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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

are proteins organic or inorganic?

A

organic

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2
Q

proteins are made of

A

C, H, O, N and sometimes S

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3
Q

proteins are essential in cell

A

structure and function

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4
Q

enzymes speed up

A

chemical reactions

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5
Q

transporter proteins move

A

chemicals across membranes, in and out of the cell

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6
Q

flagella aid in

A

movement

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7
Q

proteins make up integral parts of cell structure such as

A

cell membrane, cell wall and cytoplasm

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8
Q

proteins consist of subunits called

A

amino acids

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9
Q

amino acids contain what 3 groups

A

carboxyl group, amino group, and a side group

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10
Q

carboxyl group, amino group, and a side group are all attached to

A

alpha carbon

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11
Q

side group is called

A

R group

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12
Q

what group is the distinguishing feature of the amino acids

A

R group/side group

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13
Q

R group can be

A

hydrogen atoms, branch of atoms, unbranched, ring structure (sicklic, or heterosicklic)

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14
Q

sicklic

A

contain only carbon atoms

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15
Q

heterosicklic

A

include other atoms than carbon

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16
Q

the alpha carbon is

A

the carbon atom that the amino group the carboxyl group and the side group all attach to

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17
Q

Stereoisomers two types

A

D and L

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18
Q

D stereoisomers are left or right hand

A

right hand

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19
Q

L stereoisomers are left or right hand

A

left hand

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20
Q

what stereoisomer is most common in nature

A

L forms

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21
Q

L stereoisomer: COOH
What is the D stereoisomer

A

HOOC

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22
Q

L stereoisomer: H2N
What is the D stereoisomer

A

NH2

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23
Q

Peptide bonds are between _____ acids

A

amino

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24
Q

peptide bonds are formed by ________ synthesis

A

dehydration

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25
for every peptide bond formed what is released
one H2O
26
A peptide bond is a bond between the OH in the carboxyl group and the __ in the amino group
H
27
In a peptide bond the bonded OH and H are removed as
H2O
28
after the peptide bond is completed where is the 2 molecules connected at
the C in the carboxyl group and the N in the amino Group
29
proteins have _ levels of organization
4
30
the variation of the protein structure is directly related to the
diverse function
31
function of a protein depends on its ability to
recognize and bind to some other moleulce
32
the unique shape of each protein permits it to
interact with another specific molecule and carry out specific functions
33
when a cell makes a protein the polypeptide chain folds spontaneously to assume a
certain shape
34
one reason for folding the polypeptide chain is because
some parts of the protein are attracted to water and others are repelled
35
4 protein levels
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
36
primary structure is ______ determined
genetically
37
primary structure is a
polypeptide chain
38
primary structure forms what kind of shape
single line, no 3D shapes
39
secondary structure occurs when the
amino acid chain folds and coils in a helix or pleated sheet
40
in secondary structure the repetitious and localized folding and twisting of the polypeptide chain results from
hydrogen bonding at locations along the chain
41
what bond is present in secondary
hydrogen
42
tertiary structure occurs when
helix or sheet folds irregularly
43
tertiary structures form
disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds
44
what bonds are present in tertiary structure
peptide, hydrogen, ionic bonds between amino acids, disulfide bridges between cys residues
45
the folding in tertiary is not
repetitive or predictable
46
quaternary structure consists of
two or more polypeptides that function as a single unit
47
quaternary structure has what bonds
same as tertiary: peptide, hydrogen, ionic bonds between amino acids, disulfide bridges between cys residues
48
quaternary structure is
globular and fibronous
49
proteins undergo ________ which is where they lose their shape
denaturation
50
when a protein loses their shape they lose their
function
51
denaturation occurs when proteins encounter
hostile environments such as temp, pH, salt
52
simple proteins only contain
amino acids
53
conjugated proteins consist of
amino acids and other organic moleules
54
conjugated proteins are named after the
non amino acid component
55
glycoprotein is a ______ and amino acid
sugar
56
nucleoproteins is a ______ and amino acid
nucleic
57
lipoproteins is a _______ and amino acid
lipid
58
conjugated proteins are important regulators in
eukaryotic cells and some bacteria
59
nucleic acids are made up of
nucleotides
60
nucleotides are made up of 3 parts
five carbon (pentose) sugar phosphate group nitrogen containing (purine/pyrimidine) base
61
purine _____ ring
double
62
pyrimidine ______ ring
single
63
nitrogen containing base is a _______ compound
sicklic
64
nitrogen containing base is made up of
C,H,O,N atoms
65
examples of nitrogen containing bases are
adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine, thymine
66
DNA does not contain
uracil
67
purine examples
adenine, guanine
68
pyrimidine examples
thymine, cytosine, uracil
69
nucleic acids are named off of
nitrogen containing base
70
nucleosides consist of
pentose, nitrogen containing base but NO PHOSPHATE GROUP
71
DNA and RNA are made up of
nucleic acids
72
DNA is __________ acid
deoxyribonucleic acids
73
DNA is made up of
deoxyribose
74
DNA is a double _____
helix
75
in DNA adenine hydrogen bonds with ______
thymine
76
in DNA cytosine hydrogen bonds with ______
guanine
77
in DNA the order of the nitrogen containing base forms the
genetic instructions of the organism
78
ribose and deoxyribose difference
ribose contains one more oxygen
79
RNA is made of _________ acid
ribonucleic acid
80
ribonucleic acid contains
ribose
81
RNA is ______ stranded
single
82
in RNA adenine hydrogen bonds with ______
uracil
83
in RNA cytosine hydrogen bonds with _______
guanine
84
RNA does not contain
thymine
85
3 kinds of RNA
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
86
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
87
ATP is made up of
ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups
88
ATP is the ______ carrying molecule of the cell
energy
89
ATP releases energy when one of the three phosphate groups is
hydrolyzed
90
once ATP is hydrolyzed it turns into
ADP

Microbiology (20 decks)

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