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Microbiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryote

A

simpler and smaller

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2
Q

prokaryote DNA is

A

not surrounded in a membrane

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3
Q

prokaryote has 1

A

chromosome, not in a membrane

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4
Q

prokaryote has ___ histones

A

no

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5
Q

prokaryotes have __ organelles

A

no

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6
Q

bacteria have a ________ cell walls

A

peptidoglycan

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7
Q

archaea have ___________ cell walls

A

pseudomurein

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8
Q

prokaryotes divide by

A

binary fission

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9
Q

eukaryote have a paired

A

chromosome in a membrane

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10
Q

eukaryotes have

A

histones and organelles

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11
Q

eukaryote cell walls, when present, are made of

A

polysaccharide

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12
Q

eukaryotes divide via

A

mitosis

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13
Q

shape of bacteria is _______ inherited

A

geneticlly

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14
Q

most bacteria are

A

monomorphic (single shape)

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15
Q

few bacteria are

A

pleomorphic (many shapes)

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16
Q

bacillius

A

rod shaped

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17
Q

coccus

A

spherical shape

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18
Q

spiral 3 types

A

vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

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19
Q

2 other bacteria shapes

A

star and rectangular

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20
Q

pairs

A

diplococci, diplobacilli

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21
Q

clusters

A

staphylococci

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22
Q

clusters is prefix

A

staphlo

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23
Q

chains is prefix

A

strepto

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24
Q

chains

A

streptococci, streptobacilli

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25
Q

groups of four

A

tetrads

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26
Q

cubelike groups of 8

A

sarcinae

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27
Q

as bacillus cells age their cell walls

A

thin, and their gram stain reaction is variable

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28
Q

glycocalyx is external or internal to cell wall

A

external

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29
Q

glycocalyx texture is

A

viscous and gelatinous

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30
Q

glycocalyx is made of

A

polysaccharide and/or polypeptide

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31
Q

glycocalyx surrounds the

A

cell

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32
Q

glycocalyx is made

A

inside the cell

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33
Q

many prokaryotes secrete

A

glycocalyx

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34
Q

2 types of glycocalyx

A

capsule and slime layer

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35
Q

capsule

A

neatly organized and firmly attached

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36
Q

slime layer

A

unorganized and loosely attached

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37
Q

glycocalyx contribute to virulence which is

A

the degree to which a pathogen can cause disease

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38
Q

capsules prevent

A

phagocytosis

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39
Q

extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) helps form

A

biofilms and help attach it to a surface

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40
Q

EPS protects cells within it facilitating _______ enabling cells to ________

A

communication/survive

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41
Q

flagella are ___________ _______ external to the cell

A

filamentous appendages

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42
Q

flagella propel

A

bacteria

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43
Q

flagella are made of the protein

A

flagellin

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44
Q

flagella have three parts

A

filament, hooks, and basal body

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45
Q

flagella filament

A

outermost region, contains the protein

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46
Q

flagella hook

A

attaches to the filament

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47
Q

flagella basal body

A

consists of rod and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

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48
Q

do not have flagella

A

atrichous

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49
Q

have flagella throughout the cell

A

peritrichous

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50
Q

single flagella at one end

A

monotrichous and polar

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51
Q

tuft of flagella at one end

A

lophotrikhous and polar

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52
Q

flagella at both ends

A

amphitrichous and polar

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53
Q

flagella allow bacteria to move

A

toward or away from stimuli

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54
Q

chemotaxis

A

chemical attractants

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55
Q

phototaxis

A

light

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56
Q

flagella rotate to

A

run or tumble

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57
Q

flagella movement results from rotation of

A

basal body

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58
Q

as a flagella rotate they form a bundle that pushes against the surrounding liquid and

