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Microbiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

mycology

A

the study of fungi

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2
Q

mycorrhizae

A

symbiotic fungi

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3
Q

mycorrhizae help plants absorb

A

minerals and water through roots

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4
Q

chemoheterotrophs (all fungi)

A

decompose organic matter

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5
Q

fungi are mainly what kind of respirators

A

aerobic, facultative anaerobic

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6
Q

fungi are prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

eukaryotic

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7
Q

do fungi have sterols in cell membrane

A

yes

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8
Q

fungi cell wall

A

gluons, mannans, chitin (no peptidoglycan)

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9
Q

fungi spores are used for

A

sexual and asexual reporduction

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10
Q

fungi metabolism is limited to

A

heterotrophic

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11
Q

what is the fungal thallus

A

body

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12
Q

the fungal thallus consist of

A

hyphae fillaments

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13
Q

a mass of hyphae is a

A

mycelium

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14
Q

septate hyphae

A

contain cross walls

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15
Q

coenocytic hyphae

A

do not contain septa (long continuous cells)

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16
Q

vegetative hyphae

A

obtain nutrients

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17
Q

aerial hyphae

A

involved with reproduction

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18
Q

do yeasts have fillaments

A

no

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19
Q

are yeasts multicellular or unicellular

A

unicellular

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20
Q

two ways yeasts can divide

A

budding, fission

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21
Q

does budding allow for even division

A

no, divide unevenly

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22
Q

example of yeast that buds

A

saccharomyces

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23
Q

does fission allow for even division

A

yes

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24
Q

example of yeast that goes through fission

A

schizosaccaromyces

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25
Q

dimorphic fungi

A

able to exhibit 2 forms of growth

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26
Q

dimorphic fungi growth depends on

A

temperature

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27
Q

2 ways a dimorphic fungi can grow

A

like a yeast or a mold

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28
Q

when will a dimorphic fungi grow like a yeast

A

37C

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29
Q

when will a dimorphic fungi grow like a mold

A

25 C

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30
Q

dimorphic fungi in yeast form wil reproduce via

A

budding

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31
Q

dimorphic fungi in mold form will produce what hyphae

A

vegetative and aerial

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32
Q

yeast typically express what respiration

A

facultative anaerobic

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33
Q

yeast shape

A

spherical/oval

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34
Q

when O2 is exposed to yeasts

A

aerobic respiration to metabolize carbohydrates causes a product of CO2 and H2O

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35
Q

when no O2 is exposed to yeasts

A

ferment carbs and produce ethanol and CO2

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36
Q

filamentous fungi can reproduce asexually by

A

fragmentation of their hyphae

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37
Q

fungi can reproduce sexually and asexually via the formation of _______ that detach from the parent and germinate into a new mold

A

spores

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38
Q

spores are formed from

A

aerial hyphae

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39
Q

asexual spores are produced via _________ and _____ ________; formed by the hyphae of one organisms

A

mitosis, cell division

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40
Q

conidiospore

A

not enclosed in a sac

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41
Q

plural of conidiospore

A

conidia

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42
Q

arthroconidia

A

fragmentation of septet hyphae into single slightly thickened cells

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43
Q

examples of arthroconidia

A

coccidioides immitis

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44
Q

Blastoconidia

A

buds of the parent cell

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45
Q

blastoconidia are found in some

A

yeasts

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46
Q

examples of blastoconidia

A

Candida albicans and cryptococcus

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47
Q

chlamydoconidium

A

thick walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphae segemnt

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48
Q

example of chlamydoconidium

A

candida albicans

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49
Q

sporangiospore

A

enclosed in a sac at the end of aerial hypha

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50
Q

example of sporangiospore

A

Rhizopus

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51
Q

sexual spores are the fusion of nuclei from

A

two opposite mating strains

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52
Q

most fungi only exhibit asexual reproduction in the

A

lab setting

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53
Q

three phases of sexual reproduction

A

plasmogamy
karyogamy
meiosis

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54
Q

plasmogamy

A

haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of receipt cell (-)

