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Microbiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biotechnology

A

the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product

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2
Q

example of products biotechnology

A

foods, antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes

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3
Q

recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology

A

the insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

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4
Q

vector

A

self replicating DNA molecule used to transport foregin DNA into a cell

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5
Q

cells with vectors multiply to form

A

clone

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6
Q

clone

A

population of genetically identical cells arising from one cell; each carries the vector

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7
Q

selection

A

selecting for a naturally occurring microbe that produces a desired product

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8
Q

mutation

A

mutagens cause mutations that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait

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9
Q

site directed mutagenesis

A

a targeted and specific change in a gene

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10
Q

restriction enzyme cut specific sequences of

A

DNA

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11
Q

restriction enzymes _______ phosphodiester bonds between individual nucleotides at a specific recognition sequences on both strands DNA, and they are able to cut or digest the DNA sequence the same way every time

A

hydrolyze

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12
Q

restriction enzymes can occur

A

naturally

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13
Q

restriction enzymes typically cleave

A

unmethylated DNA

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14
Q

restriction enzymes create blunt ends or staggered cuts known as

A

sticky ends

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15
Q

___ ________ attaches the complementary sticky ends to one another this produces recombinant DNA molecule

A

DNA ligase

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16
Q

vectors carry new DNA to

A

desired cells

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17
Q

vectors must be able to

A

self replicate

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18
Q

______ and ______ can be used as vectors

A

plasmids, viruses

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19
Q

shuttle vectors

A

exist in several different species and can move cloned sequences among various organisms

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20
Q

PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction

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21
Q

PCR is a process of increasing small quants of DNA for

A

analysis

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22
Q

PCR is used for diagnostic tests for

A

genetic diseases and detecting pathogens

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23
Q

reverse transcription PCR uses ____ as a template and reverses the normal flow of genetic information. Utilizing the enzyme _______ ________ mRNA is used to create cDNA

A

mRNA, reverse transcriptase

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24
Q

what is cDNA

A

complementary DNA

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25
Q

the steps of PCR

A
  1. denaturation
  2. priming
  3. extension
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26
Q

denaturation PCR step is what temp

A

high temp

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27
Q

denaturation PCR results

A

DNA is incubated at high temp which causes the strands tp separate by breaking the hydrogen bonds

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28
Q

priming PCR temp

A

low temp

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29
Q

priming PCR results

A

DNA is incubated at a relatively low allowing primers to attach to the single stranded target DNA

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30
Q

extension PCR temp

A

intermediate temp

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31
Q

extension PCR results

A

DNA is incubated at an intermediate temp at which the DNA polymerase rapidly replicates DNA

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32
Q

PCR occurs in a machine called

A

thermocycler

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33
Q

PCR components

A

DNA polymerase, DNA primers, dATP, dCTP, dTTP, DGTP,

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34
Q

inserting foregin DNA into cells 3 types

A

transformation, electroporation, protoplast fusion

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35
Q

transformation

A

cells take up DNA from the surrounding environment

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36
Q

electroporation

A

electrical current forms pores in cell membranes

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37
Q

protoplast fusion

A

removing cell walls from 2 bacteria allows them to fuse

38
Q

DNA can be inserted into a cell by 2 ways

A

Gene gun, microinjection

39
Q

gene gun is used in

A

plants

40
Q

microinjection is a technique that uses a _____ _______ with a diameter much smaller than the cell, and is able to puncture the plasma membrane, so that DNA can be injected through it

A

glass micropipette

41
Q

genomic libraries are collections of clones containing different

A

DNA fragments

42
Q

an organisms DNA is digested and spliced into _______ or _______ ______ and introduced into bacteria

A

plasmid, phage vectors

43
Q

complementary DNA is made from mRNA by

A

reverse transcriptase

44
Q

genomic libraries are used for obtaining eukaryotic genes because

A

eukaryotic DNA has introns that do not code for protein

45
Q

mRNA has the _______ removed, coding only for the protein product

A

introns

46
Q

synthetic DNA builds genes using a

A

DNA synthesis machine

47
Q

in cloning it is necessary to select the particular cell that contains your specific ___ of interest

A

gene

48
Q

blue white screening uses _______ _____ containing ________ resistance gene and b-galactosidase

A

plasmid vector, ampicillin

49
Q

for blue white screening bacteria is grown in media containing ampicillin and X gal, a substrate for b- galactosidase, only the bacteria that picked up the plasmid will

A

grow

50
Q

white colonies

A

bacteria that picked up the the recombinant plasmid will not hydrolyze lactose

51
Q

blue colonies

A

bacteria with the intact lacZ gene will hydrolyze the x-gal and produce blue colonies

52
Q

colony hybridization

A

common method of identifying cells that carry specific gene

53
Q

colony hybridization uses DNA probes, what are these?

