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Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogenicity

A

the ability to cause disease by overcoming host defensives

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2
Q

virulence

A

the degree of pathogenicity

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3
Q

portals of entry

A

mucous membranes
skin
parenteral route

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4
Q

most pathogens gain access by

A

mucous membranes of the GI and respiratory

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5
Q

unbroken skin in impenetrable to ______ microbes

A

most

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6
Q

some microbes can enter the body through openings in the skin like

A

hair follicles and sweat gland ducts

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7
Q

what are able to bore through intact skin

A

larvae of hookworms

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8
Q

parenteral route

A

refers to microorganisms deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or into mucous membranes that are penetrated or injured

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9
Q

some examples of microorganisms that gain entry through the parenteral route

A

hepatitis viruses, tetanus and gangrene bacteria

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10
Q

most pathogens have a preferred portal of entry and most of the time if these pathogens do not gain access via the preferred entry route…

A

they may not be able to cause disease

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11
Q

some pathogens are able to cause disease from

A

more than one portal of entry

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12
Q

ID50

A

infectious dose for 50% of a sample population

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13
Q

ID50 measures ________ of a microbe

A

virulence

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14
Q

LD50

A

lethal dose for 50% of a sample population

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15
Q

LD50 measures ________ of a toxin

A

potency

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16
Q

the likely hood of a disease ___________ as the number of pathogens increase

A

increase

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17
Q

is ID50 a absolute number

A

no

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18
Q

adherence (adhesion)

A

almost all pathogens attach to host tissues in a process called

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19
Q

adhesions (ligands) on the pathogen and to __________ on the host cell

A

receptors

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20
Q

where might adhesions (ligands) on the pathogen bind to on the host cell

A

glycocalyx, fimbriae, pili, flagella

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21
Q

microbes form _________ which are communities that share nutrients

A

biofilms

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22
Q

what do biofilms secrete that make them resistant

A

glycocalax

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23
Q

capsules is made of what substance surrounding the cell wall

A

glycocalyx

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24
Q

how do capsules increase virulence

A

enables the bacteria to resist host defenses and is able to do this by impairing or evading phagocytosis

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25
Q

one of the most notably known bacteria with capsules is

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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26
Q

M protein

A

resists phagocytosis

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27
Q

M protein is located on the

A

cell surface and fimbriae

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28
Q

M protein is resistant to

A

heat and acid

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29
Q

does M protein increase or decrease the virulence

A

increae

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30
Q

what is one bacteria that has M protein

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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31
Q

Opa protein

A

allows attachment to host cells

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32
Q

when opa protein is present how do the colonies appear

A

opaque

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33
Q

mycolic acid

A

waxy lipid that resists digestion

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34
Q

what is one bacteria that has opa protein

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

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35
Q

what is one bacteria that has mycolic acid

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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36
Q

coagulases

A

coagulate fibrinogen

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37
Q

kinases

A

digest fibrin clots

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38
Q

hyaluronidase

A

digests polysaccharides that hold cells together

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39
Q

collagenase

A

breaks down collagen

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40
Q

IgA proteases

A

destroy IgA antibodies

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41
Q

antigenic variation

A

pathogens alter their surface antigens

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42
Q

invasins

A

surface protein produced by bacteria that rearrange actin filaments of the cytoskeleton

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43
Q

invasins will cause

A

membrane ruffling

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44
Q

some bacteria use _____ to move from one cell to the next

A

actin

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45
Q

what are some bacteria that use actin

A

shigella and listeria

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46
Q

survival inside phagocytes must meet 1 of these requirements

A
  • requirement for low pH in phagolysosome
  • escape from phagosome before lysosomal fusion
  • prevention of fusion of lysosome with phagosome
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47
Q

biofilms play a role in evading

A

phagocytes

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48
Q

biofilm bacteria more resistant to phagoctosis, shielded by _________ __________ _________ of biofilm

A

extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

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49
Q

microorganisms can damage host cells in 4 basic ways

A
  1. by using the hosts nutrients
  2. by causing direct damage
  3. by producing toxins
  4. by inducing hypersensitivity reactions
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50
Q

