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Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganisms are measured in

A

micrometers and nanometers

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2
Q

a simple microscope has how many lenses

A

one

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3
Q

light microscopy

A

any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens

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4
Q

types of light microscopy

A

compound light microscopy, dark field microscopy, phrase contrast microscopy, differential interference contrast microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy

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5
Q

in a compound microscope the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the

A

ocular lens

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6
Q

total magnification =

A

objective lens x ocular lens

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7
Q

10x

A

low power

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8
Q

40x

A

high power

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9
Q

100x

A

oil immersion

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10
Q

resolution (resolving power)

A

is the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points that are specified distance apart

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11
Q

a microscope with a resolving power of 0.4nm can distinguish between two points at least

A

0.4nm apart

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12
Q

shorter wavelengths of light provide

A

greater resolution

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13
Q

refractive index

A

is a measure of the light bending ability of a medium

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14
Q

once specimen is stained, specimen and medium have different

A

refractive indexes

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15
Q

increase in magnification and clear image is obtained through

A

small objective lenses

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16
Q

immersion oil has the same refractive index as

A

glass

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17
Q

immersion oil is used to keep

A

light from refracting

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18
Q

in brightfield illumination dark objects are visible against a

A

bright background

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19
Q

brightfield illumination light is reflected off the specimen

A

does not enter the objective lens

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20
Q

dark field microscopy light objects are visible against

A

dark background

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21
Q

dark field microscopy a ________ disk is placed in condenser

A

opaque

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22
Q

dark field microscopy only light reflected off the specimen enters

A

objective lens

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23
Q

dark field microscopy is used to look at

A

live specimen

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24
Q

in dark field microscopy does not need to be

A

stained

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25
dark field microscopy is also used to look at
specimen not visible in normal microbes
26
phase contrast microscopy allows examination of
living organisms and internal cell structures
27
phase contrast microscopy, stain or no stain?
do not need to stain
28
phase contrast microscopy operation
brings together two sets of light rays, direct rays, and diffracted rays to form an image
29
differential interference contrast has _____ resolution than phase contrast
better
30
differential interference contrast microscopy operation
uses two light beams and prisms to split light beams, giving more contrast and color to the specimen
31
Fluorescence microscopy uses what light
UV light
32
Fluorescence microscopy operation
fluorescent substances absorb UV light and emit longer wavelength (visible) light
33
Fluorescence microscopy specimen appear _______ against a dark background
luminous
34
Fluorescence microscopy is used as a
diagnostic technique
35
Fluorescence microscopy cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes if they do not naturally
fluoresce
36
Confocal microscopy is used to make
3D images
37
Confocal microscopy uses what light to excite a single plane of a specimen
short wavelength (blue)
38
two photon microscopy can track the
activity of cells
39
two photon microscopy uses what dye
fluorchrome
40
two photon microscopy operation
two photons of long wavelength (red) light are used to excite the dyes
41
super resolution light microscopy uses two
laser beams
42
the two laser beams in super resolution light microscopy are used to
one beam stimulates fluorescent molecules to glow second beam cancels out all fluorescence except for that in one nm
43
super resolution light microscopy can use different dyes for different molecules meaning
this type of viewing can allow for a single molecule to be tracked
44
scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) us used to look at cells that are
attached to a surface
45
scanning acoustic microscopy used
sound waves
46
electron microscopy uses _______ instead of light
electrons
47
2 types of electron microscopy
scanning and transmission
48
electron microscopy the shorter the wavelength of electrons gives the
greater the resolution
49
electron microscopy can look at
viruses
50
transmission electron microscopy operation
a beam of electrons passes through ultra thin sections of a specimen then through an electromagnetic lens, then focuses on a projector lens
51
transmission electron microscopy stains
heavy metal salts
52
transmission electron microscopy specimens are placed on
copper mesh grid
53
transmission electron microscopy disadvantages
1. only very thin section of specimen can be studied 2. no 3D 3. specimens have to be fixed, dehydrated, and viewed under a high vacuum to prevent electron scattering
54
prep of a specimen may cause shrinkage and distortion this is known as
artifacts
55
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) operation
an electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scan the surface of the entire specimen
56
scanning electron microscopy can produce what type of image
3D
57
2 types of scanned probe microscopes
scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope
58
scanning tunneling microscope uses a
Tungsten probe to scan a specimen and reveal details of its surface
59
scanning tunneling microscope is used to see
DNA
60
scanning tunneling microscope does not require any
prep
61
atomic force microscopy operation
uses a metal and diamond probe placed onto specimen movements are recorded
62
atomic force microscope produces what image
3D
63
atomic force microscope is used to see what
biological substances and micro logical processes
64
atomic force microscope does not require
prep

Microbiology (20 decks)

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