Chapter 12 Flashcards
1
Q
mycology
A
the study of fungi
2
Q
mycorrhizae
A
symbiotic fungi
3
Q
mycorrhizae help plants absorb
A
minerals and water through roots
4
Q
chemoheterotrophs (all fungi)
A
decompose organic matter
5
Q
fungi are mainly what kind of respirators
A
aerobic, facultative anaerobic
6
Q
fungi are prokaryotic or eukaryotic
A
eukaryotic
7
Q
do fungi have sterols in cell membrane
A
yes
8
Q
fungi cell wall
A
gluons, mannans, chitin (no peptidoglycan)
9
Q
fungi spores are used for
A
sexual and asexual reporduction
10
Q
fungi metabolism is limited to
A
heterotrophic
11
Q
what is the fungal thallus
A
body
12
Q
the fungal thallus consist of
A
hyphae fillaments
13
Q
a mass of hyphae is a
A
mycelium
14
Q
septate hyphae
A
contain cross walls
15
Q
coenocytic hyphae
A
do not contain septa (long continuous cells)
16
Q
vegetative hyphae
A
obtain nutrients
17
Q
aerial hyphae
A
involved with reproduction
18
Q
do yeasts have fillaments
A
no
19
Q
are yeasts multicellular or unicellular
A
unicellular
20
Q
two ways yeasts can divide
A
budding, fission
21
Q
does budding allow for even division
A
no, divide unevenly
22
Q
example of yeast that buds
A
saccharomyces
23
Q
does fission allow for even division
A
yes
24
Q
example of yeast that goes through fission
A
schizosaccaromyces
25
dimorphic fungi
able to exhibit 2 forms of growth
26
dimorphic fungi growth depends on
temperature
27
2 ways a dimorphic fungi can grow
like a yeast or a mold
28
when will a dimorphic fungi grow like a yeast
37C
29
when will a dimorphic fungi grow like a mold
25 C
30
dimorphic fungi in yeast form wil reproduce via
budding
31
dimorphic fungi in mold form will produce what hyphae
vegetative and aerial
32
yeast typically express what respiration
facultative anaerobic
33
yeast shape
spherical/oval
34
when O2 is exposed to yeasts
aerobic respiration to metabolize carbohydrates causes a product of CO2 and H2O
35
when no O2 is exposed to yeasts
ferment carbs and produce ethanol and CO2
36
filamentous fungi can reproduce asexually by
fragmentation of their hyphae
37
fungi can reproduce sexually and asexually via the formation of _______ that detach from the parent and germinate into a new mold
spores
38
spores are formed from
aerial hyphae
39
asexual spores are produced via _________ and _____ ________; formed by the hyphae of one organisms
mitosis, cell division
40
conidiospore
not enclosed in a sac
41
plural of conidiospore
conidia
42
arthroconidia
fragmentation of septet hyphae into single slightly thickened cells
43
examples of arthroconidia
coccidioides immitis
44
Blastoconidia
buds of the parent cell
45
blastoconidia are found in some
yeasts
46
examples of blastoconidia
Candida albicans and cryptococcus
47
chlamydoconidium
thick walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphae segemnt
48
example of chlamydoconidium
candida albicans
49
sporangiospore
enclosed in a sac at the end of aerial hypha
50
example of sporangiospore
Rhizopus
51
sexual spores are the fusion of nuclei from
two opposite mating strains
52
most fungi only exhibit asexual reproduction in the
lab setting
53
three phases of sexual reproduction
plasmogamy
karyogamy
meiosis
54
plasmogamy
haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of receipt cell (-)
55
karyogamy
+ and - nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote
56
meiosis
diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)
57
fungi grow better at a pH of
5
58
fungi are
chemoheterotrophs
59
most molds exhibit what type of respiration
aerobic
60
most yeasts exhibit what type of respiration
facultative anaerobe
61
most fungi are more resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria which means they can grow in high _____ and ______ concentration
sugar, salt
62
fungi can grow in low
moisture
63
fungi can metabolize complex
