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Physiology > Exam 2: Ch 9 ANS > Flashcards

Exam 2: Ch 9 ANS Flashcards

1
Q

 Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

manages our physiology by regulating cardiac & smooth muscles & glands that are not under voluntary control

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2
Q

 Neurons that conduct impulses away from CNS =

A

= motor = efferent

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3
Q

 2 types of Efferent neurons

A
  1. somatic pathway

2. autonomic pathway

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4
Q

somatic pathway

A

have cell bodies in CNS and send axons to skeletal muscle for voluntary control

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5
Q

Somatic = skeletal muscle

The pathway

A

(sensory neuron → CNS → motor out put neurons→ effector organ)

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6
Q

autonomic pathway =

A

sensory neuron → CNS → preganglionic neuron → postganglionic neuron → effector organ)

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7
Q

Autonomic ganglion

A

collection of cell bodies outside of CNS; located in head, neck, abdomen, and parallel to the spinal cord

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8
Q

Preganglionic fibers

A

originate in midbrain, hindbrain, upper thoracic to 4th sacral level of spinal cord

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9
Q

 ANS Control of Muscle:

Skeletal muscle

A

 Skeletal muscle is paralyzed without innervation,

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10
Q

ANS Control of Muscle:

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

A

maintains resting tone (tension or contracts) in absence of nerve stimulation; ex. Heart

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11
Q

denervation hypersensitivity

A

 Smooth & cardiac muscle become more sensitive when ANS input is cut

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12
Q

 Some types of muscle are spontaneously active & contract rhythmically without ANS input

A

 ANS input simply increases or decreases intrinsic activity but recall that ACh always excites skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Feature: effector organs:

- somatic and Autonomic motor?

A

somatic motor: skeletal muscles

autonomic motor: cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands

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14
Q

Feature: presence of ganglia

- somatic and Autonomic motor?

A

somatic motor: no ganglia

autonomic motor: cell bodies of postganglionic autonomic fibers located in paravertebral (collateral) and terminal ganglia

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15
Q

Feature: number of neurons from CNS to effecgtor

- somatic and Autonomic motor?

A

somatic motor: One

autonomic motor: two

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16
Q

Feature: type of neuromuscular junction

- somatic and Autonomic motor?

A

somatic motor: specialized motor end plate

autonomic motor: none; all areas of smooth muscle cells contain receptor proteins for neurotransmitters

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17
Q

Feature: effect of nerve impulse on muscle

- somatic and Autonomic motor?

A

somatic motor: excitatory only

autonomic motor: either excitatory or inhibitory

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18
Q

Feature: type of nerve fibers

- somatic and Autonomic motor?

A

somatic motor: fast-conducting and myelinated

autonomic motor: slow-conductin: preganglionic fibers lightly myelinated but thing: postganglionic fibers unmyelinated and very thin

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19
Q

Feature: effect of denervation

- somatic and Autonomic motor?

A

somatic motor: flaccid paralysis and atrophy

autonomic motor: Muscle tone and function persist: target cells show denervation hypersensitivity

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20
Q

2 divisions of ANS

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions

- usually have antagonistic effects and coordinate physiology

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21
Q

 Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

• Consist of preganglionic neurons originating in CNS

A
  • Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

* Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

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22
Q

 Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

• Consist of postganglionic neurons originating outside the CNS in ganglia

A
  • Postgagnlionic sympathetic fibers

* Postgagnlionic parasympathetic fibers

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23
Q

 Preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

originate in the spinal cord between thoracic and lumbar levels

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24
Q

 Sympathetic division mediates

A

“fight, flight, & stress” reactions mostly through the release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

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25
Q

 Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

A

originate in the brain and in the sacral levels of the spinal cord

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26
Q

 Parasympathetic division mediates

A

“rest & digest” reactions through the release of Ach from postganglionic fibers

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27
Q

 The 2 divisions must be balanced to

A

maintain homeostasis

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28
Q

Sympathetic Division of the ANS is also called

A

thoracolumbar division because its preganglionic neurons exit spinal cord from T1 to L2

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29
Q

 Most sympathetic fibers then separate from somatic motor neurons and synapse on

A

postganglionic neurons within a double row of ganglia called the paravertebral ganglia

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30
Q

sympathetic chain of ganglia

A

chain of interconnected ganglia paralleling spinal cord formed by paravertebral ganglia

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31
Q

• Mylenated preganglionic sympathetic axons exit the

A

the spinal cord in the ventral roots of spinal nerves but diverge within short pathways called white rami communicantes

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32
Q

• Axons within each ramus enter

A

sympathetic chain of ganglia where they travel to ganglia at different levels and synapse with postganglionic symapthetic neurons

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33
Q

Axons of postganglionic neurons are

A

unmylenated and form the gray rami communicates as they return to spinal nerves

34
Q

 Since sympathetic axons form a component of spinal nerves they are

A

widely distributed to skeletal muscles and skin where they innervate blood vessels and other involuntary effectors

35
Q

 Divergence

A

occurs in the sympathetic chain of ganglia as preganglionic neurons branch to synapse with postganglionic neurons located in ganglia at different levels in the chain

36
Q

 Convergence

A

occurs where a postganglionic neuron receives input from a large number of preganglionic neurons

37
Q

 Divergence & convergence together cause

A

the sympathetic division to mostly act as a unit (mass activation)

38
Q

Some preganglionic neurons that exit the spinal cord below the diaphram

A

do not synapse in the symapthetic chain of ganglia

39
Q

 Beyond the sympathetic chain these preganglionic fibers form

A

splanchnic nerves and synapse in collateral ganglion (preventral ganglia)