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55
Q

karyogamy

A

+ and - nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote

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56
Q

meiosis

A

diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

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57
Q

fungi grow better at a pH of

A

5

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58
Q

fungi are

A

chemoheterotrophs

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59
Q

most molds exhibit what type of respiration

A

aerobic

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60
Q

most yeasts exhibit what type of respiration

A

facultative anaerobe

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61
Q

most fungi are more resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria which means they can grow in high _____ and ______ concentration

A

sugar, salt

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62
Q

fungi can grow in low

A

moisture

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63
Q

fungi can metabolize complex

A

carbs

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64
Q

fungi require less _________ than bacteria for an equivalent amount of growth

A

nitrogen

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65
Q

medically important fungi

A

zygomycota
microsporidia
ascomycota
basidiomycota

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66
Q

zygomycota are ___________ fungi

A

conjugation

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67
Q

zygomycota have ____________ hypahe

A

coenocytic

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68
Q

when zygomycota produce asexually

A

sporangiospore

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69
Q

when zygomycota produce sexually

A

zygospore (large spores in thick cell walls)

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70
Q

microsporidia: no _________ reproduction is observed, but probably occurs in a host

A

sexual

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71
Q

microsporidia do not have

A

mitochondria or microtubules

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72
Q

microsporidia are what kind of parasites

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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73
Q

Ascomycota are ____ fungi with _________ hyphae

A

sac, septate

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74
Q

Ascomycota are telemorphic fungi which means

A

produce sexual and asexual spores

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75
Q

some Ascomycota can be anamorphic which means

A

lost the ability to sexually reproduce

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76
Q

when Ascomycota reproduce asexually

A

conidiospore

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77
Q

when Ascomycota reproduce sexually

A

ascospore

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78
Q

when Ascomycota reproduce sexually nuclei morhoplogically similar or dissimilar fuse in a

A

saclike ascus

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79
Q

basidomycota are _____ fungi with ________ hyphae

A

club, septate

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80
Q

when basidomycota reproduce asexually

A

conidiospores

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81
Q

when basidomycota reproduce sexually

A

basidiospore

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82
Q

basidiospore are formed on an external base pedestal called a

A

basidium

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83
Q

teleomorphs

A

able to reproduce sexual and asexual

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84
Q

ascomycetes

A

lost the ability to reproduce sexually

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85
Q

fungi that lost the ability to reproduce sexually are called

A

anamorphic

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86
Q

mycosis

A

fungal infection

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87
Q

systemic mycoses

A

deep within body

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88
Q

subcutaneous mycoses

A

beneath the skin

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89
Q

cutaneous mycoses

A

affect hair, skin, and nails

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90
Q

superficial mycoses

A

localized (hair shafts)

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91
Q

opportunistic mycoses

A

fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host

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92
Q

saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

bread, wine, hep b vaccine

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93
Q

aspergillus niger

A

citric acid for foods and beverages

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94
Q

trichoderma

A

cellulase (enzyme that breaks down cell walls)

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95
Q

taxomyces

A

taxol (anticancer drug, also produced by Yew trees)

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96
Q

entomophaga

A

biocontrol

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97
Q

coniothyrium minitans

A

kills fungi on crops

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98
Q

paecilomyces

A

kills termites

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99
Q

Lichens are a mutualistic combination of

A

green algae and fungus

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100
Q

if either algae or fungus leaves the lichen

A

the lichen no longer exists

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101
Q

lichen grow in 3 ways

A

crustose
foliose
fruticose

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102
Q

crustose

A

encrusted on the substratum

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103
Q

foliose

A

leaf life

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104
Q

fruticose

A

finger like

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105
Q

lichens thallus (body) is made of

A

medulla, rhizines (holdfasts), cortex

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106
Q

medulla

A

hyphae grown around algal cells

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107
Q

rhizines (holdfasts)