carbs
64
fungi require less _________ than bacteria for an equivalent amount of growth
nitrogen
65
medically important fungi
zygomycota
microsporidia
ascomycota
basidiomycota
66
zygomycota are ___________ fungi
conjugation
67
zygomycota have ____________ hypahe
coenocytic
68
when zygomycota produce asexually
sporangiospore
69
when zygomycota produce sexually
zygospore (large spores in thick cell walls)
70
microsporidia: no _________ reproduction is observed, but probably occurs in a host
sexual
71
microsporidia do not have
mitochondria or microtubules
72
microsporidia are what kind of parasites
obligate intracellular parasites
73
Ascomycota are ____ fungi with _________ hyphae
sac, septate
74
Ascomycota are telemorphic fungi which means
produce sexual and asexual spores
75
some Ascomycota can be anamorphic which means
lost the ability to sexually reproduce
76
when Ascomycota reproduce asexually
conidiospore
77
when Ascomycota reproduce sexually
ascospore
78
when Ascomycota reproduce sexually nuclei morhoplogically similar or dissimilar fuse in a
saclike ascus
79
basidomycota are _____ fungi with ________ hyphae
club, septate
80
when basidomycota reproduce asexually
conidiospores
81
when basidomycota reproduce sexually
basidiospore
82
basidiospore are formed on an external base pedestal called a
basidium
83
teleomorphs
able to reproduce sexual and asexual
84
ascomycetes
lost the ability to reproduce sexually
85
fungi that lost the ability to reproduce sexually are called
anamorphic
86
mycosis
fungal infection
87
systemic mycoses
deep within body
88
subcutaneous mycoses
beneath the skin
89
cutaneous mycoses
affect hair, skin, and nails
90
superficial mycoses
localized (hair shafts)
91
opportunistic mycoses
fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host
92
saccharomyces cerevisiae
bread, wine, hep b vaccine
93
aspergillus niger
citric acid for foods and beverages
94
trichoderma
cellulase (enzyme that breaks down cell walls)
95
taxomyces
taxol (anticancer drug, also produced by Yew trees)
96
entomophaga
biocontrol
97
coniothyrium minitans
kills fungi on crops
98
paecilomyces
kills termites
99
Lichens are a mutualistic combination of
green algae and fungus
100
if either algae or fungus leaves the lichen
the lichen no longer exists
101
lichen grow in 3 ways
crustose
foliose
fruticose
102
crustose
encrusted on the substratum
103
foliose
leaf life
104
fruticose
finger like
105
lichens thallus (body) is made of
medulla, rhizines (holdfasts), cortex
106
medulla
hyphae grown around algal cells
107
rhizines (holdfasts)
hyphae projections below the body
108
cortex
protective coating over the algal layer
109
the thallus of lichen forms who
fungal hyphae grows around algal cells to become medulla
110
lichen secrete ________ ____ that chemically weather rock
organic acids
111
is lichen one of the fastest or slowest growing organisms
slowest
112
in lichens the alga produces and secretes
carbs
113
in lichen the fungus provides _________ and protects algae from desication
holdfast
114
lichens have an economic importance
dyes, antimicrobial (Usnea), litmus, food for herbivores
115
algae is or is not a taxonomic group
is not
116
algae are _______________ that lack roots and stems of plants
photoautotrophs
117
algae are
unicellular or filaments
118
algae lack
roots, stems and leaves
119
algae are mostly
aquatic
120
for algae ________ is necessary for growth and reproduction
water
121
locations of algae depend on
nutrients availability, wavelengths of light, and surfaces on which they can attach
122
algae thallus
body of large multicellular algae (seaweeds)
123
algae thallus consist of __________ (for attachment), hollow _____, and leaf like _________
holdfasts, stipes, blades
124
holdfasts of algae are able to
anchor algae
125
all algae reproduce sexually or asexually?
