Exam #1 Study Guide Flashcards
Linneaus
developed scientific nomenclature
the use of the scientific nomenclature is beneficial because
there is one universal name throughout all languages, no confusion
once you mention the full species name you can then
abbreviate it (EX: E. coli)
Woese
developed the system of classification for organisms
bacteria
prokaryotes, single cell, peptidoglycan wall
archaea
prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan wall (if present), live in extreme environments
methogens
produce methane as respiration
extreme halophiles
extremely salty environemts
extreme thermophiles
extremely hot environemt
Eukarya, ALL are
eukaryotes
fungi cell wall
chitin
fungi and protozoa both absorb
organic compounds
protozoa can be
parasites
protozoa can be
motile
protozoa and alga both can
photosynthesize
algea
cellulose cell wall
normal microbiota
collection of acquired microorganisms
microbiota function
prevent growth of pathogens, produce growth factor, vit B and K, and contribute to resistance
3 ways organisms colonzie
- begin to acquire as newborns
- colonize indefinately
- colonize fleetingly
bodies reistance
ability to ward off diseases
drug resistance
results from genetic changes in microbes that enable them to tolerate a certain amount of an antibiotic that would normally inhibit them
dangers of drug resistance
need to take time to find a new effective drug, new drug could be stronger and damage normal body bacteria
what theory explains why drug resistance cannot be eradicated
theory of evolution
clinical example of drug resistance
MRSA
MRSA is resistance to
penicillin and methcillin
best mitigation strategy
not to overuse antibiotics
spontaneous generation
theory that life develops out of nonliving matter
redi experiment
put broth in sealed, open and netted
redi results
sealed had no growth, net had no growth, open had growth
need ham experiment
heated broth then placed in covered flask
needham results
growth
spallanzani experiment
broth was placed in flask, sealed and then heated
spallazani results
no growth
biogeneis
theory that living things come from preexisting cells
virchow
came up with idea for biogeneiss
pasteur experiment
created an S shaped flask that allowed air to enter but trapped microbes
pasteur S shaped flask results
no growth
who is credited with ending spontaneous generation debate
Pasteur
advancements made by Pasteur and Koch lead to
establishment of microbiology
first golden age
1857-1914
Pasteur created fermentation which is
yeasts convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of oxygen
Pasteur created pasteurization to prevent spoilage
heat alcohol just enough to kill most bacteria
lister
cleaned surgical tools with phenol leading to no infections proving that microorganisms cause infection
koch
koch’s postulates which are a sequence of steps for directly relating microbe to specific disease
jenner
created first vaccine against small pox with infecting people with cowpox leading to immunity
chemotherapy
treatment of disease with chemcials
antibiotics
chemicals produced naturally and act against microorgansism
synthetic drugs
agents prepped in a lab
ehrlich
‘magic bullet’ (idea for synthetic drugs)
flemming
first antibiotic by accident, penicillin
lancefield
strepticocoi based on cell wall components
stanley
mosaic disease of tobacco to be virus, lead to virus structure and chemistry
third golden age main takeaways
genomics and recombinant DNA
compound light microscopy
image from objective lens is magnified by ocular lens
refractive index
measure of the light bending ability of a medium
resolution
is the ability of lenses to distinguish two points
brightfield
dark objects, bright background
brightfeild uses
observe various specimens and count microbes
darkfield
light objects, dark background
darkfield uses
examine microorganisms that are invisible in brightfield, do not stain, or distorted by staining
phase contrast
brings together two sets of light rays, directs rays and diffracted rays to form image
phase contrast use
detailed examination of internal structures of living specimens
differetial interference contrast
uses two light beams and prisms to spilt light beams giving more contrast and color
Differential interference contrast use
3D images
phase contrast and differential interference contrast differences in light
PC brings together light rays while DIC spilts light beams
how do fluorescent substances reflect light
absorb light and emit longer visible wavelengths
fluorescence is used in
clinical identification
confocal and two photon both
use staining of florchrome
confocal microscopy
short wavelength (blue) light is used to excite a single plane of specimen
confocal use
2D and 3D images
two photon
two photons of long wavelengths (red) light are used to excite the dyes, can study live cells
two photon use
image living cells, observe cell activity in real time
confocal and two photon differences
confocal use short (blue) wavelenths, two photons use long (red) wavelengths
super resolution
uses 2 laser beams, one is used to stimulate fluorescent molecule to glow, other is used to cancel out all fluorescent except for one nm, can use different stains for different moleules
super resolution use
observe locations of moleules
scanning acoustic
measures sound waves that are reflected back from specimen
scanning acoustic use
examine cells attached to another surface
electron microscopy
uses electrons instead of light, shorter wavelength of electrons give greater resolution, used to see viruses
how to get greater resolution
