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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microorganisms are organisms that are

A

too small to be seen by the unaided eye

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2
Q

knowledge of microorganisms allows us to

A

prepare food safely and prevent spoilage
prevent and treat disease
understand causes and transmission of disease to prevent epidemics

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3
Q

types of microorganisms

A

bacteria
archaea
fungi
protozoa
microscopic algae
viruses
multicellular animal parasites

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4
Q

very few are actually

A

pathogenic

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5
Q

some examples of good microorganisms are

A

decompose organic wastes
generate oxygen by photosynthesis
produce chemical products (ethanol, acetone, and vitamins)
produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese and bread
produce products used in manufacturing and disease treatment

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6
Q

microbiome

A

a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body

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7
Q

the microbiome does what

A

help maintain good health
can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
may help train the immune system to discriminate threats

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8
Q

how many bacteria cells are in the intestine

A

40 trillion

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9
Q

normal microbiota is the collection of

A

acquired microorganisms on or in a healthy human being

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10
Q

colonization can only occur at body sites that

A

provide nutrients and the right environment for the microbes to flourish

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11
Q

human microbiome project

A

goal of determining the makeup of typical microbiota of various areas of the body
secondary goal of understanding relationship between changes in microbiome and human diseases

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12
Q

the national microbiome initiative

A

explores the role microbes play in different ecosystems

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13
Q

nomenclature

A

naming

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14
Q

who established the nomenclature system in 1735

A

Linnaeus

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15
Q

nomenclature comes up with names for the

A

scientific name

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16
Q

the genus is

A

capitalized

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17
Q

the epithet is

A

lowercase

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18
Q

who discovered the 3rd domain of microorganisms (archaea)

A

Woese (1978)

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19
Q

three domains of microorganisms

A

bacteria, archaea eukarya

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20
Q

bacteria include

A

organisms who cells walls contain peptidoglycan

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21
Q

archaea include

A

organisms who cell wall (if even present) lacks peptidoglycan

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22
Q

eukarya include

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

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23
Q

protists are

A

slime molds, protozoa, algea

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24
Q

fungi include

A

unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, mushrooms

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25
Q

plants include

A

mosses ferns, conifers, flowering plants

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26
Q

animals include

A

sponges, worms, insects, vertebraes

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27
Q

it is important to know the different types of microorganisms and understand the differences between them why?

A

this information is imperative in selecting effective treatment options for specific infections

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28
Q

bacteria are prokaryotes meaning…

A

genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane

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29
Q

bacteria has how many cells

A

single celled

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30
Q

bacteria has a peptidoglycan cell wall, what is that made of

A

carb and protein complex

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31
Q

bacteria divide via

A

binary fission

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32
Q

bacteria derive nutrition from

A

organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

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33
Q

bacteria may swim using

A

flagellas

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34
Q

archaea are what type of cell looking at their nucleus

A

prokaryotes

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35
Q

archaea often live in

A

extreme environments

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36
Q

methanogens archaea

A

produce methane from respiration

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37
Q

extreme halophiles archaea

A

live in extremely salty environments

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38
Q

extreme thermophiles archaea

A

live in extremely hot sulfur environments

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39
Q

Fungi are eukaryotes meaning

A

have a distinct nucleus

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40
Q

fungi’s cell walls are made up of

A

chitin

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41
Q

how do fungi get energy

A

absorb organic chemicals

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42
Q

yeasts are unicellular meaning

A

only have one cell

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43
Q

molds and mushrooms are

A

multicellular

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44
Q

molds consist of masses of mycelia which are composed of filaments called

A

hyphae

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45
Q

protozoa have a true nucleus meaning

A

they are eukaryotes

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46
Q

protozoa absorb or ingest

A

organic chemicals

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47
Q

protozoa may be motile via

A

pseudopods, cilia, flagella

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48
Q

protozoa are either free living or

A

parasitic

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49
Q

some protozoa are

A

Photosynthetic

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50
Q

protozoa can reproduce

A

Sexually, or asexually

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51
Q

algae have a true nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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52
Q

algae has a cell wall made of

A

cellulose

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53
Q

algae is found in

A

freshwater, saltwater, and soil

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54
Q

how does algae get energy

A

Photosynthesis

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55
Q

when algae goes through photosynthesis it produces

A

oxygen, and carbs

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56
Q

algae reproduce

A

asexually or sexually

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57
Q

viruses are acellular meaning

A

they do not consist of cells

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58
Q

viruses consist of a core that is filled with

A

DNA/RNA

59
Q

viruses core is surrounded by a

A

protein coat

60
Q

viruses are replicated only when they are in

A

a living host cell

61
Q

viruses are inert outside of

A

living host

62
Q

most viruses can only be seen with a

A

electron microscope

63
Q

parasitic flatworms ad roundworms are called

A

helminths

64
Q

in 1665 who reported that living things are composed of little boxes or cells

A

Hooke

65
Q

Hooke marked the beginning of what theory

A

cell therory

66
Q

what is cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells

67
Q

the first microbes were observed by

A

Leeuwenhoek

68
Q

spontaneous generation

A

the hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a ‘vital force’ is necessary for life

69
Q

biogenesis

A

the hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting cells

70
Q

1688 Redi

A

filled jars with decaying meat

71
Q

what were Redis findings

A

jars covered with fine net: no maggots
jars opened: maggots appeared
sealed jars: no maggots

