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Microbiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

the buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell

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2
Q

metabolism chemical reactions provide energy and create substances that

A

sustain life

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3
Q

catabolic pathways

A

break down macromolecules into simple component parts

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4
Q

catabolic pathways release or use ATP?

A

release

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5
Q

anabolic pathways

A

build up macromolecules by combining simpler moleules

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6
Q

anabolic pathways release or use ATP?

A

use

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7
Q

anabolic and catabolic pathways are linked by

A

energy

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8
Q

catabolic reactions provide ________ needed for anabolic reactions

A

energy

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9
Q

although microbial metabolism can cause disease and food spoilage many pathways are

A

beneficial rather than pathogenic

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10
Q

is catabolism exergonic or endergonic

A

exergonic

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11
Q

is anabolism exergonic or endergonic

A

endergonic

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12
Q

metabolic pathways are sequences of

A

enzymatically catalyzed reactions in a cell

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13
Q

metabolic pathways are determined by

A

enzymes

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14
Q

enzymes are encoded

A

genes

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15
Q

how is ATP an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism

A

because catabolism reactions release the energy needed to undergo anabolism reactions

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16
Q

collision theory

A

chemical reactions occur when atoms, ions and moleules collide

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17
Q

activation energy

A

collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

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18
Q

reaction rate

A

frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction

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19
Q

reaction rate can be increased by

A

enzymes, increasing temp, pressure or concetration

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20
Q

catalysts

A

speed up chemical reactions with out being altered

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21
Q

enzymes are biological

A

catalysts

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22
Q

enzymes act on a specific ________ and lower the ________ ______

A

substrate, activation energy

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23
Q

substrate contacts the enzymes active site to form an ________ _______ ______
substrate is transformed and rearranged into _______, which are released from the enzyme

A

enzyme substrate complex, products

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24
Q

enzymes are ______ after the chemical reaction

A

unchanged

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25
Q

enzymes have _______ for a particular substrate

A

specificity

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26
Q

___________ _____ is the number of substrate moleules an enzyme converts to product per second

A

turnover number

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27
Q

names of enzymes usually end in ___

A

ase

28
Q

enzymes are grouped based on the

A

reaction they catalyze

29
Q

oxidoreductase

A

oxidation reduction reactions

30
Q

transferase

A

transfer function groups

31
Q

hydrolase

A

hydrolysis

32
Q

lyase

A

removal of atoms without hydrolysis

33
Q

isomerase

A

rearrangement of atoms

34
Q

ligase

A

joining of molecules uses ATP

35
Q

some enzymes consist entirely of

A

proteins

36
Q

most enzymes consist of

A

apoenzyme and cofactor

37
Q

apoenzyme

A

protein portion (inactive when alone)

38
Q

apoenzyme must be activated by

A

cofactor

39
Q

cofactor

A

nonprotein component

40
Q

if the cofactor is organic then it is known as

A

coenzyme

41
Q

holoenzyme

A

apoenzyme plus cofactor (whole active enzyme form)

42
Q

assist enzymes by being electron carriers

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotude phosphate (NADP+)
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
coenzyme A (CoA)

43
Q

many coenzymes are derived from

A

vitamins

44
Q

2 most important enzyme components

A

NAD+ and NADP+

45
Q

NAD+ is primarily involved in

A

catabolic

46
Q

NADP+ is primarily involved in

A

anabolic

47
Q

NAD+ and NADP+ both contain derivatives of B vitamin ____ and both function as _________ ___

A

niacin, electron carriers

48
Q

FAD is a derivative of the b vitamin ______ and functions as a _________

A

riboflavin, electron carrier

49
Q

CoA is a derivative of the b vitamin _______ and this functions as

A

Pantothenic acid, synthesis and breakdown of fats and is in the Krebs cycle

50
Q

as the temp increases the chemical reactions

A

increase

51
Q

high temp and extreme pH can

A

denature proteins

52
Q

if the concentration of substrate is high the enzyme catalyzes at is

A

maximum rate

53
Q

inhibitors can either be

A

competitive or noncompetitive

54
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate

55
Q

inhibitors can be

A

reversible or irreversible

56
Q

competitive inhibitors chemical make up is similar to

A

normal substrate

57
Q

competitive inhibitors go or do not go under reaction?

A

DO NOT

58
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors

A

interact with another part of the enzyme rather than the active site

59
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors bind with the

A

allosteric site

60
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors undergo allosteric _______

A

inhibtion

61
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors indirectly change the shape of the

A

active site, rendering the enzyme nonfunctional

62
Q

feedback inhibition

A

end product of a reaction allosterically inhibits enzymes from earlier in the pathway

63
Q

feedback inhibition stops the cell from making more of a substance than it needs and keeps it from wasting

A

chemical resources

64
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA that functions as catalysts by binding to substrates and acting upon them

65
Q

ribozymes are or are not used up in the reaction?

A

not used up

66
Q

ribozymes are frequently used in cells to

A

cut and splice RNA

67
Q

ribozymes are also involved in

A

protein synthesis in ribosomes

Microbiology (20 decks)

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