Chapter 1 Flashcards
microorganisms are organisms that are
too small to be seen by the unaided eye
knowledge of microorganisms allows us to
prepare food safely and prevent spoilage
prevent and treat disease
understand causes and transmission of disease to prevent epidemics
types of microorganisms
bacteria
archaea
fungi
protozoa
microscopic algae
viruses
multicellular animal parasites
very few are actually
pathogenic
some examples of good microorganisms are
decompose organic wastes
generate oxygen by photosynthesis
produce chemical products (ethanol, acetone, and vitamins)
produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese and bread
produce products used in manufacturing and disease treatment
microbiome
a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body
the microbiome does what
help maintain good health
can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
may help train the immune system to discriminate threats
how many bacteria cells are in the intestine
40 trillion
normal microbiota is the collection of
acquired microorganisms on or in a healthy human being
colonization can only occur at body sites that
provide nutrients and the right environment for the microbes to flourish
human microbiome project
goal of determining the makeup of typical microbiota of various areas of the body
secondary goal of understanding relationship between changes in microbiome and human diseases
the national microbiome initiative
explores the role microbes play in different ecosystems
nomenclature
naming
who established the nomenclature system in 1735
Linnaeus
nomenclature comes up with names for the
scientific name
the genus is
capitalized
the epithet is
lowercase
who discovered the 3rd domain of microorganisms (archaea)
Woese (1978)
three domains of microorganisms
bacteria, archaea eukarya
bacteria include
organisms who cells walls contain peptidoglycan
archaea include
organisms who cell wall (if even present) lacks peptidoglycan
eukarya include
protists, fungi, plants, animals
protists are
slime molds, protozoa, algea
fungi include
unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, mushrooms
plants include
mosses ferns, conifers, flowering plants
animals include
sponges, worms, insects, vertebraes
it is important to know the different types of microorganisms and understand the differences between them why?
this information is imperative in selecting effective treatment options for specific infections
bacteria are prokaryotes meaning…
genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
bacteria has how many cells
single celled
bacteria has a peptidoglycan cell wall, what is that made of
carb and protein complex
bacteria divide via
binary fission
bacteria derive nutrition from
organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
bacteria may swim using
flagellas
archaea are what type of cell looking at their nucleus
prokaryotes
archaea often live in
extreme environments
methanogens archaea
produce methane from respiration
extreme halophiles archaea
live in extremely salty environments
extreme thermophiles archaea
live in extremely hot sulfur environments
Fungi are eukaryotes meaning
have a distinct nucleus
fungi’s cell walls are made up of
chitin
how do fungi get energy
absorb organic chemicals
yeasts are unicellular meaning
only have one cell
molds and mushrooms are
multicellular
molds consist of masses of mycelia which are composed of filaments called
hyphae
protozoa have a true nucleus meaning
they are eukaryotes
protozoa absorb or ingest
organic chemicals
protozoa may be motile via
pseudopods, cilia, flagella
protozoa are either free living or
parasitic
some protozoa are
Photosynthetic
protozoa can reproduce
Sexually, or asexually
algae have a true nucleus
Eukaryotes
algae has a cell wall made of
cellulose
algae is found in
freshwater, saltwater, and soil
how does algae get energy
Photosynthesis
when algae goes through photosynthesis it produces
oxygen, and carbs
algae reproduce
asexually or sexually
viruses are acellular meaning
they do not consist of cells
viruses consist of a core that is filled with
DNA/RNA
viruses core is surrounded by a
protein coat
viruses are replicated only when they are in
a living host cell
viruses are inert outside of
living host
most viruses can only be seen with a
electron microscope
parasitic flatworms ad roundworms are called
helminths
in 1665 who reported that living things are composed of little boxes or cells
Hooke
Hooke marked the beginning of what theory
cell therory
what is cell theory
all living things are composed of cells
the first microbes were observed by
Leeuwenhoek
spontaneous generation
the hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a ‘vital force’ is necessary for life
biogenesis
the hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting cells
1688 Redi
filled jars with decaying meat
what were Redis findings
jars covered with fine net: no maggots
jars opened: maggots appeared
sealed jars: no maggots
what was the purpose of the sealed jars in Redi’s experiment
to prove that maggots do not spontaneously generate
1745 Needham
put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks
