Chapter 4 Flashcards by Lani Manners

prokaryote

simpler and smaller

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prokaryote DNA is

not surrounded in a membrane

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prokaryote has 1

chromosome, not in a membrane

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prokaryote has ___ histones

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prokaryotes have __ organelles

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bacteria have a ________ cell walls

peptidoglycan

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archaea have ___________ cell walls

pseudomurein

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prokaryotes divide by

binary fission

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eukaryote have a paired

chromosome in a membrane

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eukaryotes have

histones and organelles

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eukaryote cell walls, when present, are made of

polysaccharide

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eukaryotes divide via

mitosis

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shape of bacteria is _______ inherited

geneticlly

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most bacteria are

monomorphic (single shape)

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few bacteria are

pleomorphic (many shapes)

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bacillius

rod shaped

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coccus

spherical shape

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spiral 3 types

vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

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2 other bacteria shapes

star and rectangular

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pairs

diplococci, diplobacilli

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clusters

staphylococci

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clusters is prefix

staphlo

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chains is prefix

strepto

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chains

streptococci, streptobacilli

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groups of four

tetrads

cubelike groups of 8

sarcinae

as bacillus cells age their cell walls

thin, and their gram stain reaction is variable

glycocalyx is external or internal to cell wall

external

glycocalyx texture is

viscous and gelatinous

glycocalyx is made of

polysaccharide and/or polypeptide

glycocalyx surrounds the

cell

glycocalyx is made

inside the cell

many prokaryotes secrete

glycocalyx

2 types of glycocalyx

capsule and slime layer

capsule

neatly organized and firmly attached

slime layer

unorganized and loosely attached

glycocalyx contribute to virulence which is

the degree to which a pathogen can cause disease

capsules prevent

phagocytosis

extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) helps form

biofilms and help attach it to a surface

EPS protects cells within it facilitating _______ enabling cells to ________

communication/survive

flagella are ___________ _______ external to the cell

filamentous appendages

flagella propel

bacteria

flagella are made of the protein

flagellin

flagella have three parts

filament, hooks, and basal body

flagella filament

outermost region, contains the protein

flagella hook

attaches to the filament

flagella basal body

consists of rod and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

do not have flagella

atrichous

have flagella throughout the cell

peritrichous

single flagella at one end

monotrichous and polar

tuft of flagella at one end

lophotrikhous and polar

flagella at both ends

amphitrichous and polar

flagella allow bacteria to move

toward or away from stimuli

chemotaxis

chemical attractants

phototaxis

light

flagella rotate to

run or tumble

flagella movement results from rotation of

basal body

as a flagella rotate they form a bundle that pushes against the surrounding liquid and