asexually
126
multicellular algae can fragment or reproduce sexually via
alternations of generations
127
brown algae are also known as
kelp
128
do brown algae grow slow or fast
fast
129
brown algae have __________ and ________ _____ cell walls
cellulose, alginic acid
130
brown algae produce algin
substance extracted from cell walls (thickener used in foods, and lotions and tires)
131
red algae have delicate branched
thalli
132
most red algae are unicellular or multicellular
multicellular
133
how are red algae able to grow in dark depths
because they are red pigments and are able to absorb blue light
134
red algae are harvested for
agar, Irish moss/carrageenan
135
Irish moss/carrageenan
gelatinous ingredient in pharmaceutical agents, evaporated milk and ice cream
136
red algae _________ species used as human food, some members of those genus can produce a lethal toxin
Gracilaria
137
green algae have __________ cell wall
cellulose
138
green algae are multicellular or unicellular
both
139
green algae have chlorophyll
a and b
140
green algae store
starch
141
green algae gave rise to
terrestrial plants
142
diatoms are a phyla of
algae
143
diatoms have what in their cell walls that can be used for identification
pectin and silica
144
diatoms are unicellular or
filamentous
145
diatoms store ____ as a result of energy from photosynthesis
oil
146
diatoms produce _________ ____ which can cause neurological disease
domain acid
147
dinoflagellates are a phyla of
algae
148
dinoflagellates are ______________ which are free floating organisms
plankton
149
dinoflagellates have ____________ in plasma membrane
cellulose
150
dinoflagellates are multicellular or unicellular
unicellular
151
dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins which cause
paralytic shellfish poisoning
152
dinoflagellates produce ___ tide
red
153
oomycota are ______ molds
water
154
oomycota are
decomposers
155
oomycota are plant or human parasites
plant
156
oomycota have what in cell walls
cellulose
157
oomycota are
chemoheterotrophics
158
oomycota produce
zoospores
159
oomycota
phytophthora infestans was responsible for
Irish potato blight
160
oomycota
P. cinnamoni
infects eucalyptus
161
oomycota
P. ramorum
sudden oak death
162
algae fix ___ into _________ molecules
CO2, organic
163
algae produce __% of earths O2
80
164
algal blooms
increases in planktonic algae that can result in toxin release or die and consume oxygen
165
algae are in
oil production
166
algae can be symbionts of
animals
167
protozoa means
first animal
168
protozoa are multicellular/unicellular eukaryotes/prokaryotes
unicellular eukaryotes
169
protozoa inhabit
water and soil
170
protozoa __________ like nutrition
animal
171
protozoa have
complex life cycles
172
protozoa: feeding and growing for is a
trophozoite
173
protozoa asexual reproduction by what ways
fission, budding, schizogony (multiple fission)
174
protozoa sexual reproduction is by
conjucation
175
some protozoa produce a _____ to survive adverse conditions
cyst
176
a protozoa cyst is like a protective
capsule
177
protozoa require large supply of
water
178
many protozoa have an outer protective _________, requiring specialized structures to take in food
pellicle
179
most protozoas are aerboic
heterotrophs
180
protozoa found in the intestine are capable of what respiration
anaerobic
181
protozoa ciliates wave cilia toward mouthlike
cytosome
182
protozoa ______ phagocytize food
amebae
183
protozoa food is digested in __________ and wastes eliminated through an ______ ____
vacuoles, anal pore
184
medically important protozoa (feeding grooves)
diplomonads
parabasalids
euglenozoa
185
other medically important protozoa
amebae
apicomplexa
ciliates
186
diplomonads do they have mitochondria or not
no mitochondria
187
diplomonads do they have flagella
yes, multiple
188
parabasalids have a ____________ membrane
undulating
189
do parabasalids have a cyst stage or no
no cyst stage
190
euglenozoa are what kind go protozoa
photoautotrophs, or facultative chemotrophs
191
euglenozoa
hemoflagellates
transmitted by bites of blood feeding insects
192
amebae move by extending
pseudopods
193
pseudopods are
blunt lobe like projections
194
what is the only pathogenic amebae are found in the human intestine
entamoeba histolytica
195
entamoeba (amebae) histolytica causes
amebic dysentery
196
acanthamoeba (amebae)
infects corneas and causes blindness
197
Balamuthia (amebae)
granulomatous amebic encephalitis
198
apicomplexa: are they mobile or nonmotile
nonmotile
199
apicomplexa: are they obligate intracellular parasites
yes
200
apicomplexa have _______ life cycles
complex
201
toxoplasma gondii (apicomplexa)
transmitted by cats; causes fetal infections
202
cryptosporidium (apicomplexa)
transmitted via feces; causes waterborne illness
203
plasmodium (apicomplexa) causes
malaria
204
plasmodium (apicomplexa) sexually reproduces in the
anopheles mosquito
205