what was Needhams findings
nutrient broth was heated and then placed into a flask and then covered. The results were microbial growth
in Needmans experiment where did the growth come from
the air after the broth was heated
1765 Spallanzani
nutrient broth placed in flask, sealed and then heated
Spallanzanis findings with the broth
no microbial growth
Theory biogenesis started in 1858 with
Virchow
Virchow stated
cells arise from preexisting cells, challenging the case for spontaneous generation
in 1861 ____ performed significant experiments to demonstrate microorganisms are present in the air
Pasteur
Pasteurs experiments
poured broth into a straight flask, and microbes were present, then used a long neck S shaped flask and there were no signs of life
what was unique about Pasteurs flask shape
it allowed air to pass but trapped microbes
first golden age is from
1857-1914
first golden age scientists and microbiologists
studied the chemical activities of microorganisms
improved microscopy
improved techniques for culturing microorganisms
developed vaccines
developed surgical techniques
Pasteur showed that _____ carry out fermentation
yeasts
fermentation
conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air
Pasteurization
application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
Germ Theory of Disease
certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen with a microscope
in 1860s ____ applied Pasteurs work in the medical field
Lister
What did Lister do to prevent wounds
used chemical antiseptic (phenol)
Kochs Postulates
experimental steps to demonstrate that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
vaccination is derived from the latin word ____ which means cow
vacca
1796 Jenner
inoculated a person with cowpox virus who was then immune to smallpox
protection from the disease or similar to build
immunity
Chemotherapy
treatment of disease with chemicals
Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases can be
synthetic drugs or antibiotics
Antibiotics
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
who speculated about a magic bullet that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host
Ehrlich
1928 Fleming
Discovered first antibiotic by accident (Penicillin)
drug resistance results from
genetic changes in microbes that enable them to tolerate a certain amount of an antibiotic that would normally inhibit them
bacteriology
study of bacteria
mycology
study of fungi
Parasitology
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
immunology
study of immunity
1933 Rebecca Lancefield
classified streptococci based on their cell wall components
virology
study of viruses
1892 Iwanoski
mosaic disease of tobacco
1935 Stanley
discovered the cause of the mosaic disease of tobacco to be a virus: Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Stanley’s work facilitated the work of
virus structure and chemistry
Microbial genetics
study of how microbes inherit traits
molecular biology
study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
Genomics
the study of an organisms genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
recombinant DNA
DNA made from 2 different sources
who founded the path for recombinant DNA
Berg
1941: Beadle and Tatum
showed that genes encode a cells enzymes
1944: Avery, MacLeod and McCarty
showed that DNA is hereditary material
1953: Watson and Crick
proposed a model of DNA structure
1961 Jacob and Monod
discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
biotechnology
use of microbes for practical applications such as producing food and chemicals
missing or defective genes in mean cells can be replaced by
gene therapy
microbial ecology
study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
Bioremediation
using microbes to clean up pollutants
bacillus thuringiensis
infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to animals and plants
normal microbiota
microbes normally present in and on the human body
what do normal microbiota do
prevent growth of pathogens, produce growth factors such as vitamin B and K
resistance
ability of the body to ward off diseases
resistance factors
skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals
biofilms
microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
where do biofilms grow on
rocks, pipes, teeth, medical implants
biofilms cause
infections
why are biofilms often resistant to antibiotics
offer protective barrier
emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
what defines a EID
pathogen invades a host and overcomes the hosts resistance, disease results
how is zika spread
bite by a infected mosquito and sexual contact
H1N1 influenza
swine flu
H1N1 was first detected in
2009
H1N1 was declared a pandemic in
2009
Avian Influenza A (H5N1)
Influenza A virus
Influenza A virus is primarily in
waterfowl and poultry
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA
when did MRSA become penicillin resistance
1950s
when did MRSA become Methicillin resistance
1980s
when did MRSA become resistance to vancomycin
1990s
how is ebola hemorrhagic fever transmitted
contact with infected blood or body fluids