propels the bacterium

flagella rotation depends on

cells continuous generation of energy

flagella run

when a bacterium moves in one direction for a length of time

runs are interrupted by periodic and abrupt random changes in direction called

tumble

after a tumble

the run resumes

tumbles are caused by

reversal of flagular rotation

archaella rotate like

flagella

archaella are made of glycoproteins

archaellins

archaella are anchored to the

cell

axial filaments are also called

endoflagella

endoflagella are anchored at one end of

spirochete

endoflagella rotation of filaments produces movement of

outer sheath

endoflagella are found in

spirochetes

endoflagella rotation causes cell to move like a

corkscrew

fimbriae are found in many gram

negative

fimbriae are shorter, straighter and thiner than

flagella

fimbriae are hairlike appendages that allow for

attachment

fimbriae are involved with

biofilms

fimbriae help adhere to

epithelial

fimbriae help patho bacteria colonize

mucous membranes

pili are longer than

fimbriae

1 or 2

pili per cell

pili are involved with

motility, gliding or twitching

gliding

smooth movement

twitching movement

makes contact with surface, short jerky movement

conjugation pili are invoked in

DNA transfer from one cell to another

cell wall is responsible for

shape of cell

cell wall protects cell from adverse changes in the

environment

cell wall prevents _______ lysis and protects the cell membrane

osmotic

in bacteria cells are made of

peptidoglycan

cell wall contributes to

pathogenicity

peptidoglycan is a

polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows

the disaccharides making up peptidoglycan are

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

the rows of NAG and NAM are linked by

polypeptides

gram positive cells stain

purple

gram positive cell walls have a thick

peptidoglycan

gram positive cell walls also have _______ acid

teichoic

gram negative cells stain

pink

gram negative cell walls have thin

peptidoglycan

gram negative cell walls have an outer

membrane

gram negative cell walls have a ________ space

periplasmic

two types of teichoic acid

lipoteichoic acid wall teichoic acid

lipoteichoic acid

links cell wall to plasma membrane

wall teichoic acid

links the peptidoglycan

teichoic acid carry a _______ charge

negative

teichoic acid regulate movement of

cations

polysaccharides and teichoic acids provide

antigenic specificity

gram negative cell walls contain

periplasm and outer membrane

periplasm

region between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane- contains peptidoglycan

outer membrane is made of

lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and phospholipids

gram negative cell wall outer membrane protects from

phagocytes

gram neg cell walls serve as a barrier against

antibiotics, and other things like lysozymes

gram neg cell walls are made of

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

O polysaccharide functions as

antigen

lipid A is an ______ embedded in the top layer of the membrane

endotoxin

porins form ______ through membrane

channels

in a gram pos gram stain the alcohol dehydrates the _______ and the crystal violet crystals do not leave

peptidoglycan

in a gram neg gram stain the alcohol dissolves the __________ and leaves holes in the peptidoglycan leading to crystal violet washing out

outer membrane

gram pos cells have __ rings in basal body of flagella

gram pos cells produce

exotoxins

gram pos cells have a high susceptibility to

penicllin

gram pos are disrupted by

lysozyme

gram neg have __ rings in basal body of flagella

gram neg produce

endotoxins and exotoxins

gram neg have a ___ susceptibility to penicllin

low

acid fast cell walls have

mycolic acid

in acid fast cells the mycolic acid is bound to

peptidoglycan

if an acid fast cells were to lose their mycolic acid layer they would stain

gram pos

2 bacteria that are acid fast

mycobacterium and nocardia

2 types of atypical cell walls

mycoplasma and archaea

mycoplasma lack

cell walls

mycoplasmas have ____ in plasma membrane

sterols

archaea can have

cell walls or no cell walls

if archaea have cell walls they lack peptidoglycan but have walls made of

pseudomurein

lysozymes do damage to the cell wall by _______ the bonds in the peptidoglycan

hydrolyzes

penicillin inhibits ________ ____ in peptidoglycan

peptide bonds

protoplasm is a

wall less gram pos cell

spheroplast is a

wall less gram neg cell

protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to ______ ____ because of the lack of protection due to no cell wall

osmotic lysis

L forms are wall less cells that swell into

irregular shapes

phospholipid bilayer encloses the

cytoplasm

_________ proteins are on the membrane surface

peripheral

_______ and _________ proteins penetrate the membrane

integral/ transmembrane

phospholipid bilayer is made of a ______ head and a ___________ tails

polar/hydrophobic

fluid mosaic model the large moleules cannot

pass

plasma membrane is a selective permeability which means

it allows the passage of some molecules but not others

some membranes have photosynthetic pigments on foldings called

chromatophores

damage to the membrane can cause

leakage of cell contents

damage to the cell wall can be caused by

alcohols, quaternary ammonium or detergents and polymyxin antibiotics

passive process

substances move from high concentration to low concentration; no energy expended

active process

substances move from low concentration to high concentration; energy expended

simple diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

simple diffusion continues until molecules reach

equilibrium

passive process examples

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

facilitated diffusion

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane,

facilitated diffusion transports ____ and _____ molecules across a membrane with the concentration gradient

ions/larger

osmosis

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

osmosis occurs through the

lipid bilayer

osmosis also occurs through

aquaporins

osmotic pressure

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

isotonic solution

solute concentrations equal inside and outside the cell

what happens to the cells in isotonic solution

nothing

in an isotonic solution the water is at

equilibrium

hypotonic

solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell

what happens to cells in the hypotonic solution

moves into the cell and cells can burst (osmotic lysis)

