Chapter 12 Flashcards
mycology
the study of fungi
mycorrhizae
symbiotic fungi
mycorrhizae help plants absorb
minerals and water through roots
chemoheterotrophs (all fungi)
decompose organic matter
fungi are mainly what kind of respirators
aerobic, facultative anaerobic
fungi are prokaryotic or eukaryotic
eukaryotic
do fungi have sterols in cell membrane
yes
fungi cell wall
gluons, mannans, chitin (no peptidoglycan)
fungi spores are used for
sexual and asexual reporduction
fungi metabolism is limited to
heterotrophic
what is the fungal thallus
body
the fungal thallus consist of
hyphae fillaments
a mass of hyphae is a
mycelium
septate hyphae
contain cross walls
coenocytic hyphae
do not contain septa (long continuous cells)
vegetative hyphae
obtain nutrients
aerial hyphae
involved with reproduction
do yeasts have fillaments
no
are yeasts multicellular or unicellular
unicellular
two ways yeasts can divide
budding, fission
does budding allow for even division
no, divide unevenly
example of yeast that buds
saccharomyces
does fission allow for even division
yes
example of yeast that goes through fission
schizosaccaromyces
dimorphic fungi
able to exhibit 2 forms of growth
dimorphic fungi growth depends on
temperature
2 ways a dimorphic fungi can grow
like a yeast or a mold
when will a dimorphic fungi grow like a yeast
37C
when will a dimorphic fungi grow like a mold
25 C
dimorphic fungi in yeast form wil reproduce via
budding
dimorphic fungi in mold form will produce what hyphae
vegetative and aerial
yeast typically express what respiration
facultative anaerobic
yeast shape
spherical/oval
when O2 is exposed to yeasts
aerobic respiration to metabolize carbohydrates causes a product of CO2 and H2O
when no O2 is exposed to yeasts
ferment carbs and produce ethanol and CO2
filamentous fungi can reproduce asexually by
fragmentation of their hyphae
fungi can reproduce sexually and asexually via the formation of _______ that detach from the parent and germinate into a new mold
spores
spores are formed from
aerial hyphae
asexual spores are produced via _________ and _____ ________; formed by the hyphae of one organisms
mitosis, cell division
conidiospore
not enclosed in a sac
plural of conidiospore
conidia
arthroconidia
fragmentation of septet hyphae into single slightly thickened cells
examples of arthroconidia
coccidioides immitis
Blastoconidia
buds of the parent cell
blastoconidia are found in some
yeasts
examples of blastoconidia
Candida albicans and cryptococcus
chlamydoconidium
thick walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphae segemnt
example of chlamydoconidium
candida albicans
sporangiospore
enclosed in a sac at the end of aerial hypha
example of sporangiospore
Rhizopus
sexual spores are the fusion of nuclei from
two opposite mating strains
most fungi only exhibit asexual reproduction in the
lab setting
three phases of sexual reproduction
plasmogamy
karyogamy
meiosis
plasmogamy
haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of receipt cell (-)
karyogamy
+ and - nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote
meiosis
diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)
fungi grow better at a pH of
5
fungi are
chemoheterotrophs
most molds exhibit what type of respiration
aerobic
most yeasts exhibit what type of respiration
facultative anaerobe
most fungi are more resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria which means they can grow in high _____ and ______ concentration
sugar, salt
fungi can grow in low
moisture
fungi can metabolize complex
carbs