A

propels the bacterium

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59
Q

flagella rotation depends on

A

cells continuous generation of energy

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60
Q

flagella run

A

when a bacterium moves in one direction for a length of time

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61
Q

runs are interrupted by periodic and abrupt random changes in direction called

A

tumble

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62
Q

after a tumble

A

the run resumes

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63
Q

tumbles are caused by

A

reversal of flagular rotation

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64
Q

archaella rotate like

A

flagella

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65
Q

archaella are made of glycoproteins

A

archaellins

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66
Q

archaella are anchored to the

A

cell

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67
Q

axial filaments are also called

A

endoflagella

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68
Q

endoflagella are anchored at one end of

A

spirochete

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69
Q

endoflagella rotation of filaments produces movement of

A

outer sheath

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70
Q

endoflagella are found in

A

spirochetes

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71
Q

endoflagella rotation causes cell to move like a

A

corkscrew

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72
Q

fimbriae are found in many gram

A

negative

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73
Q

fimbriae are shorter, straighter and thiner than

A

flagella

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74
Q

fimbriae are hairlike appendages that allow for

A

attachment

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75
Q

fimbriae are involved with

A

biofilms

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76
Q

fimbriae help adhere to

A

epithelial

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77
Q

fimbriae help patho bacteria colonize

A

mucous membranes

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78
Q

pili are longer than

A

fimbriae

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79
Q

1 or 2

A

pili per cell

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80
Q

pili are involved with

A

motility, gliding or twitching

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81
Q

gliding

A

smooth movement

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82
Q

twitching movement

A

makes contact with surface, short jerky movement

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83
Q

conjugation pili are invoked in

A

DNA transfer from one cell to another

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84
Q

cell wall is responsible for

A

shape of cell

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85
Q

cell wall protects cell from adverse changes in the

A

environment

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86
Q

cell wall prevents _______ lysis and protects the cell membrane

A

osmotic

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87
Q

in bacteria cells are made of

A

peptidoglycan

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88
Q

cell wall contributes to

A

pathogenicity

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89
Q

peptidoglycan is a

A

polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows

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90
Q

the disaccharides making up peptidoglycan are

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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91
Q

the rows of NAG and NAM are linked by

A

polypeptides

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92
Q

gram positive cells stain

A

purple

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93
Q

gram positive cell walls have a thick

A

peptidoglycan

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94
Q

gram positive cell walls also have _______ acid

A

teichoic

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95
Q

gram negative cells stain

A

pink

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96
Q

gram negative cell walls have thin

A

peptidoglycan

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97
Q

gram negative cell walls have an outer

A

membrane

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98
Q

gram negative cell walls have a ________ space

A

periplasmic

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99
Q

two types of teichoic acid

A

lipoteichoic acid
wall teichoic acid

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100
Q

lipoteichoic acid

A

links cell wall to plasma membrane

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101
Q

wall teichoic acid

A

links the peptidoglycan

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102
Q

teichoic acid carry a _______ charge

A

negative

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103
Q

teichoic acid regulate movement of

A

cations

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104
Q

polysaccharides and teichoic acids provide

A

antigenic specificity

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105
Q

gram negative cell walls contain

A

periplasm and outer membrane

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106
Q

periplasm

A

region between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane- contains peptidoglycan

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107
Q

outer membrane is made of

A

lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and phospholipids

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108
Q

gram negative cell wall outer membrane protects from

A

phagocytes

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109
Q

gram neg cell walls serve as a barrier against

A

antibiotics, and other things like lysozymes

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110
Q

gram neg cell walls are made of

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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111
Q

O polysaccharide functions as

A

antigen

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112
Q

lipid A is an ______ embedded in the top layer of the membrane

A

endotoxin

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113
Q

porins form ______ through membrane

A

channels

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114
Q

in a gram pos gram stain the alcohol dehydrates the _______ and the crystal violet crystals do not leave

A

peptidoglycan

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115
Q

in a gram neg gram stain the alcohol dissolves the __________ and leaves holes in the peptidoglycan leading to crystal violet washing out

A

outer membrane

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116
Q

gram pos cells have __ rings in basal body of flagella

A

2

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117
Q

gram pos cells produce

A

exotoxins

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118
Q

gram pos cells have a high susceptibility to

A

penicllin

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119
Q

gram pos are disrupted by

A

lysozyme

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120
Q

gram neg have __ rings in basal body of flagella

A

4

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121
Q

gram neg produce

A

endotoxins and exotoxins

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122
Q

gram neg have a ___ susceptibility to penicllin

A

low

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123
Q

acid fast cell walls have

A

mycolic acid

124
Q

in acid fast cells the mycolic acid is bound to

A

peptidoglycan

125
Q

if an acid fast cells were to lose their mycolic acid layer they would stain

A

gram pos

126
Q

2 bacteria that are acid fast

A

mycobacterium and nocardia

127
Q

2 types of atypical cell walls

A

mycoplasma and archaea

128
Q

mycoplasma lack

A

cell walls

129
Q

mycoplasmas have ____ in plasma membrane

A

sterols

130
Q

archaea can have

A

cell walls or no cell walls

131
Q

if archaea have cell walls they lack peptidoglycan but have walls made of

A

pseudomurein

132
Q

lysozymes do damage to the cell wall by _______ the bonds in the peptidoglycan

A

hydrolyzes

133
Q

penicillin inhibits ________ ____ in peptidoglycan

A

peptide bonds

134
Q

protoplasm is a

A

wall less gram pos cell

135
Q

spheroplast is a

A

wall less gram neg cell

136
Q

protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to ______ ____ because of the lack of protection due to no cell wall