_____ is required for most pathogenic bacteria

A

iron

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51
Q

siderophores

A

proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron more tightly than host cells

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52
Q

some examples of direct damage

A

disrupts host cell function
uses hosts nutrients
produces waste products
multiplies in host cells and causes rupture

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53
Q

toxins

A

poisonous substances produced by microorganisms

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54
Q

toxins can produce what kind of complications

A

fever, cardiovascular problems, diarrhea, shock, inhibit protein synthesis, destroy blood cells and vessels, disrupt the nervous system by causing spasms

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55
Q

toxigenicity

A

ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin

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56
Q

toxemia

A

presence of a toxin in the hosts blood

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57
Q

what are 2 toxins that could be toxemia

A

endotoxin and exotoxin

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58
Q

intoxications

A

caused by the presence of a toxin not by microbial growth

59
Q

exotoxins are produced where in bacteria

60
Q

exotoxins are then secreted to the

61
Q

exotoxins are produced as a product of

A

growth metabolism

62
Q

exotoxins are proteins secreted by

A

gram neg and gram pos

63
Q

exotoxins are (soluble/insoluble?) in bodily fluids; destroy host cells and inhibit metabolic functions

64
Q

if you are sick with a bacterial infection producing exotoxins, what are producing the specific signs? bacteria or exotoxins?

65
Q

are exotoxins disease specific

66
Q

antitoxins

A

antibodies against specific exotoxins

67
Q

toxoids

A

inactivated exotoxins used in vaccines

68
Q

exotoxins are named on basis of several characteristics

A
  1. type of host cell that is attacked
  2. the disease of which they are associated with
  3. specific bacterium that produces them
69
Q

3 types of exotoxins

A
  1. AB toxins
  2. Membrane disrupting toxins
  3. superantigens
70
Q

most exotoxins are

71
Q

A-B toxins contain an enzyme compartment (A/B?), and a binding component (A/B?)

72
Q

A component is

73
Q

B component is

74
Q

genotoxins damage DNA by causing

A

mutations, disrupting cell division, and leading to cancer

75
Q

membrane disrupting toxins

A

lyse host cells by disrupting plasma membranes

76
Q

leukocidins

A

kill phagocytic leukocytes

77
Q

hemolysins

A

kill erythrocytes by forming protein channels

78
Q

streptolysins

A

hemolysins produced by streptococci

79
Q

superantigens

A

cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells (T cells)

80
Q

exotoxins are lipids or proteins

81
Q

endotoxins are lipids or proteins

82
Q

endotoxins are part of the

A

outer portion of the bacterial cell

83
Q

endotoxins grow in what gram

84
Q

what is the toxic part of endotoxins

85
Q

lipid A is a portion of

A

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

86
Q

endotoxins are released during

A

bacterial multiplication
when the gram neg cell dies

87
Q

are endotoxins disease specific

A

no, they all cause the same signs and symptoms no matter the species but do not produce effects to the same degree

88
Q

endotoxins
stimulate macrophages to relesse ___________
cause ______________ ______________ ________ and/or septic shock

A

cytokines, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

89
Q

what is used to test for endotoxins

A

limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay

90
Q

what contains amebocytes

A

blood of horseshoe crabs

91
Q

amebocyte lyse in the presence of endotoxins producing a

92
Q

exotoxins bacteria source

A

gram pos and gram neg

93
Q

exotoxins relation to microorganism

A

metabolic product of growing cell

94
Q

exotoxins chemistry

A

proteins, usually with 2 parts (A and B)

95
Q

exotoxins pharmacology effect on body

A

specific for a particular cell structure or function in the host (mainly affects cell functions, nerves, and GI)

96
Q

exotoxins heat stability

A

unstable; can usually be destroyed at 60-80 degrees C (except staphylococcal enterotoxin)

97
Q

exotoxins toxicity (ability to cause disease)

