Exam 4 Study Guide (NO Chapter 16 & 20) Flashcards
1
Q
all fungi are
A
chemoheterotrops
2
Q
fungi tend to grow better at pH of
A
5
3
Q
fungi can grow in low ________ content
A
moisture
4
Q
fungi are also able to grow in high _____ and _____ concetrations
A
sugar, salt
5
Q
fungi are able to resist ________ pressure
A
osmotic
6
Q
fungi are able to metabolize complex
A
carbs
7
Q
almost all molds are what type of respirator
A
aerobic
8
Q
yeasts are what type of respirator
A
facultative anaerobes
9
Q
molds and fleshy fungi have a body that is called
A
thallus
10
Q
the thallus of molds and fleshy fungi consists of
A
hyphae filaments
11
Q
mass of hyphae is called a
A
mycelium
12
Q
septate hyphae
A
contains cross walls
13
Q
coenocytic hypahe
A
do not contain septa
14
Q
vegetative hyphae
A
obtain nutrients
15
Q
aerial hyphae are involved with
A
reproduction
16
Q
yeasts are non filamentous/filamentous and multicellular/unicellular
A
non filamentous and unicellular
17
Q
filamentous fungi can reproduce _________ by fragmentation of their hyphae
A
asexually
18
Q
fungi can reproduce sexually and asexually via the formation of
A
spores
19
Q
spores involved with reproduction detach from parent and ___________ into a new mold
A
germinate
20
Q
two types of reproduction in yeasts
A
budding and fission
21
Q
zygomycota
A
conjugation fungi with coenocytic hyphae; they produce asexual sporangiospores and sexual zygospores (forms when nuclei of two similar cells fuse
22
Q
microsporidia
A
obligate intracellular parasites with no mitochondria and sexual reproduction probably occurs in a host (hasn’t been observed)
23
Q
Ascomycota
A
sac fungi with septate hyphae. They can be teleomorhic but some are anamorphic. Asexual spores are known as conidiospores, and sexual spores are called ascospores (nuclei that are morphologically similar or dissimilar rise in a saclike ascus)
24
Q
basidimycota
A
club fungi with septate hyphae that are formed externally on a base pedestal called a basidium. produced asexually are called conidiophores, produced sexually called basidiospore
25
teleomorphic
produce sexually and asexually
26
anamorphic
produce only asexually
27
define mycorrhizae
symbiotic fungi that help plants to absorb minerals and water through roots
28
describe the difference between budding yeasts and fission yeasts
budding yeasts divide unevenly while fission yeasts divide evenly
29
what are dimorphic fungi
refer to fungi that are able to exhibit two forms of growth either yeastlike or mold like, these are temperature dependent and at 37 degrees C they are yeastlike while 25 degree C they are moldlike
30
teleomorphic fungi
able to produce sexual and asexual spores
31
Anamorphic fungi
have lost the ability to sexually reproduce and only reproduce asexually
32
systemic mycoses
occur deep within the body, spores that are typically found in the soil are transmitted through inhalation (first infect the lungs and then spread to other body tissues)
33
subcutaneous mycoses
occur beneath the skin and are usually acquired by gardeners or farmers (spores or fragments enter through a puncture wound in the skin)
34
cutaneous mycoses
affect hair, skin and nails
35
superficial mycoses
localized (hair shafts and superficial epidermal tissue, these are prevalent in tropical climates)
36
opportunistic mycoses
caused by fungi that are usually harmless in their normal habitat but can become pathogenic in a compromised host
37
lichen is a mutualistic organism that is a combination of
green algae and fungus
38
lichen is classified based on the
fungus
39
in a lichen the alga produces and secretes
carbs
40
in a lichen the fungus provides
holdfast
41
in a lichen the _______ protects the ____ from desication
fungus, algae
42
lichens are characterized by three different morphoglical types
crustose, foliose, fruticose
43
the thallus of lichens is made of a __________ composed of _________ that grow around algal cells
medulla, hyphae
44
in a lichen the hyphae projections below the body serve as host fasts that are known as
rhizines
45
in lichen a protective coating called the ________ covers the algal layer
cortex
46
lichens seen as food for
herbivores
47
lichens can survive where
fungi or algae could not survive alone
48
some significant roles in nature of algae
able to fix CO2 into organic molecules
produce 80% of earths O2
many are symbionts of animals
able to produce algal blooms
49
brown algae are they multicellular or unicellular
multicellular
50
what do brown algae have in their cell walls
cellulose and alginic acid
51
brown algae grow fast or slow
fast
52
