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Physiology > Exam 1 Ch 2: Chemical composition > Flashcards

Exam 1 Ch 2: Chemical composition Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Organic molecules are those that contain

A

carbon & hydrogen

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3
Q

Carbon has

A

has 4 electrons in outer shell thus bonds covalently to fill outer shell with 8 electrons

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4
Q

Carbon can stably bond with

A

4 other atoms, usually oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

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5
Q

In body, carbons are

A

linked to form chains or rings

Serve as “backbone” to which more reactive functional groups are added

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6
Q

Functional Groups

A

Carbonyl group
Hydroxyl group
Carboxyl group

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7
Q

carbonyl group forms

A

ketones & aldehydes

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8
Q

hydroxyl group forms

A

alcohols

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9
Q

Carboxyl group forms

A

organic acids (lactic & acetic acids)

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10
Q

4 physiologically key classes of organic molecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates;
  2. Lipids;
  3. Proteins;
  4. Nucleic acids
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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen & oxygen in ratio of CnH2n0n;
functions in energy supply

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12
Q

monosaccharides

A

are simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, galactose

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13
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides joined covalently

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14
Q

Disaccharides includes

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose

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15
Q

sucrose

A

(=glucose + fructose) or table sugar

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16
Q

lactose

A

(=glucose + galactose) or milk sugar

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17
Q

maltose

A

(=2 glucoses) or malt sugar

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18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

are many monosaccharides linked together

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19
Q

Polysaccharides includes

A
  • Include starch (found in many plants) & glycogen (stored in human liver and muscles)
  • are polymers of thousands of glucoses
  • Energy storage molecules
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20
Q

polysaccharides Allows organisms to store thousands of glucose molecules in

A

1 polysaccharide molecule

- drastically reduces osmotic problems

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21
Q

Lipids

A

broad category of molecules

consist primarily of hydrocarbon chains & rings

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22
Q

Lipids are insoluble in polar solvents such as

A

water = Hydrophobic

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23
Q

4 major subcategories of lipids

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
  4. Prostaglandins
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24
Q

triglycerides formed by

A

= “triacylglycerol” = Formed by joining of 1 glycerol (3 C-alcohol) & 3 fatty acids; includes fats and oils

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25
Q

triglycerides are saturated if

A

hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids are joined by single covalent bonds (mostly)

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26
Q

triglycerides are unsaturated if

A

there are double bonds (mostly) within hydrocarbon chains

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27
Q

hydrolysis (breakdown) of triglycerides

A

free fatty acids used for energy or converted by liver into ketone bodies

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28
Q

ketosis

A

increase ↑ blood ketones

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29
Q

ketoacidosis

A

If [ketone] increases too high and causes a ↓ pH

30
Q

when might ketoacidosis occur?

A

Type I diabetis

  • Diabetics (usually have enough insulin)
  • 90-95 % havehigh insulin – doesn’t haveinsulin receptor
  • Use fat – byproduct – ketones
31
Q

Phospolipid

A

several different categories of lipids that contain a phosphate group

32
Q

phosphate part of phospholipids is

A

polar and hydrophilic

33
Q

lipid part of phospholipids is

A

nonpolar and hydrophobic

34
Q

The partially hydrophobic, partially hydrophilic nature of phospholipids makes them useful in cell membranes….Why?

A

help to maintain the structure of cell membranes.

35
Q

Steroids are

A

nonpolar & insoluble in water

- All have three 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring

36
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • is precursor for steroid hormones made by gonads and adrenal cortex
  • is component of cell membranes
37
Q

Prostaglandin

A

cyclic hydrocarbon group with fatty acid chains

38
Q

prostaglandins Since shown to be active in almost all organs in a variety of regulatory functions

A

Vasoconstriction/dilation, ovulation, labor contractions, inflammation reactions, blood clotting, ….

39
Q

Proteins

A
  • Are made of long chains of amino acids

- 20 different amino acids can be used

40
Q

amino acids contain

A

an amino group (NH2) at one end; carboxyl group (COOH) at other end

41
Q

differences between amino acids are due to?

A

differences in functional groups (“R”)

42
Q

amino acids are linked by

A

peptide bonds

43
Q

amino acids are formed by

A

dehydration reactions

44
Q

peptides

A

If <100 amino acids = polypeptide

If >100 amino acids = protein

45
Q

4 levels of protein structures

A
  • primary structure
  • secondary structure
  • tertiary structure
  • quaternary structure
46
Q

primary structure

A

is its sequence of amino acids (aa)

coded by genes (genetic code)

47
Q

Secondary structure

A

shape of aa caused by hydrogen bonding

alpha (α) helices or beta (β) pleated sheets

48
Q

tertiary structure

A

complex 3-D shape caused by bending and folding

49
Q

Quaternary structure

A

formed by bonding a number of polypeptide chains together

50
Q

Many proteins are conjugated with other groups

A

Glycoproteins contain carbohydrates and
Lipoproteins contain lipids;
Others, like
hemoglobin, contain a pigment

51
Q

Nucleic acid

A
  • contains genetic code

- include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & ribonucleic acid (RNA)

52
Q

Nucleic acids are made of long chains of

A

Nucleotides

53
Q

Nucleotides

A

consist of

  1. a 5-carbon sugar
  2. a phosphate group
  3. a nitrogenous base
54
Q

Bases for DNA include

A

guanine,
thymine,
cytosine, and
adenine

55
Q

Bases for RNA include

A

guanine,
uracil,
cytosine, and
adenine

56
Q

DNAs deoxyribose sugar (5C) is covalently bonded to 1 of 4 bases

A

Guanine or adenine (purines)

Cytosine or thymine (pyrimidines)

57
Q

Nucleic Acid chain is formed by

A

sugar of 1 nucleotide bonding to phosphate of another

58
Q

Each base of nucleic acid can form

A

hydrogen bonds with other bases

- This hydrogen bonding holds 2 strands of DNA together

59
Q

The 2 strands of DNA twist to form a

A

double helix

60
Q

law of complementary base pairing

A

“A” pairs only with “T”; “C” pairs only with “G”

61
Q

DNA is only found in

A

the nucleus (mitochondria and chloroplasts are exceptions)

62
Q

RNA

A
  • long chains of nucleotides joined together by sugar-phosphate bonds
  • single stranded
63
Q

RNA

ribose sugar is bonded to 1 of 4 bases

A

Guanine or adenine

Cytosine or uracil (replaces thymine)

64
Q

3 types of RNA are synthesized from DNA & allow it to direct activities of a cell:

A

Messenger RNA - mRNA
Transfer RNA - tRNA
Ribosomal RNA - rRNA

65
Q

Ribosomal rna

A

rRNA

- protein synthesis

66
Q

When is DNA duplicated

A

In Sphase of interphase

67
Q

mRNA codes

A

Codons

68
Q

Codons =

A

3 base

= 1 amino acid

69
Q

tRNA reads as

A

Anti- codon

70
Q

Sequence from dna to protein

A

DNA -> DNA -> mRNA -> tRNA

Physiology (27 decks)

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