fungi require less _________ than bacteria for an equivalent amount of growth
nitrogen
medically important fungi
zygomycota
microsporidia
ascomycota
basidiomycota
zygomycota are ___________ fungi
conjugation
zygomycota have ____________ hypahe
coenocytic
when zygomycota produce asexually
sporangiospore
when zygomycota produce sexually
zygospore (large spores in thick cell walls)
microsporidia: no _________ reproduction is observed, but probably occurs in a host
sexual
microsporidia do not have
mitochondria or microtubules
microsporidia are what kind of parasites
obligate intracellular parasites
Ascomycota are ____ fungi with _________ hyphae
sac, septate
Ascomycota are telemorphic fungi which means
produce sexual and asexual spores
some Ascomycota can be anamorphic which means
lost the ability to sexually reproduce
when Ascomycota reproduce asexually
conidiospore
when Ascomycota reproduce sexually
ascospore
when Ascomycota reproduce sexually nuclei morhoplogically similar or dissimilar fuse in a
saclike ascus
basidomycota are _____ fungi with ________ hyphae
club, septate
when basidomycota reproduce asexually
conidiospores
when basidomycota reproduce sexually
basidiospore
basidiospore are formed on an external base pedestal called a
basidium
teleomorphs
able to reproduce sexual and asexual
ascomycetes
lost the ability to reproduce sexually
fungi that lost the ability to reproduce sexually are called
anamorphic
mycosis
fungal infection
systemic mycoses
deep within body
subcutaneous mycoses
beneath the skin
cutaneous mycoses
affect hair, skin, and nails
superficial mycoses
localized (hair shafts)
opportunistic mycoses
fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host
saccharomyces cerevisiae
bread, wine, hep b vaccine
aspergillus niger
citric acid for foods and beverages
trichoderma
cellulase (enzyme that breaks down cell walls)
taxomyces
taxol (anticancer drug, also produced by Yew trees)
entomophaga
biocontrol
coniothyrium minitans
kills fungi on crops
paecilomyces
kills termites
Lichens are a mutualistic combination of
green algae and fungus
if either algae or fungus leaves the lichen
the lichen no longer exists
lichen grow in 3 ways
crustose
foliose
fruticose
crustose
encrusted on the substratum
foliose
leaf life
fruticose
finger like
lichens thallus (body) is made of
medulla, rhizines (holdfasts), cortex
medulla
hyphae grown around algal cells
rhizines (holdfasts)
hyphae projections below the body
cortex
protective coating over the algal layer
the thallus of lichen forms who
fungal hyphae grows around algal cells to become medulla
lichen secrete ________ ____ that chemically weather rock
organic acids
is lichen one of the fastest or slowest growing organisms
slowest
in lichens the alga produces and secretes
carbs
in lichen the fungus provides _________ and protects algae from desication
holdfast
lichens have an economic importance
dyes, antimicrobial (Usnea), litmus, food for herbivores
algae is or is not a taxonomic group
is not
algae are _______________ that lack roots and stems of plants
photoautotrophs
algae are
unicellular or filaments
algae lack
roots, stems and leaves
algae are mostly
aquatic
for algae ________ is necessary for growth and reproduction
water
locations of algae depend on
nutrients availability, wavelengths of light, and surfaces on which they can attach
algae thallus
body of large multicellular algae (seaweeds)
algae thallus consist of __________ (for attachment), hollow _____, and leaf like _________
holdfasts, stipes, blades
holdfasts of algae are able to
anchor algae
all algae reproduce sexually or asexually?