red algae have __________ thalli
branched
53
red algae are most unicellular or multicellular
multicellular
54
why can red algae inhabit greater depths of the ocean
they can absorb blue light
55
red algae can be harvested for
agar, human food (produced by Gracilaria)
56
green algae are they multi or unicellular
both
57
green algae contain chlorphyll
a and b
58
green algae have what in the cell walls
cellulose
59
green algae store
starch
60
green algae are thought to give rise to
terrestrial plants
61
Diatoms are unicellular or
filamentous
62
Diatoms have what in their cell walls
pectin, silica cell walls
63
Diatoms are able to store
oil
64
Diatoms are able to produce
domoic acid
65
Diatoms domoic acid produce
neurological disease
66
dinoflagellates also known as
plankton
67
dinoflagellates are free floating organisms that are unicellular or multicellular
unicellular
68
dinoflagellates contain what in plasma membrane
cellulose
69
some dinoflagellates neurotoxins called __________ which clue paralytic shellfish poisoning
saxitoxins
70
Oomycota also known as _____ molds
water
71
Oomycota are _____heterotropic with _______ in the cell walls
chemo, cellulose
72
Oomycota produce
zoospores
73
oomycota are __________ and ______ __________
decomposer, plant parasites
74
protozoa are unicellular/multicellular and eukaryotic/prokaryotic
unicellular eukaryotic
75
protozoa inhabit
soil and water
76
protozoa feeding and growing form is known as
trophozoite
77
protozoa asexual reproduction is by
fission, budding, schizogony
78
protozoa sexual reproduction is by
conjugation
79
some protozoa produce _____ in order to survive adverse conditions
cysts
80
protozoa require a large supply of _______
water
81
protozoa have an outer protective pellicle requiring specialized structures to take in
food
82
ciliates wave cilia toward moutlike
cytosome
83
amebae ___________ food
phagocytize
84
in amebae food is digested in ___________ and wastes eliminated through an anal pore
vacuoles
85
excavata include those with characteristic
feeding grooves
86
excavata include
diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenoids
87
diplomonads
no mitochondria
multiple flagella
88
parabasalids
undulating membrane
no cyst stage
89
euglenoids
photoautotrophs/facultative chemotrophs
include: hemoflagellates
90
hemoflagellate can be transmitted by
bites of blood feeding insects
91
amebae move by
extending pseudopods
92
apicomplexa
non motile
obligate intracellular parasites
complex life cycles
93
ciliates
move by short projections
94
helminths include
free living and parasitic worms
95
platyhelminths
flatworms
96
nematodes
roundoworms
97
platyhelminths include
trematodes, cestodes
98
trematodes or flukes
flat and leaf shaped with a ventral and oral sucker
able to absorb food through a cuticle
99
cestodes also known as
tapeworms
100
cestodes have a _________ or headscolex
scolex
101
cestodes scolex have
sucker for attachment
102
cestodes scolex absorb food through a
cuticle
103
cestodes contain body segements called
proglottids
104
cestodes proglottids contain
male and female reproductive organs
105
Nematoda also known as
roundworms
106
roundworms are ____________ shape
cylindrical
107
do roundworms have a complete or incomplete digestive system
complete
108
roundworms are dioecious which means
the Nematoda contains male spicule for guiding sperm
109
cellular slime molds resemble
ameba
110
cellular slime molds ingest
fungi and bacteria
111
how do cellular slime molds ingest food
phagocytosis
112
cellular slime mold cells aggregate to form _____ and ______ _____that differentiate into spores
stalks, spore caps
113
plasmodial slime molds are a mass of __________ with multiple _____
protoplasm, nuclei
114
plasmodial slime molds are able to move as
giant ameba
115
what is able to conduct cytoplasmic streaming
plasmodial slime molds
116
cytoplasmic streaming is when the protoplasm moves and changes ________ and __________ to distribute ________ and _________
speed, directions, oxygen, nuttients
117
how are parasitic helminths specialized in order to live within their hosts
may lack digestive system
reduced nervous system
reduced or lacking locomotion
complex reproductive system
118
what is the organism responsible for causing granulomatous amebic encephalitis
balamuthia
119
fungi hyphae filaments
mycelium, setate, coenocytic
120
mycelium
mass of hyphae
121
septate hyphae
contains cross walls
122
coenocytic hyphae
do not contain cross walls
123
vegetative hyphae
obtain nutrients
124
aerial hyphae
involved with reproduction
125
when do dimorphic fungi grow like yeasts