A

osmotic lysis

137
Q

L forms are wall less cells that swell into

A

irregular shapes

138
Q

phospholipid bilayer encloses the

A

cytoplasm

139
Q

_________ proteins are on the membrane surface

A

peripheral

140
Q

_______ and _________ proteins penetrate the membrane

A

integral/ transmembrane

141
Q

phospholipid bilayer is made of a ______ head and a ___________ tails

A

polar/hydrophobic

142
Q

fluid mosaic model the large moleules cannot

A

pass

143
Q

plasma membrane is a selective permeability which means

A

it allows the passage of some molecules but not others

144
Q

some membranes have photosynthetic pigments on foldings called

A

chromatophores

145
Q

damage to the membrane can cause

A

leakage of cell contents

146
Q

damage to the cell wall can be caused by

A

alcohols, quaternary ammonium or detergents and polymyxin antibiotics

147
Q

passive process

A

substances move from high concentration to low concentration; no energy expended

148
Q

active process

A

substances move from low concentration to high concentration; energy expended

149
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

150
Q

simple diffusion continues until molecules reach

A

equilibrium

151
Q

passive process examples

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

152
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane,

153
Q

facilitated diffusion transports ____ and _____ molecules across a membrane with the concentration gradient

A

ions/larger

154
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

155
Q

osmosis occurs through the

A

lipid bilayer

156
Q

osmosis also occurs through

A

aquaporins

157
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

158
Q

isotonic solution

A

solute concentrations equal inside and outside the cell

159
Q

what happens to the cells in isotonic solution

A

nothing

160
Q

in an isotonic solution the water is at

A

equilibrium

161
Q

hypotonic

A

solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell

162
Q

what happens to cells in the hypotonic solution

A

moves into the cell and cells can burst (osmotic lysis)

163
Q

hypertonic

A

solute concentration is higher outside of cell than inside

164
Q

what happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution

A

water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks (plasmolysis)

165
Q

active transport

A

requires a transporter protein and ATP

166
Q

active transport moves cells ______ gradient

A

against

167
Q

group translocation

A

requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid; substance is altered as it crosses the membrane

168
Q

cytoplasm is ___% water, proteins, carbs, lipids and ions

A

80

169
Q

cytoskeleton

A

series of fibers/rods in cytoskeleton

170
Q

bacterial chromosome

A

circular thread of DNA that contains the cells genetic information

171
Q

plasmids

A

extrachromosomal genetic elements; carry non-crucial genes

172
Q

example of non crucial genes that plasmids carry

A

antibiotic resistance, production of toxins

173
Q

ribosomes are in

A

eukaryotes and prokaryotes

174
Q

ribosomes is the site for ______ synthesis

A

protein

175
Q

ribosomes are made of proteins and

A

rRNA

176
Q

ribosomes 70S is made of

A

50S and 30S subunits

177
Q

metachromatic granules (volition)

A

phosphate reserves

178
Q

polysaccharide granules

A

energy reserves

179
Q

lipid inclusions

A

energy reserves

180
Q

sulfur granules

A

energy reserves

181
Q

carboxysomes

A

contain enzyme ribulose for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis

182
Q

gas vacuoles

A

protein covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy in aquatic prokaryotes