98
Q

exotoxins fever producing

99
Q

exotoxins immunology (relation to vaccines)

A

can be converted to toxoids to immunize against toxin; neutralized by antitoxins

100
Q

exotoxins lethal dose

101
Q

exotoxins representative diseases

A

gas gangrene, tetanus, botulism, scarlet fever

102
Q

endotoxins bacterial source

103
Q

endotoxins relation to microorganism

A

present in LPS of outer membrane of cell wall and released with destruction of cell or during cell divsion

104
Q

endotoxins chemistry

A

lipid portion (lipid A) of LPS of outer membrane

105
Q

endotoxins pharmacology (effect on body)

A

general, such as fever, weakness, aches, and shock; all produce the same effects

106
Q

endotoxins heat stability

A

stable; can withstand autoclaving (121 degrees c for 1 hour)

107
Q

endotoxins toxicity (ability to cause disease)

108
Q

endotoxins fever producing

109
Q

endotoxins immunology (relation to vaccine)

A

not easily neutralized by antitoxin; therefor, effective toxoids cannot be made to immunize against toxin

110
Q

endotoxins lethal dose

A

considerably larger

111
Q

endotoxins representative diseases

A

typhoid fever, UTI and meningococcal meningitis

112
Q

plasmids may carry genes for

A

toxins, production of antibiotics, and enzymes

113
Q

lysogenic conversion changes characteristics of a microbe due to

A

incorporation of a prophage

114
Q

cytopathic effects (CPE)

A

visible effects of viral infection on a cell

115
Q

do CPE vary by virus

116
Q

CPE which result in death are known as

A

cytosidal effects

117
Q

CPE which result in cell damage are known as

A

noncytosidal effects

118
Q

CPEs cause many issues, what are they

A

stopping cell synthesis
causing cell lysosomes to release enzymes
creating inclusion bodies in the cell cytoplasm
fusing cells to create a syncytium
changing host cell function or inducing chromosomal changes
inducing antigenic changes on the cell surface
loss of contact inhibition in the cell, leading to cancer

119
Q

alpha and beta interferons are produced by

A

virally infected host cells

120
Q

alpha and beta interferons protect the host cells _______________ _______ from viral infection

A

neighboring cells

121
Q

what 2 ways to alpha and beta interferons protect neighboring cells

A

inhibit synthesis of viral proteins and host cell proteins
kill virus infected host cells by apoptosis

122
Q

some fungal pathogens produce

A

toxic metabolic products

123
Q

some chronic fungal infections can provoke an

A

allergic response

124
Q

some fungal toxins are known to inhibit ______ synthesis in eukaryotic cells

125
Q

some fungi produce __________ that modify host cell membranes, allowing for attachment

126
Q

Ergot

A

alkaloid toxins that cause hallucinations

127
Q

what is the natural source of LSD

128
Q

Alfatoxin

A

carcinogenic toxin produced by aspergillum

129
Q

mycotoxins

A

produced by mushrooms and are neurotoxic

130
Q

phalloidin and amanitin are potent neurotoxins produced by

A

death cap mushroom

131
Q

presence of protozoa and their waste products causes

132
Q

protozoa avoid host defenses by

A

digesting cells and tissue fluids
growing in phagocytes
antigenic variation

133
Q

helminths use ____ tissue for growth

134
Q

helminths produce large parasitic masses that cause ______ ________ and bring about symptoms

A

cellular damage

135
Q

some parasites are able to block _________ ____________ causing edema

A

lymphatic circulation

136
Q

some algae produce a neurotoxin called

137
Q

what is an example saxitoxin

138
Q

most common portals of exit

A

respiratory tract, GI tract

139
Q

Respiratory tract portal of exit

A

coughing and sneezing

140
Q

GI tract portal of exit

A

feces, saliva

141
Q

Genitourinary tract portal of exit

A

urine, secretions from the genital

142
Q

skin infections portal of exit

A

drainage from wounds

143
Q

blood portal of exit

A

arthropods that bite
needles or syringes

Microbiology (20 decks)

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