37 C
126
when do dimorphic fungi grow like mold
25 C
127
asexual spores are produced via
mitosis and cell division
128
2 types of asexual spores
conidospore
sporangiospore
129
condiospore
not enclosed in a sac
130
sporangiospore
enclosed in a sac at the end of aerial hypha
131
sexual spore in the fusion of nuclei from
two opposite mating strains
132
3 phases of sexual spores
plasmogamy
karyogamy
meisosis
133
plasmogamy
haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (-)
134
karyogamy
+ and - nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote
135
meiosis
diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)
136
zygomycota
conjugative fungi
coenocytic hyphae
produce asexual and sexual
137
zygomycota asexual
sporangiospore
138
zygomycota sexual
zygospore
139
microsporida
no sexual reproduction is observed but probably occurs in host
no mitochondria or micotubules
obligate intracellular parasites
140
ascomycota
sac fungi
septate hyphae
telomorphic and anamorphic
sexual and asexual
141
ascomycota sexual
ascospore
142
ascomycota asexual
condiospore
143
basidomycota
form mushrooms
club fungi
septate hyphae
sexual and asexual
144
basidomycota asexual
condiospores
145
basidomycota sexual
basidospores
146
basidospores are formed externally on a base pedestal called
basidum
147
telomorphs
able to reproduce sexual and asexual
148
anamorphs
ascomycetes that have lost the ability to reproduce sexually
149
mycosis
fungal infection
150
5 types of mycosis
systemic
subcutaneous
cutaneous
superficial
opportunistic
151
systemic mycoses
deep within body
152
subcutaneous mycoses
beneath skin
153
cutaneous mycoses
affect hair, skin and nails
154
superficial mycoses
localized
155
opportunistic mycoses
fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in compromised host
156
what are some economic effects
bread, wine, hep B, citric acid, cellulase, kills termites
157
3 ways lichens grow
crustose
foliose
fructose
158
crustose
encrusted on the substratum
159
foliose
leaf life
160
fruticose
finger like
161
lichen thallus is made of
medulla
rhizine
cortex
162
lichen medulla
hyphae grown around algal cells
163
lichen rhizine
hyphae projection below the body
164
lichen cortex
protective coating over algal layer
165
lichens are normally the first _______ to colonize newly exposed ____ or ____
lifeforms, soil, rock
166
lichens secrete _______ acids that chemically weather rock
organic
167
algae in lichen produce and secrete
carbs
168
fungus in lichen provides
holdfasts
169
algae are ____________ that lack roots, stems, leaves of plants
photoautotrophs
170
algae location depend on
nutrient availability
wavelength of light
surfaces on which they can attach
171
algae thallus
body of large multicellular algae
172
holdfasts are for
attachment
173
all alge reproduce
asexually
174
what gives dinoflagellates a rigid structure
cellulose in plasma membrane
175
oomycota are
chemoheterotrophic
176
protozoa schizogony
multiple fission
177
dioecious
separate male and female
178
monoecious
male and female reproductive systems in one animal
179
life cycle of parasites
egg, larva, adult
180
humans as definitive hosts
eggs from proglottids are ingested, hatch into larvae and bore into intestinal wall
181
humans as intermediate hosts
eggs are ingested and hatch in the intestine
larvae migrate to the liver or lungs and develop a hydatid cyst
182
eggs infective for humans
raccoon roundworm
whipworm
pinworm
183
larvae infective for humans
heart worm
reemerging infection
184
arthropods
animals with segmented bodies, hard external skeletons and jointed legs
185
vectors
arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms
186
arachnida
eight legs
187
crustacea
four antenae
188
insecta
six legs
189
pathology
study of disease
190
etiology
cause of a disease
191
infection
invasion/colonization of the body by a pathogen
192
disease
abnormal state in which the body is not preforming normal functions
193
when does human microbe begins to establish
utero
194
how do more microorganism become acquired into the microbe
people, food, pets
195
normal microbe
permently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions
196
transient microbe
may be present for days, weeks, months and then disappear
197
commensalism
one organism benefits and other is unaffected
198
mutualism
both organism benefit
199
parasitism
one organism benefits at the expense of the other
200
microbial antagonism
competition between microbes
201
kochs postulates
same pathogen must be present in every case of disease
pathogen must be isolated from the disease host and grown in pure culture
pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease in lab animal
pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be original organism
202
what are kochs postulates used to prove
cause of infectious disease
203
exceptions to kochs postulates
some pathogens cause several disease conditions
some pathogens cause disease in only humans
some microbes have never been cultured
204
incidence is the
number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period
205
incidence is the indicator of
spread of the disease
206
prevalence
number of people who develop the disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared
207
prevalence is the indicator of
how seriously and how long a disease affects a population
208
what one takes in account old and new cases, prevalence or incidence
prevalence
209
terms that describe occurrence of a disease
sporadic
endemic
epidemic
pandemic
210
sporadic
disease that occurs occasionally
211
endemic
disease that is constantly present in a population
212
epidemic
disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
213
pandemic
worldwide epidemic
214
terms describing the severity/duration of a disease
acute
chronic
subacute
latent
215
acute
symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time
216
chronic
symptoms develop slowly
217
subacute
intermediate between acute and chronic
218
latent
causative agent ins inactive for a long time but then activates and produces symptoms
219
herd immunity
immunity in most of a population
220
predisposing factor
makes the body more susceptible to disease
221
steps to the development of disease
incubation
prodromal
period of illness
period of decline
period of convalescence
222
incubation
interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms
223
prodromal
short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms
224
period of illness
disease is most severe
225
period of decline
signs and symptoms subside
226
period of convalescnce
body returns to its predeceased state
227
3 reservoirs of infection
human
animal
nonliving
228
human reservoirs
carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases
229
animal reservoirs
zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans
230
nonliving reservoirs
soil and water
231
3 ways of transmission
contact transmission
vehicle
vector
232
types of contact transmission
direct contact
congenital transmission
indirect contact transmission
droplet transmission
233
direct contact transmission
requires close association between the infected and a suseptible host
234
example of direct contact transmission
kissing
235
congenital transmission
transmission to mother to fetus or newborn at birth
236
indirect contact transmissions
spreads to host by a nonliving object called a fomite
237
example of indirect contact transmission
stethoscopes
238
droplet transmission
transmission via airborne droplets that travel very short distances
239
example of droplet transmission
sneezing
240
vehicle transmission types
airborne
waterborne
foodborne
241
vector transmission
arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitos
242
2 types of vector transmission
mechanical and biological
243
mechanical transmission
arthropod carries pathogen on its feet
244
biological transmission
pathogen reproduces in the vector, transmitted via bites, feces
245
what vector type is a passive process
mechanical
246
what vector type is an active process
biological
247
standard precautions
basic minimum practices
248
transmitted based precautions
supplemental to standard precautions; designed for known or suspected infections
249
emerging infectious diseases
diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a poetical increase in the near future
250
contributing factors to emerging infectious diseases
genetic recombination
evolution of new strains
widespread use of antibiotics
changes in weather
modern transportation
insect vectors
251
epidemiology
study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
252
epidemiologists
determine etiology of a disease
identify other important factors concerning the spread
develop methods for controlling the disease
assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of a disease
253
descriptive epidemiology
collection of analysis of data
254
experimental epidemiology
involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments
clinical trial: test and control group
255
analytical epidemiology
analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause
256
John snow
mapped the occurrence of cholera in London
what type of epidemiology is this?
