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Microbiology > Exam #1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam #1 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Linneaus

A

developed scientific nomenclature

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2
Q

the use of the scientific nomenclature is beneficial because

A

there is one universal name throughout all languages, no confusion

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3
Q

once you mention the full species name you can then

A

abbreviate it (EX: E. coli)

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4
Q

Woese

A

developed the system of classification for organisms

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5
Q

bacteria

A

prokaryotes, single cell, peptidoglycan wall

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6
Q

archaea

A

prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan wall (if present), live in extreme environments

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7
Q

methogens

A

produce methane as respiration

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8
Q

extreme halophiles

A

extremely salty environemts

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9
Q

extreme thermophiles

A

extremely hot environemt

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10
Q

Eukarya, ALL are

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

fungi cell wall

A

chitin

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12
Q

fungi and protozoa both absorb

A

organic compounds

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13
Q

protozoa can be

A

parasites

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14
Q

protozoa can be

A

motile

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15
Q

protozoa and alga both can

A

photosynthesize

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16
Q

algea

A

cellulose cell wall

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17
Q

normal microbiota

A

collection of acquired microorganisms

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18
Q

microbiota function

A

prevent growth of pathogens, produce growth factor, vit B and K, and contribute to resistance

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19
Q

3 ways organisms colonzie

A
  1. begin to acquire as newborns
  2. colonize indefinately
  3. colonize fleetingly
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20
Q

bodies reistance

A

ability to ward off diseases

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21
Q

drug resistance

A

results from genetic changes in microbes that enable them to tolerate a certain amount of an antibiotic that would normally inhibit them

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22
Q

dangers of drug resistance

A

need to take time to find a new effective drug, new drug could be stronger and damage normal body bacteria

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23
Q

what theory explains why drug resistance cannot be eradicated

A

theory of evolution

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24
Q

clinical example of drug resistance

A

MRSA

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25
Q

MRSA is resistance to

A

penicillin and methcillin

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26
Q

best mitigation strategy

A

not to overuse antibiotics

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27
Q

spontaneous generation

A

theory that life develops out of nonliving matter

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28
Q

redi experiment

A

put broth in sealed, open and netted

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29
Q

redi results

A

sealed had no growth, net had no growth, open had growth

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30
Q

need ham experiment

A

heated broth then placed in covered flask

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31
Q

needham results

A

growth

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32
Q

spallanzani experiment

A

broth was placed in flask, sealed and then heated

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33
Q

spallazani results

A

no growth

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34
Q

biogeneis

A

theory that living things come from preexisting cells

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35
Q

virchow

A

came up with idea for biogeneiss

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36
Q

pasteur experiment

A

created an S shaped flask that allowed air to enter but trapped microbes

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37
Q

pasteur S shaped flask results

A

no growth

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38
Q

who is credited with ending spontaneous generation debate

A

Pasteur

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39
Q

advancements made by Pasteur and Koch lead to

A

establishment of microbiology

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40
Q

first golden age

A

1857-1914

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41
Q

Pasteur created fermentation which is

A

yeasts convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of oxygen

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42
Q

Pasteur created pasteurization to prevent spoilage

A

heat alcohol just enough to kill most bacteria

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43
Q

lister

A

cleaned surgical tools with phenol leading to no infections proving that microorganisms cause infection

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44
Q

koch

A

koch’s postulates which are a sequence of steps for directly relating microbe to specific disease

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45
Q

jenner

A

created first vaccine against small pox with infecting people with cowpox leading to immunity

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46
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment of disease with chemcials

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47
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals produced naturally and act against microorgansism

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48
Q

synthetic drugs

A

agents prepped in a lab

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49
Q

ehrlich

A

‘magic bullet’ (idea for synthetic drugs)

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50
Q

flemming

A

first antibiotic by accident, penicillin

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51
Q

lancefield

A

strepticocoi based on cell wall components

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52
Q

stanley

A

mosaic disease of tobacco to be virus, lead to virus structure and chemistry

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53
Q

third golden age main takeaways

A

genomics and recombinant DNA

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54
Q

compound light microscopy

A

image from objective lens is magnified by ocular lens

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55
Q

refractive index

A

measure of the light bending ability of a medium

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56
Q

resolution

A

is the ability of lenses to distinguish two points

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57
Q

brightfield

A

dark objects, bright background

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58
Q

brightfeild uses

A

observe various specimens and count microbes

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59
Q

darkfield

A

light objects, dark background

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60
Q

darkfield uses

A

examine microorganisms that are invisible in brightfield, do not stain, or distorted by staining

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61
Q

phase contrast

A

brings together two sets of light rays, directs rays and diffracted rays to form image