40
Q

 Postganglionic fibers that arise from collateral ganglia innervate

A

organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

41
Q

 Sympathoadrenal System

A

 Paired adrenal glands located on top of the

42
Q

 Paired adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys are composed of 2 parts:

A
  1. outer adrenal cortex (secretes steroid hormones) and

2. inner adrenal medulla (mostly secretes epinephrine 85% (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (less ~ 15%))

43
Q

 The adrenal medulla appears to be

A

a modified symapthetic ganglion because it has the same embryonic origin as the postganglionic sympathetic neurons

44
Q

 Cells of adrenal medulla are innervated by

A

by preganglionic sympathetic fibers

45
Q

 Cells of adrenal medulla are Stimulated during

A

mass activation of sympathetic division of ANS

46
Q

 Parasympathetic Division of the ANS is also called

A

because long preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in midbrain, medulla, pons, & 2nd – 4th sacral region of spinal column

47
Q

 Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse on

A

postganglionic parasympathetic fibers in parasympathetic ganglia called terminal ganglia located next to or within target organ

48
Q

 Postganglionic fibers have

A

short axons that innervate targets

49
Q

Most parasympathetic fibers do NOT

A

do NOT travel with spinal nerves as do the sympathetic fibers thus, cutaneous effectors (blood vessels, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles) receive sympathetic but NOT parasympathetic innervation

50
Q

 The long vagus nerve carries most

A

most parasympathetic fibers

51
Q

 The long vagus nerve innervates

A

 Innervates heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, and upper half of the large intestine

52
Q

 Preganglionic fibers from S2-4

A

innervate lower half of large intestine, rectum, urinary & reproductive systems

53
Q

 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain

A

preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

 Oculomotor (III), facial (VII), and glossopharyngeal (IX) synapse with ganglia located in the head.

54
Q

Fibers in the vagus nerve (X) synapse in terminal ganglia spread throughout

A

the body (heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, and upper ½ of large intestine

55
Q

ANS Neurotransmitters

A

 Both sympathetic & parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release ACh

56
Q

 Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers also

A

ACh

 Called cholinergic synapses = all preganglionic fibers

57
Q

 Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers release

A

norepinephrine (noradenaline); called adrenergic synapses

 A small number release Ach

58
Q

Where postganglionic autonomic neurons enter into their target organs they have

A

have many swellings called varicosities, which release NTs along a length of axon
 This forms unusual synapses synapses en passant

59
Q

 Adrenergic stimulation

A

by epinephrine release into the blood or norepinephrine release at a synapse

60
Q

 Adrenergic stimulation causes

A

causes both excitation & inhibition depending on tissue

 Because of different subtypes of receptors for same NT

61
Q

 Many useful drugs have been developed to

A

affect ANS receptors

62
Q

agonists

A

 Drugs that promote actions of a NT

63
Q

antagonists

A

 Drugs that inhibit actions of a NT

64
Q

 ACh is used at

A

all motor neuron synapses (excitatory) on skeletal muscle, all preganglionic neurons (excitatory), & parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (usually excitatory)

65
Q

 Cholinergic Stimulation

 Cholinergic receptors have 2 subtypes:

A

Nicotinic

muscarinic

66
Q

Nicotinic receptors are stimulated by

A

by nicotine and Ach and are always excitatory; located in NMJs and autonomic ganglia (released by preganglionic neurons); blocked by curare

67
Q

 Muscarinic receptors are stimulated by

A

by ACh and muscarine (from poisonous mushrooms) and can be excitatory or inhibitory; released by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons;

68
Q

Muscarinic receptors are blocked by

A

atropine = belladonna

69
Q

“nonadrenergic, noncholinergic fibers”

A

 Some postganglionic neurons do not use norepinephrine or Ach

70
Q

nonadrenergic, noncholinergic fibers”

 Appear to use

A

ATP) adenosinetriphosphate, (VIP) vasoactive intestinal peptide, or (NO) nitric oxide as NTs
• NO produces smooth muscle relaxation in many tissues (stomach, urinary bladder, small intestine)

71
Q

 Most visceral organs receive

A

dual innervation (supplied by both sympathetic & parasympathetic fibers)

72
Q

2 branches are usually antagonistic

A

effects on heart rate (sympathetic innervation ↑ HR and parasympathetic innervation ↓HR) or digestive tract where sympathetic innervation inhibits movement and parasympathetic innervation increases movement and secretions

73
Q

 Can be complementary (cause similar effects) such as with

A

such as with salivation
• parasympathetic fibers cause watery saliva secretion and secretions of other glands in the digestive tract
 sympathetic nerves stimulate constriction of blood vessels throughout the digestive tract thus there is a decrease blood flow to salivary glands causing thicker saliva

74
Q

 Or cooperative or synergistic

A

(produce different effects that work together to cause desired effect)
eg., reproductive system: erection and vaginal secretions are stimulated by the parasympathetic division and orgasm and ejaculation are cause by sympathetic division

75
Q

 Organs Without Dual Innervation

 Most organs receive dual innervation but some only receive sympathetic innervation and regulation is achieved by

A

increasing or decreasing firing rate

76
Q

 Adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands, & most blood vessels receive only

A

sympathetic innervation

77
Q

 Medulla oblongata most directly controls activity of

A

ANS by receiving afferent information via CNX (vagus)

78
Q

 Medulla oblongata has centers for control of

A

of cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, reproductive, & digestive systems

79
Q

 Hypothalamus has centers for control of

A

body temperature, hunger, thirst, the pituitary gland, the cerebral cortex and limbic system (emotions), & can regulate medulla oblongata!!

80
Q

 Limbic system is responsible for

A

visceral responses that reflect emotional states

81
Q

 Cerebral cortex & cerebellum

A

also influence ANS

Physiology (27 decks)

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