183
Q

magnetosomes

A

iron oxide inclusions formed by several gram neg bacteria, destroy H2O2

184
Q

endospores are in gram

A

pos

185
Q

endospores in resting cells are produced when

A

nutrients are depleted

186
Q

endospores are resistant to

A

desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation

187
Q

endospores are produced by

A

bacillus and clostridium

188
Q

sporulation

A

endospore formation

189
Q

germination

A

endospore returns to vegetative state

190
Q

flagella and cilia

A

projections used for locomotion or moving substances along cell surface

191
Q

flagella

A

long projections, few in number

192
Q

cilia

A

short projections; numerous

193
Q

flagella and cilia both consist of

A

microtubles

194
Q

microtubules are made of the protein

A

tubulin

195
Q

cell wall is found in

A

plants, algae, fungi

196
Q

cell wall is made of

A

carbs

197
Q

in plants the cell wall is made of

A

cellulose

198
Q

in fungi the cell wall is made of

A

chitin

199
Q

in yeasts the cell wall is made of

A

gluten and mannan

200
Q

glycocalyx: carbs are bonded to _____ and _____ in the ______ ______

A

proteins/lipids/plasma membrane

201
Q

glycocalyx is found in

A

animal cells

202
Q

how are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar

A

in structure, both have phospholipid bilayer and internal and peripheral proteins

203
Q

sterols are found in

A

eukaryotic cells

204
Q

sterols are only found in what specific type of prokaryotes

A

mycoplasma cells

205
Q

sterols are

A

complex lipids

206
Q

carbs are found in

A

eukaryotic cells

207
Q

carbs un the membrane are used for

A

attachment and cell to cell recognition

208
Q

the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells are similar to prokaryotic cells in regards to function

A

both have selective permeability, both have simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport

209
Q

eukaryotic plasma membrane function differ from prokaryotic cells in function

A

doing endocytosis

210
Q

endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor medicated endocytosis

211
Q

phagocytosis

A

pseudopods extend and engulf particles

212
Q

pinocytosis

A

membrane fold inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

213
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

substances bind to receptors in the membrane and it folds inward

214
Q

some viruses enter the cell through what form of endocytosis

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

215
Q

the movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus is called

A

taxis

216
Q

if the chemotactic signal is positive it is called an

A

attractant

217
Q

how does a bacterium move toward an attractant

A

many runs and few tumbles

218
Q

if the chemotactic signal is negative this is called an

A

repelant

219
Q

the frequency of ______ increase as the bacterium moves away from the repelant

A

tumbles

220
Q

serovars

A

variations of a species

221
Q

the flagellar proteins H antigen helps distinguish between

A

serovars

222
Q

fimbrae occur at

A

poles of the bacteria cell

223
Q

fimbrae are involved in forming

A

biofilms

224
Q

major function of the cell wall is to prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the ____ _________ inside the cell is greater than outside

A

water pressure

225
Q

cell wall contributes to the ability of some species to cause

A

disease

226
Q

polypeptide link aways includes a

A

tetrapeptide side chain

227
Q

tetra peptide side chain consist of

A

4 amino acids attached to NAMs in the backbone

228
Q

parallel tetra peptide side chains may be directly boned to each other or linked by

A

peptide cross bridge

229
Q

peptide cross bridge consists of

A

short chain of amino acids

230
Q

penicillin interferes with the

A

peptide cross bridges

231
Q

when penicillin acts on the peptide cross bridge the ___ _____ is greatly weakened

A

cell wall

232
Q

penicillin causes death to the cell ultimately by

A

lysis

233
Q

in a gram pos bacteria in-between the cell wall and the plasma membrane is the

A

periplasmic space

234
Q

in gram pos cells the periplasmic space contains the

A

granular layer

235
Q

the granular layer is composed of

A

lipoteichoic acid

236
Q

teichoic acids consist primarily of an

A

alcohol and phosphate

237
Q

in gram neg bacteria the peptidoglycan is bonded to lipoprotein in the outermsmbrane and is located in the

A

periplasm

238
Q

periplasm

A

gel like fluid in the periplasmic space of gram negative bacteria

239
Q

periplasm contains high concentration of

A

degrative enzymes and transport proteins

240
Q

gram neg cells DO NOT contain

A

teichoic acids

241
Q

gram neg cells are more susceptible to _________ breakage

A

mechanical

242
Q

in gram neg bacteria the outermsmbrane has a strong neg charge which is an important factor in evading

A

phagocytosis

243
Q

lipopolysaccharide is composed of 3 parts

A

lipid A
core polysaccharide
O polysaccharide

244
Q

lipid A is the lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide and is embedded in the

A

top layer of the outermembrane

245
Q

when gram neg cells die they release

A

lipid A

246
Q

lipid A functions as a

A

endotoxin

247
Q

lipid A is responsible for the symptoms associated with ________ by gram neg bacteria