descriptive
257
Ignaz Semmelweis
showed that hand washing decreased the incidence of puerperal sepsis
what type of epidemiology is this
experimental
258
Florence Nighingale
showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus
what type of epidemiology is this
analytical
259
pathogenicity
the ability to cause disease by overcoming host defenses
260
virulence
degree of pathogenicity
261
examples of portals of entry
mucous membranes
skin
parental route
262
mucous membranes include the
GI tract
respiratory tract
genitourinary tract
conjuctiva
263
parental route is when it is deposited directly into tissues when barriers are
penetrated
264
examples of parental route
bites, cuts, punctures, injections, surgery, splitting of skin
265
ID50
infectious dose for 50% of a sample population
266
LD50
lethal dose for 50% of a sample population
267
what does ID50 measure
virulence of a microbe
268
what does LD50 measure
potency of a toxin
269
adherence
process in which almost all pathogens attach to host tissues
270
adhesions
on the pathogen that bind to receptors on host cells
271
where could adhesions bind to
glycocalyx
fimbriae
pili
flagella
272
microbes form biofilms that secrete
glycocalyax
273
capsules
glycocalax around the cell
274
why do capsules increase virulence
impair phagocytosis
275
coagulase
coagulate fibrinogen
276
kinases
digest fibrin clots
277
hyaluronidase
digests polysaccharides that hold cells together
278
collagenase
breaks down collagen
279
IgA protease
destroy IgA
280
antigenic variation
pathogens alter their surface antigens and antibodies are rendered ineffective
281
invasions
surface protein produced by bacteria that rearrange actin filaments of the cytoskeleton
282
invasions cause membrane
ruffling
283
biofilm bacteria is more resistant to phagocytosis how?
shielded by extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of biofilm
284
microorganism can damage host cells by 4 ways
using hosts nutrients
causing direct damage
producing toxins
induing hypersensitivity
285
example of microorganism using the host nutrients
siderophores
286
siderophores
proteins secreted by pathogen that bind iron more tightly than host
287
ways microorganism cause direct damage
disrupts host cell function
uses host cell nutrients
produces waste products
multiplies in host cells and cause rupture
288
toxins
poisonous substance produced by microogranisms
289
toxigenicity
ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin
290
intotoxications
causes by the presence of a toxin
291
toxemia
presence of toxin in the hosts blood
292
exotoxins, protein or lipid
protein
293
exotoxins are secreted by what type of bacteria
gram pos or neg
294
exotoxins A-B toxins contain
enzyme component (A)
binding component (B)
295
are exotoxins soluble in bodily fluids
yes
296
are exotoxins disease specific
yes
297
do exotoxins or bacteria produce the specific signs and symptoms of the disease
exotoxins
298
antitoxins
antibodies against specific exotoxins
299
toxoids
inactivated exotoxins used in vaccines
300
genotoxins
damage DNA
301
membrane disrupting toxins
lyse host cells by disrupting plasma membrane
302
superantigens
cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells
303
are endotoxins protein or lipid
lipid
304
endotoxin lipid portion
lipid A
305
where is lipid A located
LPS of gram neg bacteria
306
endotoxins do they cause the same signs and symptoms no matter the disease
yes but they don't all produce effects to same degree
307
when are endotoxins released
bacterial multiplication or when a gram neg dies
308
endotoxins stimulate macrophages to release
cytokines
309
endotoxins cause
DIC or shock
310
limulus amebocyte lysate is used to test for
endotoxins
311
limulus amebocyte lysate is the blood of
horseshoe crabs
312
plasmids
may carry genes for toxins, production of antibiotics, enzymes
313
lysogenic conversion
changes characteristics of a microbe due to incorporation of a prophage
314
CPE (cytopathic effects)
visible effects of viral infection on cell
315
examples of CPE
stopping cell synthesis
using cell lysosomes to release enzyme
fussing cells to create a syncytium
loss of contact inhbititon
316
alpha and beta protect the host cells __________ cells from viral infection
neighboring
317
2 ways alpha and beta work to prevent the spread
inhibit synthesis of viral proteins in host cell proteins
kill virus infected host cells by apoptosis
318
fungi ergot
alkaloid toxins that cause hallucinations
319
fungi alfatotoxins
carcinogen toxin
320
mycotoxin
neurotoxins produced by mushrooms
321
protozoa avoid host defenses by
digesting cells and tissue fluids
growing in phagocytes
antigenic variation
322
most common portals of exit
respiratory and GI tract
323
examples of portals of exit of respiratory
coughing and sneezing
324
examples of portals of exit GI tract
feces and salvia
325
examples of portals of exit genitourinary tract
urine, secretions from gentials
326
examples of portals of exit skin infections
drainage from wounds
327
examples of portals of exit blood
arthropods that bite
needles, syringes
