Permeability of membrane to it
  3. Temperature
  4. Surface area of membrane
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32
Q

ions such as what require protein channels to permeate the membrane

A

K+ and Na+

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33
Q

Osmosis

A

net diffusion of H20 (universal solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane

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34
Q

In Osmosis H2O

A

H20 diffuses down its concentration gradient

H20 is less concentrated where there are more solutes

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35
Q

In Osmosis solutes has to be Osmotically active

A

cannot freely move across membrane for osmosis to cccur

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36
Q

dilute solutions

A

more H20 (solvent), less solute

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37
Q

Concentrated solutions

A

contain less H20 (solvent), more solute

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38
Q

H20 diffuses down its concentration gradient until

A

its concentration is equal on both sides of membrane, thus there is a change in volume

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39
Q

Some cells have water channels (aquaporins) to

A

facilitate osmosis in special membranes (ex. kidney cells)

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40
Q

osmotic pressure

A

measure of the tendency for a soln. to gain H2O by osmosis

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41
Q

Osmotic pressure is proportional to

A

solute concentration

greater solute concentration = greater osmotic pressure

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42
Q

force that would have to be exerted to stop osmosis

A

Indicates how strongly H20 wants to diffuse

43
Q

Tonicity

A

effect of a solution (sln) on osmotic movement of H20

44
Q

Isotonic

A

slns have same osmotic pressure;
has an equal concentration of solute (solid);
no osmosis

45
Q

hypertonic

A

slns have higher osmotic pressure & are osmotically active; has a higher concentration of solute (solid)

46
Q

hypotonic

A

solns have lower osmotic pressure; has a lower concentration of solute (solid)

47
Q

Molar

A

pertaining to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

48
Q

Molal

A

pertaining to the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

49
Q

Osmolality

A

measure of the total concentration of a solution; the # of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

50
Q

Osmolarity

A

measure of the total concentration of a solution; the # of moles of solute per liter of solution

51
Q

Mole

A

number of grams of a chemical that is equal to its formula weight ex: H2O mw = 18

52
Q

Blood osmolality maintained in

A

narrow range around 300 mOsm

53
Q

if dehydrated osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulate:

A

ADH antidiuretic hormone release
Which causes kidney to conserve H20 by stimulating insertion of aquaporins into kidney membranes
& thirst

54
Q

Molecules too large & polar to diffuse are transported across membrane by

A

protein carriers embedded in plasma membranes

55
Q

Protein carriers exhibit

A

Specificity for single molecule

Competition among substrates for transport that are very similar

Saturation when all carriers are occupied

56
Q

saturation are called

A

Tm (transport maximum)

57
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport = no energy required

down concentration gradient = from higher to lower concentration

by carrier proteins (embedded in membranes)

58
Q

examples of carrier proteins

A

. Glucose transporters (GLUT4 in skeletal muscle) that reside in membrane bound vesicles within the cytoplasm until stimulated by insulin to be inserted into the plasma membrane

59
Q

Primary active transport

A

transport of molecules against a concentration gradient;

Requires ATP

60
Q

Primary active transport:

requires ATP

A

Molecule or ion binds to recognition site on carrier protein -> hydrolysis of ATP -> phosphorylation of carrier protein -> conformational change -> release of molecule/ion to opposite side

61
Q

Membrane Transport Systems: Primary Active Transport: Na+/K+ Pump
uses

A

ATP to move 3 Na+ out & 2 K+ in against their gradients; between 200 – several million/cell!!!

62
Q

Steep Na+ gradient

A

drives coupled transport;
adjusting the pump activity helps regulate resting (basal) metabolic rate;
Na+ and K+ concentrations are used by muscle and nerve cells to conduct electrical impulses;
osmoregulation

63
Q

Secondary Active Transport (Coupled Transport)

A

Uses energy from “downhill” transport of Na+ to drive “uphill” movement of another molecule

64
Q

ATP required to maintain Na+ gradient via

A

Na+/K+ ATP-ase, BUT IS NOT USED DIRECTLY!v

65
Q

Cotransport (symport)

A

secondary transport in same direction as Na+ (ex. glucose)

66
Q

Countertransport (antiport)

A

moves molecule in opposite direction of Na+ (ex. Ca2+)

67
Q

epipthelial membranes

A

cover all body surfaces and line the cavities of all hollow organs
- Molecules/ions must pass through these epithelial membranes

