Chapter 4 Flashcards
prokaryote
simpler and smaller
prokaryote DNA is
not surrounded in a membrane
prokaryote has 1
chromosome, not in a membrane
prokaryote has ___ histones
no
prokaryotes have __ organelles
no
bacteria have a ________ cell walls
peptidoglycan
archaea have ___________ cell walls
pseudomurein
prokaryotes divide by
binary fission
eukaryote have a paired
chromosome in a membrane
eukaryotes have
histones and organelles
eukaryote cell walls, when present, are made of
polysaccharide
eukaryotes divide via
mitosis
shape of bacteria is _______ inherited
geneticlly
most bacteria are
monomorphic (single shape)
few bacteria are
pleomorphic (many shapes)
bacillius
rod shaped
coccus
spherical shape
spiral 3 types
vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
2 other bacteria shapes
star and rectangular
pairs
diplococci, diplobacilli
clusters
staphylococci
clusters is prefix
staphlo
chains is prefix
strepto
chains
streptococci, streptobacilli
groups of four
tetrads
cubelike groups of 8
sarcinae
as bacillus cells age their cell walls
thin, and their gram stain reaction is variable
glycocalyx is external or internal to cell wall
external
glycocalyx texture is
viscous and gelatinous
glycocalyx is made of
polysaccharide and/or polypeptide
glycocalyx surrounds the
cell
glycocalyx is made
inside the cell
many prokaryotes secrete
glycocalyx
2 types of glycocalyx
capsule and slime layer
capsule
neatly organized and firmly attached
slime layer
unorganized and loosely attached
glycocalyx contribute to virulence which is
the degree to which a pathogen can cause disease
capsules prevent
phagocytosis
extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) helps form
biofilms and help attach it to a surface
EPS protects cells within it facilitating _______ enabling cells to ________
communication/survive
flagella are ___________ _______ external to the cell
filamentous appendages
flagella propel
bacteria
flagella are made of the protein
flagellin
flagella have three parts
filament, hooks, and basal body
flagella filament
outermost region, contains the protein
flagella hook
attaches to the filament
flagella basal body
consists of rod and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane
do not have flagella
atrichous
have flagella throughout the cell
peritrichous
single flagella at one end
monotrichous and polar
tuft of flagella at one end
lophotrikhous and polar
flagella at both ends
amphitrichous and polar
flagella allow bacteria to move
toward or away from stimuli
chemotaxis
chemical attractants
phototaxis
light
flagella rotate to
run or tumble
flagella movement results from rotation of
basal body
as a flagella rotate they form a bundle that pushes against the surrounding liquid and
propels the bacterium
flagella rotation depends on
cells continuous generation of energy
flagella run
when a bacterium moves in one direction for a length of time
runs are interrupted by periodic and abrupt random changes in direction called
tumble
after a tumble
the run resumes
tumbles are caused by
reversal of flagular rotation
archaella rotate like
flagella
archaella are made of glycoproteins
archaellins
archaella are anchored to the
cell
axial filaments are also called
endoflagella
endoflagella are anchored at one end of
spirochete
endoflagella rotation of filaments produces movement of
outer sheath
endoflagella are found in
spirochetes
endoflagella rotation causes cell to move like a
corkscrew
fimbriae are found in many gram
negative
fimbriae are shorter, straighter and thiner than
flagella
fimbriae are hairlike appendages that allow for
attachment
fimbriae are involved with
biofilms
fimbriae help adhere to
epithelial
fimbriae help patho bacteria colonize
mucous membranes
pili are longer than
fimbriae
1 or 2
pili per cell
pili are involved with
motility, gliding or twitching
gliding
smooth movement
twitching movement
makes contact with surface, short jerky movement
conjugation pili are invoked in
DNA transfer from one cell to another
cell wall is responsible for
shape of cell
cell wall protects cell from adverse changes in the
environment
cell wall prevents _______ lysis and protects the cell membrane
osmotic
in bacteria cells are made of
peptidoglycan
cell wall contributes to
pathogenicity
peptidoglycan is a
polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows
the disaccharides making up peptidoglycan are
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
the rows of NAG and NAM are linked by
polypeptides
gram positive cells stain
purple
gram positive cell walls have a thick
peptidoglycan
gram positive cell walls also have _______ acid
teichoic
gram negative cells stain
pink
gram negative cell walls have thin
peptidoglycan
gram negative cell walls have an outer