A

hyphae projections below the body

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108
Q

cortex

A

protective coating over the algal layer

109
Q

the thallus of lichen forms who

A

fungal hyphae grows around algal cells to become medulla

110
Q

lichen secrete ________ ____ that chemically weather rock

A

organic acids

111
Q

is lichen one of the fastest or slowest growing organisms

A

slowest

112
Q

in lichens the alga produces and secretes

A

carbs

113
Q

in lichen the fungus provides _________ and protects algae from desication

A

holdfast

114
Q

lichens have an economic importance

A

dyes, antimicrobial (Usnea), litmus, food for herbivores

115
Q

algae is or is not a taxonomic group

A

is not

116
Q

algae are _______________ that lack roots and stems of plants

A

photoautotrophs

117
Q

algae are

A

unicellular or filaments

118
Q

algae lack

A

roots, stems and leaves

119
Q

algae are mostly

A

aquatic

120
Q

for algae ________ is necessary for growth and reproduction

A

water

121
Q

locations of algae depend on

A

nutrients availability, wavelengths of light, and surfaces on which they can attach

122
Q

algae thallus

A

body of large multicellular algae (seaweeds)

123
Q

algae thallus consist of __________ (for attachment), hollow _____, and leaf like _________

A

holdfasts, stipes, blades

124
Q

holdfasts of algae are able to

A

anchor algae

125
Q

all algae reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

asexually

126
Q

multicellular algae can fragment or reproduce sexually via

A

alternations of generations

127
Q

brown algae are also known as

A

kelp

128
Q

do brown algae grow slow or fast

A

fast

129
Q

brown algae have __________ and ________ _____ cell walls

A

cellulose, alginic acid

130
Q

brown algae produce algin

A

substance extracted from cell walls (thickener used in foods, and lotions and tires)

131
Q

red algae have delicate branched

A

thalli

132
Q

most red algae are unicellular or multicellular

A

multicellular

133
Q

how are red algae able to grow in dark depths

A

because they are red pigments and are able to absorb blue light

134
Q

red algae are harvested for

A

agar, Irish moss/carrageenan

135
Q

Irish moss/carrageenan

A

gelatinous ingredient in pharmaceutical agents, evaporated milk and ice cream

136
Q

red algae _________ species used as human food, some members of those genus can produce a lethal toxin

A

Gracilaria

137
Q

green algae have __________ cell wall

A

cellulose

138
Q

green algae are multicellular or unicellular

A

both

139
Q

green algae have chlorophyll

A

a and b

140
Q

green algae store

A

starch

141
Q

green algae gave rise to

A

terrestrial plants

142
Q

diatoms are a phyla of

A

algae

143
Q

diatoms have what in their cell walls that can be used for identification

A

pectin and silica

144
Q

diatoms are unicellular or

A

filamentous

145
Q

diatoms store ____ as a result of energy from photosynthesis

A

oil

146
Q

diatoms produce _________ ____ which can cause neurological disease

A

domain acid

147
Q

dinoflagellates are a phyla of

A

algae

148
Q

dinoflagellates are ______________ which are free floating organisms

A

plankton

149
Q

dinoflagellates have ____________ in plasma membrane

A

cellulose

150
Q

dinoflagellates are multicellular or unicellular

A

unicellular

151
Q

dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins which cause

A

paralytic shellfish poisoning

152
Q

dinoflagellates produce ___ tide

A

red

153
Q

oomycota are ______ molds

A

water

154
Q

oomycota are

A

decomposers

155
Q

oomycota are plant or human parasites

A

plant

156
Q

oomycota have what in cell walls

A

cellulose

157
Q

oomycota are

A

chemoheterotrophics

158
Q

oomycota produce

A

zoospores

159
Q

oomycota
phytophthora infestans was responsible for

A

Irish potato blight

160
Q

oomycota
P. cinnamoni

A

infects eucalyptus

161
Q

oomycota
P. ramorum

A

sudden oak death

162
Q

algae fix ___ into _________ molecules

A

CO2, organic

163
Q

algae produce __% of earths O2

A

80

164
Q

algal blooms

A

increases in planktonic algae that can result in toxin release or die and consume oxygen

165
Q

algae are in

A

oil production

166
Q

algae can be symbionts of

A

animals

167
Q

protozoa means

A

first animal

168
Q

protozoa are multicellular/unicellular eukaryotes/prokaryotes

A

unicellular eukaryotes

169
Q

protozoa inhabit

A

water and soil

170
Q

protozoa __________ like nutrition

A

animal

171
Q

protozoa have

A

complex life cycles

172
Q

protozoa: feeding and growing for is a

A

trophozoite

173
Q

protozoa asexual reproduction by what ways

A

fission, budding, schizogony (multiple fission)