68
Q

absorption

A

transport of digestion products across intestinal epithelium into blood

69
Q

reabsorption

A

transports molecules out of urinary filtrate back into blood

70
Q

transcellular transport

A

moves material through the cytoplasm of epithelial cells

71
Q

paracellular transport

A

moves material through tiny spaces between epithelial cells

72
Q

Bulk transport

A

Is way cells move large molecules/particles across plasma membrane

73
Q

Bulk transport occurs by

A

endocytosis (into cells) & exocytosis (out of cells) via the fusion of membrane bound vesicles

74
Q

Recall: H2O distribution

A

Intracellular

exgtracellular

75
Q

intracellular H2O distribution

A

(~ 67%) = 2/3 of body H2O is inside cells (~27 – 30 L H2O)

76
Q

extracellular H2O distribution

A

(~ 33%) = 1/3 total body H2O is outside of cells (~14 – 16.5 L H2O)
( Interstitial and Blood)

77
Q

Interstitial (tissue fluid)

A

(80% ECF) = 11 – 13 L H2O

78
Q

blood

A

(20% ECF) = 3 – 3.5 L H2O

79
Q

Nutrients and waste must be exchanged via

A

fluid in capillaries (blood) and the fluid in tissues (extracellular fluid)

80
Q

Distribution of ECF between blood & interstitial compartments is in state of

A

dynamic equilibrium

81
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

continuously circulating, formed from, and returned to the vascular system
There are forces at work controlling this movement

82
Q

Fluid movement into/out of capillaries depends on

A

Net filtration pressure

83
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure in capillaries (17-37 mm Hg) – hydrostatic pressure in ECF (1 mm Hg)

84
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is exerted by

A

fluid

85
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

~ 37 mm Hg at arteriolar end of systemic capillaries and ~17 mm Hg at the venular and of capillaries

86
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries (25 mm Hg) - Colloid osmotic pressure in tissue fluid (0 mm Hg)

87
Q

Colloid Osmotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in fluid

88
Q

Overall Fluid Movement into and out of Capillaries

The 2 factors

A

net filtration

oncotic pressure

89
Q

net filtration is determined by

A

hydrostatic pressure (HP)

90
Q

Oncotic pressure is determined by

A

determined by colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

91
Q

**At the arteriole end of capillary bed, HP is highest inside….What happens?

A

Close to the arterial end of the capillary, it is approximately 10 mm Hg, because the CHP of 35 mm Hg minus the BCOP of 25 mm Hg equals 10 mm Hg. Recall that the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures of the interstitial fluid are essentially negligible. Thus, the NFP of 10 mm Hg drives a net movement of fluid out of the capillary at the arterial end

92
Q

 At the venule end of the capillary bed, COP is the highest inside, what happens?

A

At approximately the middle of the capillary, the CHP is about the same as the BCOP of 25 mm Hg, so the NFP drops to zero. At this point, there is no net change of volume: Fluid moves out of the capillary at the same rate as it moves into the capillary. Near the venous end of the capillary, the CHP has dwindled to about 18 mm Hg due to loss of fluid. Because the BCOP remains steady at 25 mm Hg, water is drawn into the capillary, that is, reabsorption occurs. Another way of expressing this is to say that at the venous end of the capillary, there is an NFP of −7 mm Hg.

93
Q

85% of fluid filtered from capillaries is returned directly to

A

capillaries

94
Q

5% of fluid filtered from capillaries is returned to

A

circulation via lymphatic system

95
Q

Edema

A

excessive accumulation of tissue fluid

96
Q

What maintains proper ECF levels

A

Normally filtration, osmotic reuptake, & lymphatic drainage

97
Q

edema can result from

A
  • High arterial blood pressure
  • Venous obstruction
  • leakage of plasma proteins into ECF
  • Myxedema
  • Decreased plasma protein levels
  • Obstrucgtion of lyphatic drainage
98
Q

high arterial blood pressure

A

↑ capillary pressure  excessive filtration

99
Q

Venous obstruction produces

A

congestive ↑ in capillary pressure

100
Q

leakage of plasma proteins into ECF causes

A

↓ in osmotic flow into capillaries

101
Q

Myxedema

A

excess production of glycoproteins (mucin) in extracellular matrix from hypothyroidism

102
Q

Decreased plasma protein levels results from

A

liver or kidney disease

103
Q

obstruction of lymphatic drainage caused by

A

elephantiasis (filariasis = parasitic nematode)

Physiology (27 decks)

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