membrane
gram negative cell walls have a ________ space
periplasmic
two types of teichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid
wall teichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid
links cell wall to plasma membrane
wall teichoic acid
links the peptidoglycan
teichoic acid carry a _______ charge
negative
teichoic acid regulate movement of
cations
polysaccharides and teichoic acids provide
antigenic specificity
gram negative cell walls contain
periplasm and outer membrane
periplasm
region between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane- contains peptidoglycan
outer membrane is made of
lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and phospholipids
gram negative cell wall outer membrane protects from
phagocytes
gram neg cell walls serve as a barrier against
antibiotics, and other things like lysozymes
gram neg cell walls are made of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
O polysaccharide functions as
antigen
lipid A is an ______ embedded in the top layer of the membrane
endotoxin
porins form ______ through membrane
channels
in a gram pos gram stain the alcohol dehydrates the _______ and the crystal violet crystals do not leave
peptidoglycan
in a gram neg gram stain the alcohol dissolves the __________ and leaves holes in the peptidoglycan leading to crystal violet washing out
outer membrane
gram pos cells have __ rings in basal body of flagella
2
gram pos cells produce
exotoxins
gram pos cells have a high susceptibility to
penicllin
gram pos are disrupted by
lysozyme
gram neg have __ rings in basal body of flagella
4
gram neg produce
endotoxins and exotoxins
gram neg have a ___ susceptibility to penicllin
low
acid fast cell walls have
mycolic acid
in acid fast cells the mycolic acid is bound to
peptidoglycan
if an acid fast cells were to lose their mycolic acid layer they would stain
gram pos
2 bacteria that are acid fast
mycobacterium and nocardia
2 types of atypical cell walls
mycoplasma and archaea
mycoplasma lack
cell walls
mycoplasmas have ____ in plasma membrane
sterols
archaea can have
cell walls or no cell walls
if archaea have cell walls they lack peptidoglycan but have walls made of
pseudomurein
lysozymes do damage to the cell wall by _______ the bonds in the peptidoglycan
hydrolyzes
penicillin inhibits ________ ____ in peptidoglycan
peptide bonds
protoplasm is a
wall less gram pos cell
spheroplast is a
wall less gram neg cell
protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to ______ ____ because of the lack of protection due to no cell wall
osmotic lysis
L forms are wall less cells that swell into
irregular shapes
phospholipid bilayer encloses the
cytoplasm
_________ proteins are on the membrane surface
peripheral
_______ and _________ proteins penetrate the membrane
integral/ transmembrane
phospholipid bilayer is made of a ______ head and a ___________ tails
polar/hydrophobic
fluid mosaic model the large moleules cannot
pass
plasma membrane is a selective permeability which means
it allows the passage of some molecules but not others
some membranes have photosynthetic pigments on foldings called
chromatophores
damage to the membrane can cause
leakage of cell contents
damage to the cell wall can be caused by
alcohols, quaternary ammonium or detergents and polymyxin antibiotics
passive process
substances move from high concentration to low concentration; no energy expended
active process
substances move from low concentration to high concentration; energy expended
simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
simple diffusion continues until molecules reach
equilibrium
passive process examples
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
facilitated diffusion
solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane,
facilitated diffusion transports ____ and _____ molecules across a membrane with the concentration gradient
ions/larger
osmosis
movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration
osmosis occurs through the
lipid bilayer
osmosis also occurs through
aquaporins
osmotic pressure
the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane
isotonic solution
solute concentrations equal inside and outside the cell
what happens to the cells in isotonic solution
nothing
in an isotonic solution the water is at
equilibrium
hypotonic
solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell
what happens to cells in the hypotonic solution
moves into the cell and cells can burst (osmotic lysis)
hypertonic
solute concentration is higher outside of cell than inside
what happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution
water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks (plasmolysis)
active transport