174
Q

protozoa sexual reproduction is by

A

conjucation

175
Q

some protozoa produce a _____ to survive adverse conditions

A

cyst

176
Q

a protozoa cyst is like a protective

A

capsule

177
Q

protozoa require large supply of

A

water

178
Q

many protozoa have an outer protective _________, requiring specialized structures to take in food

A

pellicle

179
Q

most protozoas are aerboic

A

heterotrophs

180
Q

protozoa found in the intestine are capable of what respiration

A

anaerobic

181
Q

protozoa ciliates wave cilia toward mouthlike

A

cytosome

182
Q

protozoa ______ phagocytize food

A

amebae

183
Q

protozoa food is digested in __________ and wastes eliminated through an ______ ____

A

vacuoles, anal pore

184
Q

medically important protozoa (feeding grooves)

A

diplomonads
parabasalids
euglenozoa

185
Q

other medically important protozoa

A

amebae
apicomplexa
ciliates

186
Q

diplomonads do they have mitochondria or not

A

no mitochondria

187
Q

diplomonads do they have flagella

A

yes, multiple

188
Q

parabasalids have a ____________ membrane

A

undulating

189
Q

do parabasalids have a cyst stage or no

A

no cyst stage

190
Q

euglenozoa are what kind go protozoa

A

photoautotrophs, or facultative chemotrophs

191
Q

euglenozoa
hemoflagellates

A

transmitted by bites of blood feeding insects

192
Q

amebae move by extending

A

pseudopods

193
Q

pseudopods are

A

blunt lobe like projections

194
Q

what is the only pathogenic amebae are found in the human intestine

A

entamoeba histolytica

195
Q

entamoeba (amebae) histolytica causes

A

amebic dysentery

196
Q

acanthamoeba (amebae)

A

infects corneas and causes blindness

197
Q

Balamuthia (amebae)

A

granulomatous amebic encephalitis

198
Q

apicomplexa: are they mobile or nonmotile

A

nonmotile

199
Q

apicomplexa: are they obligate intracellular parasites

A

yes

200
Q

apicomplexa have _______ life cycles

A

complex

201
Q

toxoplasma gondii (apicomplexa)

A

transmitted by cats; causes fetal infections

202
Q

cryptosporidium (apicomplexa)

A

transmitted via feces; causes waterborne illness

203
Q

plasmodium (apicomplexa) causes

A

malaria

204
Q

plasmodium (apicomplexa) sexually reproduces in the

A

anopheles mosquito

205
Q

plasmodium (apicomplexa): a mosquito injects a _________ into its bite and the ___________ undergoes schizogony in the ______; _______________ are produced

A

sporozoite, sporozoite, liver, merozoites

206
Q

plasmodium (apicomplexa): merozoites infect ___ ________ ____ forming a ring stage inside the cell

A

red blood cell

207
Q

plasmodium (apicomplexa): red blood cell ________, and merozoites ________ new red blood cells

A

rupture, infect

208
Q

ciliates move by ____ arranged in precise rows

A

cilia

209
Q

balantidium coli (ciliate)

A

the only human parasite, causes dysentery

210
Q

two types of slime molds

A

cellular and plasmodial

211
Q

cellular slime molds resemble

A

amebae

212
Q

cellular slime molds ingest fungi and bacteria by

A

phagocytosis

213
Q

cellular slime mold cells aggregate to form ______ and ______ ___ that differentiate into spores

A

stalks, spore caps

214
Q

plasmodial slime molds are a mass of ____________ with multiple nuclei; this moves as a giant _______

A

protoplasm, ameba

215
Q

cytoplasmic streaming is a phenomenon that occurs when growing plasmodial in a

A

lab

216
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

protoplasm moves and changes speed and direction to distribute oxygen and nutrients