A

short segments of single stranded DNA complementary to the desired gene

54
Q

e coli advantages for using it in making a gene product

A

easily grown and its genomics are unknown

55
Q

e coli disadvantages for using it to make a gene product

A

produces endotoxins and does not secrete protein products

56
Q

saccharomyces cereviase is what

A

bakers yeast

57
Q

saccharomyces cereviase
- easily grown and has a ________ genome than bacteria
- expresses __________ genes easily
- likely to continuously secrete ________

A

larger, eukaryotic, product

58
Q

plant cels and whole plants
- express ________ genes easily
- plants are easily grown, large scale and ___ cost

A

eukaryotic, low

59
Q

mammalian cells
- express _________ genes easily
- can make products for ______ use
- ______ to grow

A

eukaryotic, medical, harder

60
Q

subunit vaccines

A

made from pathogen proteins in genetically modified yeasts

61
Q

DNA vaccines
usually _______ plasmid including a gene coding for a ____ protein

A

circular, viral

62
Q

gene therapy

A

to replace defective or missing genes

63
Q

gene editing uses

A

CRISPR

64
Q

gene editing

A

to correct genetic mutations at specific locations

65
Q

2 ways to conduct gene silencing

A

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
RNA interference (RNAi)

66
Q

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

A

bind to mRNA which is then destroyed by RNA induced silencing complex

67
Q

RNA interference (RNAi)

A

inserts DNA endowing siRNA into a plasmid and transferred into a cell

68
Q

shotgun sequencing

A

sequences small pieces of genomes which are assembled by a computer

69
Q

metagenomics

A

the study of genetic material directly from environmental samples

70
Q

Human Genome Project

A

sequences the entire human genome

71
Q

Human Proteome Project

A

will map proteins expressed in human cells

72
Q

bioinformatics

A

understanding gene function via computer assisted analysis

73
Q

proteomics

A

determining proteins expressed in a cell

74
Q

reverse genetics

A

discovering gene function from a genetic sequence

75
Q

southern blotting
DNA probes detect specific DNA fragments ________ which are restriction fragment length polymorphisms separated by ___ ________

A

RFLPs (rif lips), gel electrophoresis

76
Q

genetic testing

A

screening of parental or fetal tissue for several hundred possible genetic diseases

77
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

is used to identify pathogens

78
Q

PCR microarrays and DNA chips

A

can screen samples for multiple pathogens

79
Q

forensic microbiology can be used to

A

find proper collection of evidence and establish a chain of custody

80
Q

nanotechnology deals with the design and manufacture of extremely small electronic _______ and mechanical devices built at the ________ level of matter

A

devices, molecular

81
Q

bacteria can make nanoparticles from

A

gold, silver, selenium and cadmium

82
Q

Ti plasmid occurs in

A

agrobacterium tumefacines

83
Q

Ti plasmid is a plasmid that can be used to introduce recombinant DNA into a

A

plant

84
Q

Ti plasmid integrates into the plant genome and causes

A

tumor like growth

85
Q

Bt toxins is normally produced by

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

86
Q

Bt toxins can be produced at larger amounts by genetically modified

A

Pseudomonas fluorescens

87
Q

Bt toxin is used as

A

pest control for insects that feed on crop plants

88
Q

suppression of gene agricultural example

A

tomatoes that stay firm after harvest because the enzyme that breaks down pectin is suppressed

89
Q

suppression of genes is achieves with

A

antisense DNA

90
Q

antisense DNA is a length of DNA complementary to the ____ for the enzyme is synthesize and then is taken up by the cell where it binds to mRNA which inhibits _______ then the DNA-RNA hybrid is degraded by ______ in the cell and this frees up the antisense DNA to disable another mRNA

A

mRNA, translation, enzymes

91
Q

when using DNA technology we need to avoid accidental release into the

A

environment

92
Q

when making genetically modified crops we must make sure they are safe for

A

consumption and environment

Microbiology (20 decks)

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