requires a transporter protein and ATP
active transport moves cells ______ gradient
against
group translocation
requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid; substance is altered as it crosses the membrane
cytoplasm is ___% water, proteins, carbs, lipids and ions
80
cytoskeleton
series of fibers/rods in cytoskeleton
bacterial chromosome
circular thread of DNA that contains the cells genetic information
plasmids
extrachromosomal genetic elements; carry non-crucial genes
example of non crucial genes that plasmids carry
antibiotic resistance, production of toxins
ribosomes are in
eukaryotes and prokaryotes
ribosomes is the site for ______ synthesis
protein
ribosomes are made of proteins and
rRNA
ribosomes 70S is made of
50S and 30S subunits
metachromatic granules (volition)
phosphate reserves
polysaccharide granules
energy reserves
lipid inclusions
energy reserves
sulfur granules
energy reserves
carboxysomes
contain enzyme ribulose for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis
gas vacuoles
protein covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy in aquatic prokaryotes
magnetosomes
iron oxide inclusions formed by several gram neg bacteria, destroy H2O2
endospores are in gram
pos
endospores in resting cells are produced when
nutrients are depleted
endospores are resistant to
desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation
endospores are produced by
bacillus and clostridium
sporulation
endospore formation
germination
endospore returns to vegetative state
flagella and cilia
projections used for locomotion or moving substances along cell surface
flagella
long projections, few in number
cilia
short projections; numerous
flagella and cilia both consist of
microtubles
microtubules are made of the protein
tubulin
cell wall is found in
plants, algae, fungi
cell wall is made of
carbs
in plants the cell wall is made of
cellulose
in fungi the cell wall is made of
chitin
in yeasts the cell wall is made of
gluten and mannan
glycocalyx: carbs are bonded to _____ and _____ in the ______ ______
proteins/lipids/plasma membrane
glycocalyx is found in
animal cells
how are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar
in structure, both have phospholipid bilayer and internal and peripheral proteins
sterols are found in
eukaryotic cells
sterols are only found in what specific type of prokaryotes
mycoplasma cells
sterols are
complex lipids
carbs are found in
eukaryotic cells
carbs un the membrane are used for
attachment and cell to cell recognition
the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells are similar to prokaryotic cells in regards to function
both have selective permeability, both have simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport
eukaryotic plasma membrane function differ from prokaryotic cells in function
doing endocytosis
endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor medicated endocytosis
phagocytosis
pseudopods extend and engulf particles
pinocytosis
membrane fold inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances
receptor mediated endocytosis
substances bind to receptors in the membrane and it folds inward
some viruses enter the cell through what form of endocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis
the movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus is called
taxis
if the chemotactic signal is positive it is called an
attractant
how does a bacterium move toward an attractant
many runs and few tumbles
if the chemotactic signal is negative this is called an
repelant
the frequency of ______ increase as the bacterium moves away from the repelant
tumbles
serovars
variations of a species
the flagellar proteins H antigen helps distinguish between
serovars
fimbrae occur at
poles of the bacteria cell
fimbrae are involved in forming
biofilms
major function of the cell wall is to prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the ____ _________ inside the cell is greater than outside
water pressure
cell wall contributes to the ability of some species to cause
disease
polypeptide link aways includes a
tetrapeptide side chain
tetra peptide side chain consist of
4 amino acids attached to NAMs in the backbone
parallel tetra peptide side chains may be directly boned to each other or linked by
peptide cross bridge
peptide cross bridge consists of
short chain of amino acids
penicillin interferes with the
peptide cross bridges
when penicillin acts on the peptide cross bridge the ___ _____ is greatly weakened
cell wall
penicillin causes death to the cell ultimately by
lysis
in a gram pos bacteria in-between the cell wall and the plasma membrane is the
periplasmic space
in gram pos cells the periplasmic space contains the
granular layer