asexually
multicellular algae can fragment or reproduce sexually via
alternations of generations
brown algae are also known as
kelp
do brown algae grow slow or fast
fast
brown algae have __________ and ________ _____ cell walls
cellulose, alginic acid
brown algae produce algin
substance extracted from cell walls (thickener used in foods, and lotions and tires)
red algae have delicate branched
thalli
most red algae are unicellular or multicellular
multicellular
how are red algae able to grow in dark depths
because they are red pigments and are able to absorb blue light
red algae are harvested for
agar, Irish moss/carrageenan
Irish moss/carrageenan
gelatinous ingredient in pharmaceutical agents, evaporated milk and ice cream
red algae _________ species used as human food, some members of those genus can produce a lethal toxin
Gracilaria
green algae have __________ cell wall
cellulose
green algae are multicellular or unicellular
both
green algae have chlorophyll
a and b
green algae store
starch
green algae gave rise to
terrestrial plants
diatoms are a phyla of
algae
diatoms have what in their cell walls that can be used for identification
pectin and silica
diatoms are unicellular or
filamentous
diatoms store ____ as a result of energy from photosynthesis
oil
diatoms produce _________ ____ which can cause neurological disease
domain acid
dinoflagellates are a phyla of
algae
dinoflagellates are ______________ which are free floating organisms
plankton
dinoflagellates have ____________ in plasma membrane
cellulose
dinoflagellates are multicellular or unicellular
unicellular
dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins which cause
paralytic shellfish poisoning
dinoflagellates produce ___ tide
red
oomycota are ______ molds
water
oomycota are
decomposers
oomycota are plant or human parasites
plant
oomycota have what in cell walls
cellulose
oomycota are
chemoheterotrophics
oomycota produce
zoospores
oomycota
phytophthora infestans was responsible for
Irish potato blight
oomycota
P. cinnamoni
infects eucalyptus
oomycota
P. ramorum
sudden oak death
algae fix ___ into _________ molecules
CO2, organic
algae produce __% of earths O2
80
algal blooms
increases in planktonic algae that can result in toxin release or die and consume oxygen
algae are in
oil production
algae can be symbionts of
animals
protozoa means
first animal
protozoa are multicellular/unicellular eukaryotes/prokaryotes
unicellular eukaryotes
protozoa inhabit
water and soil
protozoa __________ like nutrition
animal
protozoa have
complex life cycles
protozoa: feeding and growing for is a
trophozoite
protozoa asexual reproduction by what ways
fission, budding, schizogony (multiple fission)
protozoa sexual reproduction is by
conjucation
some protozoa produce a _____ to survive adverse conditions
cyst
a protozoa cyst is like a protective
capsule
protozoa require large supply of
water
many protozoa have an outer protective _________, requiring specialized structures to take in food
pellicle
most protozoas are aerboic
heterotrophs
protozoa found in the intestine are capable of what respiration
anaerobic
protozoa ciliates wave cilia toward mouthlike
cytosome
protozoa ______ phagocytize food
amebae
protozoa food is digested in __________ and wastes eliminated through an ______ ____
vacuoles, anal pore
medically important protozoa (feeding grooves)
diplomonads
parabasalids
euglenozoa
other medically important protozoa
amebae
apicomplexa
ciliates
diplomonads do they have mitochondria or not
no mitochondria
diplomonads do they have flagella
yes, multiple
parabasalids have a ____________ membrane
undulating
do parabasalids have a cyst stage or no
no cyst stage
euglenozoa are what kind go protozoa
photoautotrophs, or facultative chemotrophs
euglenozoa
hemoflagellates
transmitted by bites of blood feeding insects
amebae move by extending
pseudopods
pseudopods are
blunt lobe like projections
what is the only pathogenic amebae are found in the human intestine
entamoeba histolytica
entamoeba (amebae) histolytica causes
amebic dysentery
acanthamoeba (amebae)
infects corneas and causes blindness
Balamuthia (amebae)
granulomatous amebic encephalitis
apicomplexa: are they mobile or nonmotile
nonmotile
apicomplexa: are they obligate intracellular parasites
yes
apicomplexa have _______ life cycles
complex
toxoplasma gondii (apicomplexa)
transmitted by cats; causes fetal infections
cryptosporidium (apicomplexa)
transmitted via feces; causes waterborne illness
plasmodium (apicomplexa) causes
malaria
plasmodium (apicomplexa) sexually reproduces in the
anopheles mosquito