72
Q

what was the purpose of the sealed jars in Redi’s experiment

A

to prove that maggots do not spontaneously generate

73
Q

1745 Needham

A

put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks

74
Q

what was Needhams findings

A

nutrient broth was heated and then placed into a flask and then covered. The results were microbial growth

75
Q

in Needmans experiment where did the growth come from

A

the air after the broth was heated

76
Q

1765 Spallanzani

A

nutrient broth placed in flask, sealed and then heated

77
Q

Spallanzanis findings with the broth

A

no microbial growth

78
Q

Theory biogenesis started in 1858 with

A

Virchow

79
Q

Virchow stated

A

cells arise from preexisting cells, challenging the case for spontaneous generation

80
Q

in 1861 ____ performed significant experiments to demonstrate microorganisms are present in the air

A

Pasteur

81
Q

Pasteurs experiments

A

poured broth into a straight flask, and microbes were present, then used a long neck S shaped flask and there were no signs of life

82
Q

what was unique about Pasteurs flask shape

A

it allowed air to pass but trapped microbes

83
Q

first golden age is from

A

1857-1914

84
Q

first golden age scientists and microbiologists

A

studied the chemical activities of microorganisms
improved microscopy
improved techniques for culturing microorganisms
developed vaccines
developed surgical techniques

85
Q

Pasteur showed that _____ carry out fermentation

A

yeasts

86
Q

fermentation

A

conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air

87
Q

Pasteurization

A

application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages

88
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen with a microscope

89
Q

in 1860s ____ applied Pasteurs work in the medical field

A

Lister

90
Q

What did Lister do to prevent wounds

A

used chemical antiseptic (phenol)

91
Q

Kochs Postulates

A

experimental steps to demonstrate that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

92
Q

vaccination is derived from the latin word ____ which means cow

A

vacca

93
Q

1796 Jenner

A

inoculated a person with cowpox virus who was then immune to smallpox

94
Q

protection from the disease or similar to build

A

immunity

95
Q

Chemotherapy

A

treatment of disease with chemicals

96
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases can be

A

synthetic drugs or antibiotics

97
Q

Antibiotics

A

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

98
Q

who speculated about a magic bullet that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

A

Ehrlich

99
Q

1928 Fleming

A

Discovered first antibiotic by accident (Penicillin)

100
Q

drug resistance results from

A

genetic changes in microbes that enable them to tolerate a certain amount of an antibiotic that would normally inhibit them

101
Q

bacteriology

A

study of bacteria

102
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi

103
Q

Parasitology

A

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

104
Q

immunology

A

study of immunity

105
Q

1933 Rebecca Lancefield

A

classified streptococci based on their cell wall components

106
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

107
Q

1892 Iwanoski

A

mosaic disease of tobacco

108
Q

1935 Stanley

A

discovered the cause of the mosaic disease of tobacco to be a virus: Tobacco Mosaic Virus

109
Q

Stanley’s work facilitated the work of

A

virus structure and chemistry

110
Q

Microbial genetics

A

study of how microbes inherit traits

111
Q

molecular biology

A

study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

112
Q

Genomics

A

the study of an organisms genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

113
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA made from 2 different sources

114
Q

who founded the path for recombinant DNA

A

Berg

115
Q

1941: Beadle and Tatum

A

showed that genes encode a cells enzymes

116
Q

1944: Avery, MacLeod and McCarty

A

showed that DNA is hereditary material

117
Q

1953: Watson and Crick

A

proposed a model of DNA structure

118
Q

1961 Jacob and Monod

A

discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis

119
Q

biotechnology

A

use of microbes for practical applications such as producing food and chemicals

120
Q

missing or defective genes in mean cells can be replaced by

A

gene therapy

121
Q

microbial ecology

A

study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

122
Q

Bioremediation

A

using microbes to clean up pollutants

123
Q

bacillus thuringiensis

A

infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to animals and plants

124
Q

normal microbiota

A

microbes normally present in and on the human body

125
Q

what do normal microbiota do

A

prevent growth of pathogens, produce growth factors such as vitamin B and K

126
Q

resistance

A

ability of the body to ward off diseases

127
Q

resistance factors

A

skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals

128
Q

biofilms

A

microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses

129
Q

where do biofilms grow on

A

rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants

130
Q

biofilms cause

A

infections

131
Q

why are biofilms often resistant to antibiotics

A

offer protective barrier

132
Q

emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

A

new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

133
Q

what defines a EID

A

pathogen invades a host and overcomes the hosts resistance, disease results

134
Q

how is zika spread

A

bite by a infected mosquito and sexual contact

135
Q

H1N1 influenza

A

swine flu

136
Q

H1N1 was first detected in

A

2009

137
Q

H1N1 was declared a pandemic in

A

2009

138
Q

Avian Influenza A (H5N1)

A

Influenza A virus

139
Q

Influenza A virus is primarily in

A

waterfowl and poultry

140
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

A

MRSA

141
Q

when did MRSA become penicillin resistance

A

1950s

142
Q

when did MRSA become Methicillin resistance

A

1980s

143
Q

when did MRSA become resistance to vancomycin

A

1990s

144
Q

how is ebola hemorrhagic fever transmitted

A

contact with infected blood or body fluids

Microbiology (20 decks)

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