shorter wavelengths
transmission electron microscopy
beam of electrons passes through ultra thin sections of specimen then through a electromagnetic lens then focused on a projector lens, specimen are stained with heavy metal salts for contrast
transmission electron disadvantages
only very thin section of specimen can be studied, no 3D, specimens have to be fixed, dehydrated and viewed under high vacuum to prevent electron scattering
transmission electron uses
examine viruses or internal structures
scanning electron microscopy
electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans the surface of an entire specimen, produce 3D
scanning electron use
study surface features
scanned probe microscopes
uses probes to examine the surface of a specimen with electric current
scanning tunneling microscopy
tungsten probe scan specimen and reveal details of surface, used to see DNA
scanning tunneling microscopy use
provides very detailed views of moleules inside cell
atomic force microscope
metal and diamond probe placed onto a specimen, movements recorded, used to see biological substances and micro logical processes, 3D
atomic force microscopy use
3D image of biological specimens at high resolution, measure physical properties
staining
coloring microorganisms with a dye that emphasizes certain structures
smear
thin film of material containing microorganisms spread over a slide
mordant
chemical that intesnsifies a stain
fixed
specimen is attached to slide which kills it
basic dyes
chromophore is a cation, dyes bacteria
acidic dye
chromophore is an anion, dyes background
simple stains
use of a single basic dye, highlights whole organism, used to vizualize cell shapes and strucutre
differential stains
distinguish between bacteria
differential stain example
acid fast and gram stain
gram stain
provides valuable information on treating disease
gram positive
thick peptidoglycan wall
gram negative
thin cell wall
procedure for gram stain
dyed crystal violet, treated with mordant, treated with decolorization, counterstained safrin
gram postive cells are stained
deep purple
gram negative cells are dyed
pink
acid fast is used to
identify mycobacterium and nocardia because of waxy material in cell walls
acid fast procedure
stained with carbolfuschin while heated over steam, cooled, decolorized, counterstained with simple dye
mycobacterium and nocardia are stained
red
special stains
used to distinguish between parts of a microorganism
capsules are
gelatinous covering that do not accept most dyes
capsule stain procedure
using India ink/nigrosin which contrast background with capsule, capsule appears as a halo
endospore stain procedure
heat to drive in malachite green into endospores, rinsed with water, counterstained safrin,
endorspores are dyed
green
rest of cell in endospore stain is
pink
flagella staining procedure
mordant and carbolfuschin to thicken appearance of flagella
acids
dissociates into one to more hydrogen ions and negative ions
bases
dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and positive ions
compound
molecule that contains two or more kinds of atoms
cations
lost electron, positive charge
anions
gain electrons, negative charge
ions
charged atoms that have gained/lost electrons
ionic bonds
attraction between ions of opposite charges, transfer of electrons, metals and nonmetals
covalent bonds
two atoms share electrons, metal and metal
hydrogen bonds
form when hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom, very weak
dalton
unit of molecular mass
endergonic
absorb energy
exergonic
release energy
organic
always contain carbon and hydrogen, complex
inorganic
lack carbon, small and simple
water
medium for relations, polar ( unequal distrubution of charge), solvent (polar substances undergo dissociation in water forming solutes)
salts
substances that dissociate into cations/anions, neither of which is a H+ of OH-
anabolism
synthesis of moleules in a. cell
anabolism example
A+B=AB
catabolism
decomposition reactions in a cell
catabolism example
AB=A+B
carbon skeleton
chain of carbon atoms in a organic moleule
functional group
bond to carbon skeletons and are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound, help with classification
macromoleules
polymers consisting of many small repeating moleules called monomers
monomers are joined by
dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions
carbs serve as
cell structures and cellular energy sources
carbs are
sugar and starches
carbs have _, _, _ in formula
C,H,O
isomers
moleules with same chemical formulas but different structures
many carbs are
isomers
monosaccharides
simple sugars, 3-7 carbon atoms
monosaccharides example
glucose and deoxyribose
polysaccharides
tens or hundreds of monosaccharides
example of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, dextran, cellulose
lipids make up cell
membrane
lipids are
non polar and insoluble in water
lipids consist of _, _, _,
C,H,O
simple lipids
fats or triglycerides
saturated fat is a
simple fat
saturated fat
no double bonds in fatty acids
unsaturated fat is a
simple lipids
unsaturated fat is
one or more double bonds
unsaturated fats can be
Cis, or Trans
Cis unsaturated fats
H atoms on same sides of double bonds
trans unsaturated fats
H atoms on opposite side of double bond
complex lipids contain
C,H,O+P and or S
complex lipids cell membranes made of complex lipids called
phospholipids
phospholipids have
polar regions and non polar regions
steroids
4 carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring
steroids are part of membranes and keep them
fluid
