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Physiology > Exam 1 Ch 2: Chemical composition > Flashcards

Exam 1 Ch 2: Chemical composition Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Organic molecules are those that contain

A

carbon & hydrogen

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3
Q

Carbon has

A

has 4 electrons in outer shell thus bonds covalently to fill outer shell with 8 electrons

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4
Q

Carbon can stably bond with

A

4 other atoms, usually oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

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5
Q

In body, carbons are

A

linked to form chains or rings

Serve as “backbone” to which more reactive functional groups are added

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6
Q

Functional Groups

A

Carbonyl group
Hydroxyl group
Carboxyl group

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7
Q

carbonyl group forms

A

ketones & aldehydes

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8
Q

hydroxyl group forms

A

alcohols

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9
Q

Carboxyl group forms

A

organic acids (lactic & acetic acids)

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10
Q

4 physiologically key classes of organic molecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates;
  2. Lipids;
  3. Proteins;
  4. Nucleic acids
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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen & oxygen in ratio of CnH2n0n;
functions in energy supply

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12
Q

monosaccharides

A

are simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, galactose

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13
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides joined covalently

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14
Q

Disaccharides includes

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose

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15
Q

sucrose

A

(=glucose + fructose) or table sugar

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16
Q

lactose

A

(=glucose + galactose) or milk sugar

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17
Q

maltose

A

(=2 glucoses) or malt sugar

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18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

are many monosaccharides linked together

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19
Q

Polysaccharides includes

A
  • Include starch (found in many plants) & glycogen (stored in human liver and muscles)
  • are polymers of thousands of glucoses
  • Energy storage molecules
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20
Q

polysaccharides Allows organisms to store thousands of glucose molecules in

A

1 polysaccharide molecule

- drastically reduces osmotic problems

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21
Q

Lipids

A

broad category of molecules

consist primarily of hydrocarbon chains & rings

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22
Q

Lipids are insoluble in polar solvents such as

A

water = Hydrophobic

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23
Q

4 major subcategories of lipids

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
  4. Prostaglandins
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24
Q

triglycerides formed by

A

= “triacylglycerol” = Formed by joining of 1 glycerol (3 C-alcohol) & 3 fatty acids; includes fats and oils

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25
triglycerides are saturated if
hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids are joined by single covalent bonds (mostly)
26
triglycerides are unsaturated if
there are double bonds (mostly) within hydrocarbon chains
27
hydrolysis (breakdown) of triglycerides
free fatty acids used for energy or converted by liver into ketone bodies
28
ketosis
increase ↑ blood ketones
29
ketoacidosis
If [ketone] increases too high and causes a ↓ pH
30
when might ketoacidosis occur?
Type I diabetis - Diabetics (usually have enough insulin) - 90-95 % havehigh insulin – doesn’t haveinsulin receptor - Use fat – byproduct – ketones
31
Phospolipid
several different categories of lipids that contain a phosphate group
32
phosphate part of phospholipids is
polar and hydrophilic
33
lipid part of phospholipids is
nonpolar and hydrophobic
34
The partially hydrophobic, partially hydrophilic nature of phospholipids makes them useful in cell membranes….Why?
help to maintain the structure of cell membranes.
35
Steroids are
nonpolar & insoluble in water | - All have three 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring
36
Cholesterol
- is precursor for steroid hormones made by gonads and adrenal cortex - is component of cell membranes
37
Prostaglandin
cyclic hydrocarbon group with fatty acid chains
38
prostaglandins Since shown to be active in almost all organs in a variety of regulatory functions
Vasoconstriction/dilation, ovulation, labor contractions, inflammation reactions, blood clotting, ….
39
Proteins
- Are made of long chains of amino acids | - 20 different amino acids can be used
40
amino acids contain
an amino group (NH2) at one end; carboxyl group (COOH) at other end
41
differences between amino acids are due to?
differences in functional groups ("R")
42
amino acids are linked by
peptide bonds
43
amino acids are formed by
dehydration reactions
44
peptides
If <100 amino acids = polypeptide | If >100 amino acids = protein
45
4 levels of protein structures
- primary structure - secondary structure - tertiary structure - quaternary structure
46
primary structure
is its sequence of amino acids (aa) | coded by genes (genetic code)
47
Secondary structure
shape of aa caused by hydrogen bonding | alpha (α) helices or beta (β) pleated sheets
48
tertiary structure
complex 3-D shape caused by bending and folding
49
Quaternary structure
formed by bonding a number of polypeptide chains together
50
Many proteins are conjugated with other groups
Glycoproteins contain carbohydrates and Lipoproteins contain lipids; Others, like hemoglobin, contain a pigment
51
Nucleic acid
- contains genetic code | - include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & ribonucleic acid (RNA)
52
Nucleic acids are made of long chains of
Nucleotides
53
Nucleotides
consist of 1. a 5-carbon sugar 2. a phosphate group 3. a nitrogenous base
54
Bases for DNA include
guanine, thymine, cytosine, and adenine
55
Bases for RNA include
guanine, uracil, cytosine, and adenine
56
DNAs deoxyribose sugar (5C) is covalently bonded to 1 of 4 bases
Guanine or adenine (purines) Cytosine or thymine (pyrimidines)
57
Nucleic Acid chain is formed by
sugar of 1 nucleotide bonding to phosphate of another
58
Each base of nucleic acid can form
hydrogen bonds with other bases | - This hydrogen bonding holds 2 strands of DNA together
59
The 2 strands of DNA twist to form a
double helix
60
law of complementary base pairing
“A” pairs only with “T”; “C” pairs only with “G”
61
DNA is only found in
the nucleus (mitochondria and chloroplasts are exceptions)
62
RNA
- long chains of nucleotides joined together by sugar-phosphate bonds - single stranded
63
RNA | ribose sugar is bonded to 1 of 4 bases
Guanine or adenine Cytosine or uracil (replaces thymine)
64
3 types of RNA are synthesized from DNA & allow it to direct activities of a cell:
Messenger RNA - mRNA Transfer RNA - tRNA Ribosomal RNA - rRNA
65
Ribosomal rna
rRNA | - protein synthesis
66
When is DNA duplicated
In Sphase of interphase
67
mRNA codes
Codons
68
Codons =
3 base | = 1 amino acid
69
tRNA reads as
Anti- codon
70
Sequence from dna to protein
DNA -> DNA -> mRNA -> tRNA

Physiology (27 decks)

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