plasmodium (apicomplexa): a mosquito injects a _________ into its bite and the ___________ undergoes schizogony in the ______; _______________ are produced
sporozoite, sporozoite, liver, merozoites
plasmodium (apicomplexa): merozoites infect ___ ________ ____ forming a ring stage inside the cell
red blood cell
plasmodium (apicomplexa): red blood cell ________, and merozoites ________ new red blood cells
rupture, infect
ciliates move by ____ arranged in precise rows
cilia
balantidium coli (ciliate)
the only human parasite, causes dysentery
two types of slime molds
cellular and plasmodial
cellular slime molds resemble
amebae
cellular slime molds ingest fungi and bacteria by
phagocytosis
cellular slime mold cells aggregate to form ______ and ______ ___ that differentiate into spores
stalks, spore caps
plasmodial slime molds are a mass of ____________ with multiple nuclei; this moves as a giant _______
protoplasm, ameba
cytoplasmic streaming is a phenomenon that occurs when growing plasmodial in a
lab
cytoplasmic streaming
protoplasm moves and changes speed and direction to distribute oxygen and nutrients
helminths are
parasitic worms
2 phyla of helminths
plathyhelminthes
Nematoda
plathyhelminthes are
flatworms
Nematoda are
roundworms
Helminths are multicellular/unicellular and prokaryotic/eukaryotic
multicellular eukaryotic
how are helminths specialized to live in hosts
lack digestive system, reduced nervous system, reduced locomotion, complex reproductive system
helminths are either dioecious or monoecious (hermaphroditic) what do these terms mean
dioecious: separate male and female
monoecious: make and female reproductive systems in one animal
life cycle of a helminths
egg, larvae, adult
two types of platyhelminths
trematodes (flukes)
cestodes (tapeworms)
trematodes are also called
flukes
trematodes shape
flat, leaf shape
trematodes have suckers where
ventral and oral
trematodes absorb food through _______ covering
cuticle
paragonimus spp (trematodes)
lung fluke
schistosoma (trematodes)
blood fluke
cestodes are also called
tapeworms
cestodes are __________ parasites
intestinal
cestodes head is called
scolex
cestodes scolex has _________ for attachment
suckers
cestodes absorb food through
cuticle
cestodes body is called
proglottids
cestodes proglottids contain
male and female reproductive organs
cestodes: the proglottids farthest away from the scolex are
more mature and contains eggs
cestodes __________ are definitive hosts
humans
cestode human definitive host eggs from proglottids are ingested and hatch into larvae and bore into the ______________ _____
intestinal wall
cestodes human definitive host produce
cysticerci
cysticerci can be seen microscopically and when its found in beef it is called
measly beef
when cestodes (human definitive host) are ingested by humans all but the scolex is digested and the scolex anchors itself in the small intestine and begins producing
proglottids
taenia solium (cestodes, human definitive host)
pork tapeworm
cestodes can also use humans as ____________ hosts
intermediate
when cestodes use humans as an intermediate host eggs are ingested and hatch in the __________
intestine
when cestodes use humans as an intermediate host the larvae migrate to the ________ or ________ and develop a hydatid cyst
liver, lung
when cestodes use humans as an intermediate host example
echinococcus granulosus
nematodes (round worm) shape
cylindrical and tapered at each end
nematodes (round worm) have a complete ___________ system
digestive
nematodes (round worm) are dioecious and the males contain ___________
spicules
nematodes (round worm) are they free living or parasitic
both
certain nematodes the ____ can be infective and other the ____ can be infective
eggs, larvae
nematodes (round worm) eggs that are infective for humans
ascaris lumbricoides
baylisascaris procyonis
trichuris trichuria
enberobius vermicilaris
nematodes (round worm) larvae that are infective for humans
strongyloides
nectar americanus
ancylostoma duidenale
dirofilaria immitis
dirofilaria immitis
spread by mosquitoes and causes heart worm
arthropods are
animals with segmented bodies and hard external skeletons and jointed legs
vectors
arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms
classes of arthropods as vectors
arachnida
crustacea
insecta
arachnida
eight legs
examples of arachnida
spiders, mites, tics
crustacea
four antennae
examples of crustacea
crabs, crayfish
insecta
six legs
examples of insecta
bees, flies, lice
there are 2 ways to transmission the pathogen into the vector arthropod
mechanical and biological
in biological transmission the pathogen multiplies in the
vector
in definitive host the microbes sexual reproduction takes place in the
vector