A

infection

248
Q

core polysaccharide is attached to

A

lipid A

249
Q

core polysaccharide contains

A

unusal sugars

250
Q

core polysaccharides function is

A

structural

251
Q

O polysaccharide extends outward from

A

core polysaccharide

252
Q

O polysaccharide is composed of

A

sugar moleules

253
Q

O polysaccharides function is

A

antigen

254
Q

O polysaccharide is useful in distinguishing

A

serovars of gram neg bacteria

255
Q

how are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar according to their cell membranes

A

phospholipid bilayer
intergral and peripheral protiens

256
Q

sterols are found in what cells

A

eukaryotic cells

257
Q

sterols are complex

A

lipids

258
Q

sterols are only found in one type of prokaryotes

A

mycoplasma cells

259
Q

eukaryotic cells also have

A

carbs

260
Q

in the cell membranes carbs are used for

A

attachment and cell to cell recognition

261
Q

cytoplasm

A

substance inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus

262
Q

cytosol

A

fluid portion of cytoplasm

263
Q

cytoskeleton

A

made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments; gives shape and support

264
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

movement of the cytoplasm throughout a cell

265
Q

70S protiens are found

A

in chloroplasts and mitochondria

266
Q

80S ribosomes are found in

A

eukaryotic cells

267
Q

ribosomes are the site for

A

protein synthesis

268
Q

80S ribosomes consist of

A

60S and 40S subunit

269
Q

80S ribosomes are either

A

membrane bound (attached to ER) or free

270
Q

organelle

A

any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

271
Q

nucleus is a double

A

membrane structure (nuclear envelope)

272
Q

DNA is complexed with histone proteins to form

A

chromatin

273
Q

during mitosis and meiosis chromatin condenses into

A

chromosomes

274
Q

rough ER is the site of

A

protein synthesis

275
Q

rough ER is studded with

A

ribosomes

276
Q

smooth ER has no

A

ribosomes

277
Q

smooth ER synthesizes cell

A

membranes, fats and hormones

278
Q

Golgi complex is the ______ organelle

A

transport

279
Q

golgi complex modifies ______ from the ER

A

protein

280
Q

golgi complex is transports modified protiens via

A

secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane

281
Q

cells that carry out phagocytosis have many

A

lysosomes

282
Q

lysosomes are vesicles formed in the

A

golgi complex

283
Q

lysosomes contain _______ enzymes

A

digestive

284
Q

vacuoles are cavities in the cell formed by the

A

golgi complex

285
Q

vacuoles bring _____ into cells and provide _______ and ______

A

food, shape, storage

286
Q

mitochondria has a _______ ________, inner and outer

A

double membrane

287
Q

mitochondria contain inner folds called _______ and fluid called _______

A

cristae, matrix

288
Q

mitochondria are involved with

A

cellular respiration

289
Q

cristae provide

A

large surface area

290
Q

chloroplasts are locations of

A

photosynthesis

291
Q

chloroplasts contain flattened membranes called __________ that contain chlorophyll

A

thylakoids

292
Q

one stack of thylakoids

A

granum

293
Q

multiple stacks of thylakoids

A

grana

294
Q

peroxisomes oxidize

A

fatty acids

295
Q

peroxisomes destroy

A

H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

296
Q

centrosomes are a network of

A

protein fibers and centrioles

297
Q

centrosomes form the

A

mitotic spindle

298
Q

centrosomes are critical in

A

cell division

299
Q

centrosomes are site of ________ formation in non dividing cells

A

microtubule

300
Q

life arose as simple oraganisms ___-___ billion years ago

A

3.5-4

301
Q

first eukaryotes evolved ___ billion years ago

A

2.5

302
Q

at first larger bacterial cells lost cell walls and engulfed by

A

smaller bacterial cells

303
Q

endosymbiosis

A

one organisms living within another

304
Q

ancestral eukaryote was able to develop a rudimentary nucleus when the plasma membrane folded around the chromosome, cell called

A

nucleoplasm

305
Q

endosymbiotic theory states
larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells developing the first __________
ingested photosynthetic bacteria became _________
ingested aerobic bacteria became _________

A

eukaryotes, chloroplasts, mitochondria

306
Q

chloroplasts and mitochondria resemblance to bacteria cells

A

size and shape, contain circular DNA, can reproduce independently of their host cell

Microbiology (20 decks)

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