the granular layer is composed of
lipoteichoic acid
teichoic acids consist primarily of an
alcohol and phosphate
in gram neg bacteria the peptidoglycan is bonded to lipoprotein in the outermsmbrane and is located in the
periplasm
periplasm
gel like fluid in the periplasmic space of gram negative bacteria
periplasm contains high concentration of
degrative enzymes and transport proteins
gram neg cells DO NOT contain
teichoic acids
gram neg cells are more susceptible to _________ breakage
mechanical
in gram neg bacteria the outermsmbrane has a strong neg charge which is an important factor in evading
phagocytosis
lipopolysaccharide is composed of 3 parts
lipid A
core polysaccharide
O polysaccharide
lipid A is the lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide and is embedded in the
top layer of the outermembrane
when gram neg cells die they release
lipid A
lipid A functions as a
endotoxin
lipid A is responsible for the symptoms associated with ________ by gram neg bacteria
infection
core polysaccharide is attached to
lipid A
core polysaccharide contains
unusal sugars
core polysaccharides function is
structural
O polysaccharide extends outward from
core polysaccharide
O polysaccharide is composed of
sugar moleules
O polysaccharides function is
antigen
O polysaccharide is useful in distinguishing
serovars of gram neg bacteria
how are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar according to their cell membranes
phospholipid bilayer
intergral and peripheral protiens
sterols are found in what cells
eukaryotic cells
sterols are complex
lipids
sterols are only found in one type of prokaryotes
mycoplasma cells
eukaryotic cells also have
carbs
in the cell membranes carbs are used for
attachment and cell to cell recognition
cytoplasm
substance inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus
cytosol
fluid portion of cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments; gives shape and support
cytoplasmic streaming
movement of the cytoplasm throughout a cell
70S protiens are found
in chloroplasts and mitochondria
80S ribosomes are found in
eukaryotic cells
ribosomes are the site for
protein synthesis
80S ribosomes consist of
60S and 40S subunit
80S ribosomes are either
membrane bound (attached to ER) or free
organelle
any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.
nucleus is a double
membrane structure (nuclear envelope)
DNA is complexed with histone proteins to form
chromatin
during mitosis and meiosis chromatin condenses into
chromosomes
rough ER is the site of
protein synthesis
rough ER is studded with
ribosomes
smooth ER has no
ribosomes
smooth ER synthesizes cell
membranes, fats and hormones
Golgi complex is the ______ organelle
transport
golgi complex modifies ______ from the ER
protein
golgi complex is transports modified protiens via
secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane
cells that carry out phagocytosis have many
lysosomes
lysosomes are vesicles formed in the
golgi complex
lysosomes contain _______ enzymes
digestive
vacuoles are cavities in the cell formed by the
golgi complex
vacuoles bring _____ into cells and provide _______ and ______
food, shape, storage
mitochondria has a _______ ________, inner and outer
double membrane
mitochondria contain inner folds called _______ and fluid called _______
cristae, matrix
mitochondria are involved with
cellular respiration
cristae provide
large surface area
chloroplasts are locations of
photosynthesis
chloroplasts contain flattened membranes called __________ that contain chlorophyll
thylakoids
one stack of thylakoids
granum
multiple stacks of thylakoids
grana
peroxisomes oxidize
fatty acids
peroxisomes destroy
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
centrosomes are a network of
protein fibers and centrioles
centrosomes form the
mitotic spindle
centrosomes are critical in
cell division
centrosomes are site of ________ formation in non dividing cells
microtubule
life arose as simple oraganisms ___-___ billion years ago
3.5-4
first eukaryotes evolved ___ billion years ago
2.5
at first larger bacterial cells lost cell walls and engulfed by
smaller bacterial cells
endosymbiosis
one organisms living within another
ancestral eukaryote was able to develop a rudimentary nucleus when the plasma membrane folded around the chromosome, cell called
nucleoplasm
endosymbiotic theory states
larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells developing the first __________
ingested photosynthetic bacteria became _________
ingested aerobic bacteria became _________
eukaryotes, chloroplasts, mitochondria
chloroplasts and mitochondria resemblance to bacteria cells
size and shape, contain circular DNA, can reproduce independently of their host cell