hypertonic

solute concentration is higher outside of cell than inside

what happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution

water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks (plasmolysis)

active transport

requires a transporter protein and ATP

active transport moves cells ______ gradient

against

group translocation

requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid; substance is altered as it crosses the membrane

cytoplasm is ___% water, proteins, carbs, lipids and ions

cytoskeleton

series of fibers/rods in cytoskeleton

bacterial chromosome

circular thread of DNA that contains the cells genetic information

plasmids

extrachromosomal genetic elements; carry non-crucial genes

example of non crucial genes that plasmids carry

antibiotic resistance, production of toxins

ribosomes are in

eukaryotes and prokaryotes

ribosomes is the site for ______ synthesis

protein

ribosomes are made of proteins and

rRNA

ribosomes 70S is made of

50S and 30S subunits

metachromatic granules (volition)

phosphate reserves

polysaccharide granules

energy reserves

lipid inclusions

energy reserves

sulfur granules

energy reserves

carboxysomes

contain enzyme ribulose for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis

gas vacuoles

protein covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy in aquatic prokaryotes

magnetosomes

iron oxide inclusions formed by several gram neg bacteria, destroy H2O2

endospores are in gram

pos

endospores in resting cells are produced when

nutrients are depleted

endospores are resistant to

desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation

endospores are produced by

bacillus and clostridium

sporulation

endospore formation

germination

endospore returns to vegetative state

flagella and cilia

projections used for locomotion or moving substances along cell surface

flagella

long projections, few in number

cilia

short projections; numerous

flagella and cilia both consist of

microtubles

microtubules are made of the protein

tubulin

cell wall is found in

plants, algae, fungi

cell wall is made of

carbs

in plants the cell wall is made of

cellulose

in fungi the cell wall is made of

chitin

in yeasts the cell wall is made of

gluten and mannan

glycocalyx: carbs are bonded to _____ and _____ in the ______ ______

proteins/lipids/plasma membrane

glycocalyx is found in

animal cells

how are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar

in structure, both have phospholipid bilayer and internal and peripheral proteins

sterols are found in

eukaryotic cells

sterols are only found in what specific type of prokaryotes

mycoplasma cells

sterols are

complex lipids

carbs are found in

eukaryotic cells

carbs un the membrane are used for

attachment and cell to cell recognition

the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells are similar to prokaryotic cells in regards to function

both have selective permeability, both have simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport

eukaryotic plasma membrane function differ from prokaryotic cells in function

doing endocytosis

endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor medicated endocytosis

phagocytosis

pseudopods extend and engulf particles

pinocytosis

membrane fold inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

receptor mediated endocytosis

substances bind to receptors in the membrane and it folds inward

some viruses enter the cell through what form of endocytosis

receptor mediated endocytosis

the movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus is called

taxis

if the chemotactic signal is positive it is called an

attractant

how does a bacterium move toward an attractant

many runs and few tumbles

if the chemotactic signal is negative this is called an

repelant

the frequency of ______ increase as the bacterium moves away from the repelant

tumbles

serovars

variations of a species

the flagellar proteins H antigen helps distinguish between

serovars

fimbrae occur at

poles of the bacteria cell

fimbrae are involved in forming

biofilms

major function of the cell wall is to prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the ____ _________ inside the cell is greater than outside

water pressure

cell wall contributes to the ability of some species to cause

disease

polypeptide link aways includes a

tetrapeptide side chain

tetra peptide side chain consist of

4 amino acids attached to NAMs in the backbone

parallel tetra peptide side chains may be directly boned to each other or linked by

peptide cross bridge

peptide cross bridge consists of

short chain of amino acids

penicillin interferes with the

peptide cross bridges

when penicillin acts on the peptide cross bridge the ___ _____ is greatly weakened

cell wall

penicillin causes death to the cell ultimately by

lysis

in a gram pos bacteria in-between the cell wall and the plasma membrane is the

periplasmic space

in gram pos cells the periplasmic space contains the

granular layer

the granular layer is composed of

lipoteichoic acid

teichoic acids consist primarily of an

alcohol and phosphate

in gram neg bacteria the peptidoglycan is bonded to lipoprotein in the outermsmbrane and is located in the

