Chapter 8 Flashcards
what is the central dogma
the overall flow of genetic information within the cell
3 steps of the overall flow of information (central dogma)
DNA –> RNA –> Protein
mutations can be caused by
base substitutions or frameshift mutations
genetics
the study of genes, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and ow genes are replicated
chromosome
structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information; the chromosome contain genes
Genes
segments of DNA that encode functional products, usually proteins
Genome
all the genetic information in a cell
genetic code
set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein
genotype
the genetic make up of an organism
genotype represents _______ expression
potential
phenotype represents ________ expression
actual
bacteria usually have a _______ circular chromosome made of ____ and associated _________
single, DNA, protein
the chromosome is _______ and ________ and attached at one or several points to the _________ ________
looped, folded, plasma membrane
how much volume does the chromosome take up
10%
why does a chromosome only take up 10% volume
decays the DNA is supercoiled
the entire genome does not consist of __________
back-to-back genes
short tandem repeats
repeating sequences of noncoding DNA
short tandem repeats can be used in
DNA fingerprinting
Genomics
the sequencing and molecular characterization of genomes
computers are used to search for opening reading frames
regions of DNA likely to encode a protein
vertical gene transfer
flow of genetic information from one generation to the next
DNA is _________ into mRNA and then __________ into protein
transcribed, translated
DNA is the blueprint for a cells _______
proteins
DNA is obtained
from another cell in the same generation
or
from a parent cell during cell division