plasmodium (apicomplexa): a mosquito injects a _________ into its bite and the ___________ undergoes schizogony in the ______; _______________ are produced
sporozoite, sporozoite, liver, merozoites
206
plasmodium (apicomplexa): merozoites infect ___ ________ ____ forming a ring stage inside the cell
red blood cell
207
plasmodium (apicomplexa): red blood cell ________, and merozoites ________ new red blood cells
rupture, infect
208
ciliates move by ____ arranged in precise rows
cilia
209
balantidium coli (ciliate)
the only human parasite, causes dysentery
210
two types of slime molds
cellular and plasmodial
211
cellular slime molds resemble
amebae
212
cellular slime molds ingest fungi and bacteria by
phagocytosis
213
cellular slime mold cells aggregate to form ______ and ______ ___ that differentiate into spores
stalks, spore caps
214
plasmodial slime molds are a mass of ____________ with multiple nuclei; this moves as a giant _______
protoplasm, ameba
215
cytoplasmic streaming is a phenomenon that occurs when growing plasmodial in a
lab
216
cytoplasmic streaming
protoplasm moves and changes speed and direction to distribute oxygen and nutrients
217
helminths are
parasitic worms
218
2 phyla of helminths
plathyhelminthes
Nematoda
219
plathyhelminthes are
flatworms
220
Nematoda are
roundworms
221
Helminths are multicellular/unicellular and prokaryotic/eukaryotic
multicellular eukaryotic
222
how are helminths specialized to live in hosts
lack digestive system, reduced nervous system, reduced locomotion, complex reproductive system
223
helminths are either dioecious or monoecious (hermaphroditic) what do these terms mean
dioecious: separate male and female
monoecious: make and female reproductive systems in one animal
224
life cycle of a helminths
egg, larvae, adult
225
two types of platyhelminths
trematodes (flukes)
cestodes (tapeworms)
226
trematodes are also called
flukes
227
trematodes shape
flat, leaf shape
228
trematodes have suckers where
ventral and oral
229
trematodes absorb food through _______ covering
cuticle
230
paragonimus spp (trematodes)
lung fluke
231
schistosoma (trematodes)
blood fluke
232
cestodes are also called
tapeworms
233
cestodes are __________ parasites
intestinal
234
cestodes head is called
scolex
235
cestodes scolex has _________ for attachment
suckers
236
cestodes absorb food through
cuticle
237
cestodes body is called
proglottids
238
cestodes proglottids contain
male and female reproductive organs
239
cestodes: the proglottids farthest away from the scolex are
more mature and contains eggs
240
cestodes __________ are definitive hosts
humans
241
cestode human definitive host eggs from proglottids are ingested and hatch into larvae and bore into the ______________ _____
intestinal wall
242
cestodes human definitive host produce
cysticerci
243
cysticerci can be seen microscopically and when its found in beef it is called
measly beef
244
when cestodes (human definitive host) are ingested by humans all but the scolex is digested and the scolex anchors itself in the small intestine and begins producing
proglottids
245
taenia solium (cestodes, human definitive host)
pork tapeworm
246
cestodes can also use humans as ____________ hosts
intermediate
247
when cestodes use humans as an intermediate host eggs are ingested and hatch in the __________
intestine
248
when cestodes use humans as an intermediate host the larvae migrate to the ________ or ________ and develop a hydatid cyst
liver, lung
249
when cestodes use humans as an intermediate host example
echinococcus granulosus
250
nematodes (round worm) shape
cylindrical and tapered at each end
251
nematodes (round worm) have a complete ___________ system
digestive
252
nematodes (round worm) are dioecious and the males contain ___________
spicules
253
nematodes (round worm) are they free living or parasitic
both
254
certain nematodes the ____ can be infective and other the ____ can be infective
eggs, larvae
255
nematodes (round worm) eggs that are infective for humans
ascaris lumbricoides
baylisascaris procyonis
trichuris trichuria
enberobius vermicilaris
256
nematodes (round worm) larvae that are infective for humans
strongyloides
nectar americanus
ancylostoma duidenale
dirofilaria immitis
257
dirofilaria immitis
spread by mosquitoes and causes heart worm
258
arthropods are
animals with segmented bodies and hard external skeletons and jointed legs
259
vectors
arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms
260
classes of arthropods as vectors
arachnida
crustacea
insecta
261
arachnida
eight legs
262
examples of arachnida
spiders, mites, tics
263
crustacea
four antennae
264
examples of crustacea
crabs, crayfish
265
insecta
six legs
266
examples of insecta
bees, flies, lice
267
there are 2 ways to transmission the pathogen into the vector arthropod
mechanical and biological
268
in biological transmission the pathogen multiplies in the
vector
269
in definitive host the microbes sexual reproduction takes place in the
vector