217
Q

helminths are

A

parasitic worms

218
Q

2 phyla of helminths

A

plathyhelminthes
Nematoda

219
Q

plathyhelminthes are

A

flatworms

220
Q

Nematoda are

A

roundworms

221
Q

Helminths are multicellular/unicellular and prokaryotic/eukaryotic

A

multicellular eukaryotic

222
Q

how are helminths specialized to live in hosts

A

lack digestive system, reduced nervous system, reduced locomotion, complex reproductive system

223
Q

helminths are either dioecious or monoecious (hermaphroditic) what do these terms mean

A

dioecious: separate male and female
monoecious: make and female reproductive systems in one animal

224
Q

life cycle of a helminths

A

egg, larvae, adult

225
Q

two types of platyhelminths

A

trematodes (flukes)
cestodes (tapeworms)

226
Q

trematodes are also called

A

flukes

227
Q

trematodes shape

A

flat, leaf shape

228
Q

trematodes have suckers where

A

ventral and oral

229
Q

trematodes absorb food through _______ covering

A

cuticle

230
Q

paragonimus spp (trematodes)

A

lung fluke

231
Q

schistosoma (trematodes)

A

blood fluke

232
Q

cestodes are also called

A

tapeworms

233
Q

cestodes are __________ parasites

A

intestinal

234
Q

cestodes head is called

A

scolex

235
Q

cestodes scolex has _________ for attachment

A

suckers

236
Q

cestodes absorb food through

A

cuticle

237
Q

cestodes body is called

A

proglottids

238
Q

cestodes proglottids contain

A

male and female reproductive organs

239
Q

cestodes: the proglottids farthest away from the scolex are

A

more mature and contains eggs

240
Q

cestodes __________ are definitive hosts

A

humans

241
Q

cestode human definitive host eggs from proglottids are ingested and hatch into larvae and bore into the ______________ _____

A

intestinal wall

242
Q

cestodes human definitive host produce

A

cysticerci

243
Q

cysticerci can be seen microscopically and when its found in beef it is called

A

measly beef

244
Q

when cestodes (human definitive host) are ingested by humans all but the scolex is digested and the scolex anchors itself in the small intestine and begins producing

A

proglottids

245
Q

taenia solium (cestodes, human definitive host)

A

pork tapeworm

246
Q

cestodes can also use humans as ____________ hosts

A

intermediate

247
Q

when cestodes use humans as an intermediate host eggs are ingested and hatch in the __________

A

intestine

248
Q

when cestodes use humans as an intermediate host the larvae migrate to the ________ or ________ and develop a hydatid cyst

A

liver, lung

249
Q

when cestodes use humans as an intermediate host example

A

echinococcus granulosus

250
Q

nematodes (round worm) shape

A

cylindrical and tapered at each end

251
Q

nematodes (round worm) have a complete ___________ system

A

digestive

252
Q

nematodes (round worm) are dioecious and the males contain ___________

A

spicules

253
Q

nematodes (round worm) are they free living or parasitic

A

both

254
Q

certain nematodes the ____ can be infective and other the ____ can be infective

A

eggs, larvae

255
Q

nematodes (round worm) eggs that are infective for humans

A

ascaris lumbricoides
baylisascaris procyonis
trichuris trichuria
enberobius vermicilaris

256
Q

nematodes (round worm) larvae that are infective for humans

A

strongyloides
nectar americanus
ancylostoma duidenale
dirofilaria immitis

257
Q

dirofilaria immitis

A

spread by mosquitoes and causes heart worm

258
Q

arthropods are

A

animals with segmented bodies and hard external skeletons and jointed legs

259
Q

vectors

A

arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms

260
Q

classes of arthropods as vectors

A

arachnida
crustacea
insecta

261
Q

arachnida

A

eight legs

262
Q

examples of arachnida

A

spiders, mites, tics

263
Q

crustacea

A

four antennae

264
Q

examples of crustacea

A

crabs, crayfish

265
Q

insecta

A

six legs

266
Q

examples of insecta

A

bees, flies, lice

267
Q

there are 2 ways to transmission the pathogen into the vector arthropod

A

mechanical and biological

268
Q

in biological transmission the pathogen multiplies in the

A

vector

269
Q

in definitive host the microbes sexual reproduction takes place in the

A

vector

Microbiology (20 decks)

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