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Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microorganisms are measured in

A

micrometers and nanometers

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2
Q

a simple microscope has how many lenses

A

one

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3
Q

light microscopy

A

any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens

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4
Q

types of light microscopy

A

compound light microscopy, dark field microscopy, phrase contrast microscopy, differential interference contrast microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy

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5
Q

in a compound microscope the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the

A

ocular lens

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6
Q

total magnification =

A

objective lens x ocular lens

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7
Q

10x

A

low power

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8
Q

40x

A

high power

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9
Q

100x

A

oil immersion

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10
Q

resolution (resolving power)

A

is the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points that are specified distance apart

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11
Q

a microscope with a resolving power of 0.4nm can distinguish between two points at least

A

0.4nm apart

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12
Q

shorter wavelengths of light provide

A

greater resolution

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13
Q

refractive index

A

is a measure of the light bending ability of a medium

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14
Q

once specimen is stained, specimen and medium have different

A

refractive indexes

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15
Q

increase in magnification and clear image is obtained through

A

small objective lenses

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16
Q

immersion oil has the same refractive index as

A

glass

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17
Q

immersion oil is used to keep

A

light from refracting

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18
Q

in brightfield illumination dark objects are visible against a

A

bright background

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19
Q

brightfield illumination light is reflected off the specimen

A

does not enter the objective lens

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20
Q

dark field microscopy light objects are visible against

A

dark background

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21
Q

dark field microscopy a ________ disk is placed in condenser

A

opaque

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22
Q

dark field microscopy only light reflected off the specimen enters

A

objective lens

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23
Q

dark field microscopy is used to look at

A

live specimen

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24
Q

in dark field microscopy does not need to be

A

stained

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25
Q

dark field microscopy is also used to look at

A

specimen not visible in normal microbes

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26
Q

phase contrast microscopy allows examination of

A

living organisms and internal cell structures

27
Q

phase contrast microscopy, stain or no stain?

A

do not need to stain

28
Q

phase contrast microscopy operation

A

brings together two sets of light rays, direct rays, and diffracted rays to form an image

29
Q

differential interference contrast has _____ resolution than phase contrast

A

better

30
Q

differential interference contrast microscopy operation

A

uses two light beams and prisms to split light beams, giving more contrast and color to the specimen

31
Q

Fluorescence microscopy uses what light

A

UV light

32
Q

Fluorescence microscopy operation

A

fluorescent substances absorb UV light and emit longer wavelength (visible) light

33
Q

Fluorescence microscopy specimen appear _______ against a dark background

A

luminous

34
Q

Fluorescence microscopy is used as a

A

diagnostic technique

35
Q

Fluorescence microscopy cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes if they do not naturally

A

fluoresce

36
Q

Confocal microscopy is used to make

A

3D images

37
Q

Confocal microscopy uses what light to excite a single plane of a specimen

A

short wavelength (blue)

38
Q

two photon microscopy can track the

A

activity of cells

39
Q

two photon microscopy uses what dye

A

fluorchrome

40
Q

two photon microscopy operation

A

two photons of long wavelength (red) light are used to excite the dyes

41
Q

super resolution light microscopy uses two

A

laser beams

42
Q

the two laser beams in super resolution light microscopy are used to

A

one beam stimulates fluorescent molecules to glow
second beam cancels out all fluorescence except for that in one nm

43
Q

super resolution light microscopy can use different dyes for different molecules meaning

A

this type of viewing can allow for a single molecule to be tracked

44
Q

scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) us used to look at cells that are

A

attached to a surface

45
Q

scanning acoustic microscopy used

A

sound waves

46
Q

electron microscopy uses _______ instead of light

A

electrons

47
Q

2 types of electron microscopy

A

scanning and transmission

48
Q

electron microscopy the shorter the wavelength of electrons gives the

A

greater the resolution

49
Q

electron microscopy can look at

A

viruses

50
Q

transmission electron microscopy operation

A

a beam of electrons passes through ultra thin sections of a specimen then through an electromagnetic lens, then focuses on a projector lens

51
Q

transmission electron microscopy stains

A

heavy metal salts

52
Q

transmission electron microscopy specimens are placed on

A

copper mesh grid

53
Q

transmission electron microscopy disadvantages

A
  1. only very thin section of specimen can be studied
  2. no 3D
  3. specimens have to be fixed, dehydrated, and viewed under a high vacuum to prevent electron scattering
54
Q

prep of a specimen may cause shrinkage and distortion this is known as

A

artifacts

55
Q

scanning electron microscopy (SEM) operation

A

an electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scan the surface of the entire specimen

56
Q

scanning electron microscopy can produce what type of image

A

3D

57
Q

2 types of scanned probe microscopes

A

scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope

58
Q

scanning tunneling microscope uses a

A

Tungsten probe to scan a specimen and reveal details of its surface

59
Q

scanning tunneling microscope is used to see

A

DNA

60
Q

scanning tunneling microscope does not require any

A

prep

61
Q

atomic force microscopy operation

A

uses a metal and diamond probe placed onto specimen movements are recorded

62
Q

atomic force microscope produces what image

A

3D

63
Q

atomic force microscope is used to see what

A

biological substances and micro logical processes

64
Q

atomic force microscope does not require

A

prep

Microbiology (20 decks)

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