periplasm

gel like fluid in the periplasmic space of gram negative bacteria

periplasm contains high concentration of

degrative enzymes and transport proteins

gram neg cells DO NOT contain

teichoic acids

gram neg cells are more susceptible to _________ breakage

mechanical

in gram neg bacteria the outermsmbrane has a strong neg charge which is an important factor in evading

phagocytosis

lipopolysaccharide is composed of 3 parts

lipid A core polysaccharide O polysaccharide

lipid A is the lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide and is embedded in the

top layer of the outermembrane

when gram neg cells die they release

lipid A

lipid A functions as a

endotoxin

lipid A is responsible for the symptoms associated with ________ by gram neg bacteria

infection

core polysaccharide is attached to

lipid A

core polysaccharide contains

unusal sugars

core polysaccharides function is

structural

O polysaccharide extends outward from

core polysaccharide

O polysaccharide is composed of

sugar moleules

O polysaccharides function is

antigen

O polysaccharide is useful in distinguishing

serovars of gram neg bacteria

how are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar according to their cell membranes

phospholipid bilayer intergral and peripheral protiens

sterols are found in what cells

eukaryotic cells

sterols are complex

lipids

sterols are only found in one type of prokaryotes

mycoplasma cells

eukaryotic cells also have

carbs

in the cell membranes carbs are used for

attachment and cell to cell recognition

cytoplasm

substance inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus

cytosol

fluid portion of cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments; gives shape and support

cytoplasmic streaming

movement of the cytoplasm throughout a cell

70S protiens are found

in chloroplasts and mitochondria

80S ribosomes are found in

eukaryotic cells

ribosomes are the site for

protein synthesis

80S ribosomes consist of

60S and 40S subunit

80S ribosomes are either

membrane bound (attached to ER) or free

organelle

any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

nucleus is a double

membrane structure (nuclear envelope)

DNA is complexed with histone proteins to form

chromatin

during mitosis and meiosis chromatin condenses into

chromosomes

rough ER is the site of

protein synthesis

rough ER is studded with

ribosomes

smooth ER has no

ribosomes

smooth ER synthesizes cell

membranes, fats and hormones

Golgi complex is the ______ organelle

transport

golgi complex modifies ______ from the ER

protein

golgi complex is transports modified protiens via

secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane

cells that carry out phagocytosis have many

lysosomes

lysosomes are vesicles formed in the

golgi complex

lysosomes contain _______ enzymes

digestive

vacuoles are cavities in the cell formed by the

golgi complex

vacuoles bring _____ into cells and provide _______ and ______

food, shape, storage

mitochondria has a _______ ________, inner and outer

double membrane

mitochondria contain inner folds called _______ and fluid called _______

cristae, matrix

mitochondria are involved with

cellular respiration

cristae provide

large surface area

chloroplasts are locations of

photosynthesis

chloroplasts contain flattened membranes called __________ that contain chlorophyll

thylakoids

one stack of thylakoids

granum

multiple stacks of thylakoids

grana

peroxisomes oxidize

fatty acids

peroxisomes destroy

H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

centrosomes are a network of

protein fibers and centrioles

centrosomes form the

mitotic spindle

centrosomes are critical in

cell division

centrosomes are site of ________ formation in non dividing cells

microtubule

life arose as simple oraganisms ___-___ billion years ago

3.5-4

first eukaryotes evolved ___ billion years ago

2.5

at first larger bacterial cells lost cell walls and engulfed by

smaller bacterial cells

endosymbiosis

one organisms living within another

ancestral eukaryote was able to develop a rudimentary nucleus when the plasma membrane folded around the chromosome, cell called

nucleoplasm

endosymbiotic theory states larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells developing the first __________ ingested photosynthetic bacteria became _________ ingested aerobic bacteria became _________

eukaryotes, chloroplasts, mitochondria

chloroplasts and mitochondria resemblance to bacteria cells

size and shape, contain circular DNA, can reproduce independently of their host cell