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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

are proteins organic or inorganic?

A

organic

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2
Q

proteins are made of

A

C, H, O, N and sometimes S

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3
Q

proteins are essential in cell

A

structure and function

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4
Q

enzymes speed up

A

chemical reactions

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5
Q

transporter proteins move

A

chemicals across membranes, in and out of the cell

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6
Q

flagella aid in

A

movement

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7
Q

proteins make up integral parts of cell structure such as

A

cell membrane, cell wall and cytoplasm

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8
Q

proteins consist of subunits called

A

amino acids

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9
Q

amino acids contain what 3 groups

A

carboxyl group, amino group, and a side group

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10
Q

carboxyl group, amino group, and a side group are all attached to

A

alpha carbon

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11
Q

side group is called

A

R group

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12
Q

what group is the distinguishing feature of the amino acids

A

R group/side group

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13
Q

R group can be

A

hydrogen atoms, branch of atoms, unbranched, ring structure (sicklic, or heterosicklic)

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14
Q

sicklic

A

contain only carbon atoms

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15
Q

heterosicklic

A

include other atoms than carbon

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16
Q

the alpha carbon is

A

the carbon atom that the amino group the carboxyl group and the side group all attach to

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17
Q

Stereoisomers two types

A

D and L

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18
Q

D stereoisomers are left or right hand

A

right hand

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19
Q

L stereoisomers are left or right hand

A

left hand

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20
Q

what stereoisomer is most common in nature

A

L forms

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21
Q

L stereoisomer: COOH
What is the D stereoisomer

A

HOOC

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22
Q

L stereoisomer: H2N
What is the D stereoisomer

A

NH2

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23
Q

Peptide bonds are between _____ acids

A

amino

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24
Q

peptide bonds are formed by ________ synthesis

A

dehydration

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25
Q

for every peptide bond formed what is released

A

one H2O

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26
Q

A peptide bond is a bond between the OH in the carboxyl group and the __ in the amino group

A

H

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27
Q

In a peptide bond the bonded OH and H are removed as

A

H2O

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28
Q

after the peptide bond is completed where is the 2 molecules connected at

A

the C in the carboxyl group and the N in the amino Group

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29
Q

proteins have _ levels of organization

A

4

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30
Q

the variation of the protein structure is directly related to the

A

diverse function

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31
Q

function of a protein depends on its ability to

A

recognize and bind to some other moleulce

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32
Q

the unique shape of each protein permits it to

A

interact with another specific molecule and carry out specific functions

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33
Q

when a cell makes a protein the polypeptide chain folds spontaneously to assume a

A

certain shape

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34
Q

one reason for folding the polypeptide chain is because

A

some parts of the protein are attracted to water and others are repelled

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35
Q

4 protein levels

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

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36
Q

primary structure is ______ determined

A

genetically

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37
Q

primary structure is a

A

polypeptide chain

38
Q

primary structure forms what kind of shape

A

single line, no 3D shapes

39
Q

secondary structure occurs when the

A

amino acid chain folds and coils in a helix or pleated sheet

40
Q

in secondary structure the repetitious and localized folding and twisting of the polypeptide chain results from

A

hydrogen bonding at locations along the chain

41
Q

what bond is present in secondary

A

hydrogen

42
Q

tertiary structure occurs when

A

helix or sheet folds irregularly

43
Q

tertiary structures form

A

disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds

44
Q

what bonds are present in tertiary structure

A

peptide, hydrogen, ionic bonds between amino acids, disulfide bridges between cys residues

45
Q

the folding in tertiary is not

A

repetitive or predictable

46
Q

quaternary structure consists of

A

two or more polypeptides that function as a single unit

47
Q

quaternary structure has what bonds

A

same as tertiary: peptide, hydrogen, ionic bonds between amino acids, disulfide bridges between cys residues

48
Q

quaternary structure is

A

globular and fibronous

49
Q

proteins undergo ________ which is where they lose their shape

A

denaturation

50
Q

when a protein loses their shape they lose their

A

function

51
Q

denaturation occurs when proteins encounter

A

hostile environments such as temp, pH, salt

52
Q

simple proteins only contain

A

amino acids

53
Q

conjugated proteins consist of

A

amino acids and other organic moleules

54
Q

conjugated proteins are named after the

A

non amino acid component

55
Q

glycoprotein is a ______ and amino acid

A

sugar

56
Q

nucleoproteins is a ______ and amino acid

A

nucleic

57
Q

lipoproteins is a _______ and amino acid

A

lipid

58
Q

conjugated proteins are important regulators in

A

eukaryotic cells and some bacteria

59
Q

nucleic acids are made up of

A

nucleotides

60
Q

nucleotides are made up of 3 parts

A

five carbon (pentose) sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen containing (purine/pyrimidine) base

61
Q

purine _____ ring

A

double

62
Q

pyrimidine ______ ring

A

single

63
Q

nitrogen containing base is a _______ compound

A

sicklic

64
Q

nitrogen containing base is made up of

A

C,H,O,N atoms

65
Q

examples of nitrogen containing bases are

A

adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine, thymine

66
Q

DNA does not contain

A

uracil

67
Q

purine examples

A

adenine, guanine

68
Q

pyrimidine examples

A

thymine, cytosine, uracil

69
Q

nucleic acids are named off of

A

nitrogen containing base

70
Q

nucleosides consist of

A

pentose, nitrogen containing base but NO PHOSPHATE GROUP

71
Q

DNA and RNA are made up of

A

nucleic acids

72
Q

DNA is __________ acid

A

deoxyribonucleic acids

73
Q

DNA is made up of

A

deoxyribose

74
Q

DNA is a double _____

A

helix

75
Q

in DNA adenine hydrogen bonds with ______

A

thymine

76
Q

in DNA cytosine hydrogen bonds with ______

A

guanine

77
Q

in DNA the order of the nitrogen containing base forms the

A

genetic instructions of the organism

78
Q

ribose and deoxyribose difference

A

ribose contains one more oxygen

79
Q

RNA is made of _________ acid

A

ribonucleic acid

80
Q

ribonucleic acid contains

A

ribose

81
Q

RNA is ______ stranded

A

single

82
Q

in RNA adenine hydrogen bonds with ______

A

uracil

83
Q

in RNA cytosine hydrogen bonds with _______

A

guanine

84
Q

RNA does not contain

A

thymine

85
Q

3 kinds of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

86
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

87
Q

ATP is made up of

A

ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups

88
Q

ATP is the ______ carrying molecule of the cell

A

energy

89
Q

ATP releases energy when one of the three phosphate groups is

A

hydrolyzed

90
Q

once ATP is hydrolyzed it turns into

A

ADP

Microbiology (20 decks)

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