Chapter 2 Flashcards
are proteins organic or inorganic?
organic
proteins are made of
C, H, O, N and sometimes S
proteins are essential in cell
structure and function
enzymes speed up
chemical reactions
transporter proteins move
chemicals across membranes, in and out of the cell
flagella aid in
movement
proteins make up integral parts of cell structure such as
cell membrane, cell wall and cytoplasm
proteins consist of subunits called
amino acids
amino acids contain what 3 groups
carboxyl group, amino group, and a side group
carboxyl group, amino group, and a side group are all attached to
alpha carbon
side group is called
R group
what group is the distinguishing feature of the amino acids
R group/side group
R group can be
hydrogen atoms, branch of atoms, unbranched, ring structure (sicklic, or heterosicklic)
sicklic
contain only carbon atoms
heterosicklic
include other atoms than carbon
the alpha carbon is
the carbon atom that the amino group the carboxyl group and the side group all attach to
Stereoisomers two types
D and L
D stereoisomers are left or right hand
right hand
L stereoisomers are left or right hand
left hand
what stereoisomer is most common in nature
L forms
L stereoisomer: COOH
What is the D stereoisomer
HOOC
L stereoisomer: H2N
What is the D stereoisomer
NH2
Peptide bonds are between _____ acids
amino
peptide bonds are formed by ________ synthesis
dehydration
for every peptide bond formed what is released
one H2O
A peptide bond is a bond between the OH in the carboxyl group and the __ in the amino group
H
In a peptide bond the bonded OH and H are removed as
H2O
after the peptide bond is completed where is the 2 molecules connected at
the C in the carboxyl group and the N in the amino Group
proteins have _ levels of organization
4
the variation of the protein structure is directly related to the
diverse function
function of a protein depends on its ability to
recognize and bind to some other moleulce
the unique shape of each protein permits it to
interact with another specific molecule and carry out specific functions
when a cell makes a protein the polypeptide chain folds spontaneously to assume a
certain shape
one reason for folding the polypeptide chain is because
some parts of the protein are attracted to water and others are repelled
4 protein levels
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
primary structure is ______ determined
genetically
primary structure is a
polypeptide chain
primary structure forms what kind of shape
single line, no 3D shapes
secondary structure occurs when the
amino acid chain folds and coils in a helix or pleated sheet
in secondary structure the repetitious and localized folding and twisting of the polypeptide chain results from
hydrogen bonding at locations along the chain
what bond is present in secondary
hydrogen
tertiary structure occurs when
helix or sheet folds irregularly
tertiary structures form
disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds
what bonds are present in tertiary structure
peptide, hydrogen, ionic bonds between amino acids, disulfide bridges between cys residues
the folding in tertiary is not
repetitive or predictable
quaternary structure consists of
two or more polypeptides that function as a single unit
quaternary structure has what bonds
same as tertiary: peptide, hydrogen, ionic bonds between amino acids, disulfide bridges between cys residues
quaternary structure is
globular and fibronous
proteins undergo ________ which is where they lose their shape
denaturation
when a protein loses their shape they lose their
function
denaturation occurs when proteins encounter
hostile environments such as temp, pH, salt
simple proteins only contain
amino acids
conjugated proteins consist of
amino acids and other organic moleules
conjugated proteins are named after the
non amino acid component
glycoprotein is a ______ and amino acid
sugar
nucleoproteins is a ______ and amino acid
nucleic
lipoproteins is a _______ and amino acid
lipid
conjugated proteins are important regulators in
eukaryotic cells and some bacteria
nucleic acids are made up of
nucleotides
nucleotides are made up of 3 parts
five carbon (pentose) sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen containing (purine/pyrimidine) base
purine _____ ring
double
pyrimidine ______ ring
single
nitrogen containing base is a _______ compound
sicklic
nitrogen containing base is made up of
C,H,O,N atoms
examples of nitrogen containing bases are
adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine, thymine
DNA does not contain
uracil
purine examples
adenine, guanine
pyrimidine examples
thymine, cytosine, uracil
nucleic acids are named off of
nitrogen containing base
nucleosides consist of
pentose, nitrogen containing base but NO PHOSPHATE GROUP
DNA and RNA are made up of
nucleic acids
DNA is __________ acid
deoxyribonucleic acids
DNA is made up of
deoxyribose
DNA is a double _____
helix
in DNA adenine hydrogen bonds with ______
thymine
in DNA cytosine hydrogen bonds with ______
guanine
in DNA the order of the nitrogen containing base forms the
genetic instructions of the organism
ribose and deoxyribose difference
ribose contains one more oxygen
RNA is made of _________ acid
ribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid contains
ribose
RNA is ______ stranded
single
in RNA adenine hydrogen bonds with ______
uracil
in RNA cytosine hydrogen bonds with _______
guanine
RNA does not contain
thymine
3 kinds of RNA
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
ATP is made up of
ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups
ATP is the ______ carrying molecule of the cell
energy
ATP releases energy when one of the three phosphate groups is
hydrolyzed
once ATP is hydrolyzed it turns into
ADP