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62
Q

phase contrast use

A

detailed examination of internal structures of living specimens

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63
Q

differetial interference contrast

A

uses two light beams and prisms to spilt light beams giving more contrast and color

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64
Q

Differential interference contrast use

A

3D images

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65
Q

phase contrast and differential interference contrast differences in light

A

PC brings together light rays while DIC spilts light beams

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66
Q

how do fluorescent substances reflect light

A

absorb light and emit longer visible wavelengths

67
Q

fluorescence is used in

A

clinical identification

68
Q

confocal and two photon both

A

use staining of florchrome

69
Q

confocal microscopy

A

short wavelength (blue) light is used to excite a single plane of specimen

70
Q

confocal use

A

2D and 3D images

71
Q

two photon

A

two photons of long wavelengths (red) light are used to excite the dyes, can study live cells

72
Q

two photon use

A

image living cells, observe cell activity in real time

73
Q

confocal and two photon differences

A

confocal use short (blue) wavelenths, two photons use long (red) wavelengths

74
Q

super resolution

A

uses 2 laser beams, one is used to stimulate fluorescent molecule to glow, other is used to cancel out all fluorescent except for one nm, can use different stains for different moleules

75
Q

super resolution use

A

observe locations of moleules

76
Q

scanning acoustic

A

measures sound waves that are reflected back from specimen

77
Q

scanning acoustic use

A

examine cells attached to another surface

78
Q

electron microscopy

A

uses electrons instead of light, shorter wavelength of electrons give greater resolution, used to see viruses

79
Q

how to get greater resolution

A

shorter wavelengths

80
Q

transmission electron microscopy

A

beam of electrons passes through ultra thin sections of specimen then through a electromagnetic lens then focused on a projector lens, specimen are stained with heavy metal salts for contrast

81
Q

transmission electron disadvantages

A

only very thin section of specimen can be studied, no 3D, specimens have to be fixed, dehydrated and viewed under high vacuum to prevent electron scattering

82
Q

transmission electron uses

A

examine viruses or internal structures

83
Q

scanning electron microscopy

A

electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans the surface of an entire specimen, produce 3D

84
Q

scanning electron use

A

study surface features

85
Q

scanned probe microscopes

A

uses probes to examine the surface of a specimen with electric current

86
Q

scanning tunneling microscopy

A

tungsten probe scan specimen and reveal details of surface, used to see DNA

87
Q

scanning tunneling microscopy use

A

provides very detailed views of moleules inside cell

88
Q

atomic force microscope

A

metal and diamond probe placed onto a specimen, movements recorded, used to see biological substances and micro logical processes, 3D

89
Q

atomic force microscopy use

A

3D image of biological specimens at high resolution, measure physical properties

90
Q

staining

A

coloring microorganisms with a dye that emphasizes certain structures

91
Q

smear

A

thin film of material containing microorganisms spread over a slide

92
Q

mordant

A

chemical that intesnsifies a stain

93
Q

fixed

A

specimen is attached to slide which kills it

94
Q

basic dyes

A

chromophore is a cation, dyes bacteria

95
Q

acidic dye

A

chromophore is an anion, dyes background

96
Q

simple stains

A

use of a single basic dye, highlights whole organism, used to vizualize cell shapes and strucutre

97
Q

differential stains

A

distinguish between bacteria

98
Q

differential stain example

A

acid fast and gram stain

99
Q

gram stain

A

provides valuable information on treating disease

100
Q

gram positive

A

thick peptidoglycan wall

101
Q

gram negative

A

thin cell wall

102
Q

procedure for gram stain

A

dyed crystal violet, treated with mordant, treated with decolorization, counterstained safrin

103
Q

gram postive cells are stained

A

deep purple

104
Q

gram negative cells are dyed

A

pink

105
Q

acid fast is used to

A

identify mycobacterium and nocardia because of waxy material in cell walls

106
Q

acid fast procedure

A

stained with carbolfuschin while heated over steam, cooled, decolorized, counterstained with simple dye

107
Q

mycobacterium and nocardia are stained

A

red

108
Q

special stains

A

used to distinguish between parts of a microorganism

109
Q

capsules are

A

gelatinous covering that do not accept most dyes

110
Q

capsule stain procedure

A

using India ink/nigrosin which contrast background with capsule, capsule appears as a halo

111
Q

endospore stain procedure

A

heat to drive in malachite green into endospores, rinsed with water, counterstained safrin,

112
Q

endorspores are dyed

A

green

113
Q

rest of cell in endospore stain is

A

pink

114
Q

flagella staining procedure

A

mordant and carbolfuschin to thicken appearance of flagella

115
Q

acids

A

dissociates into one to more hydrogen ions and negative ions

116
Q

bases

A

dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and positive ions

117
Q

compound

A

molecule that contains two or more kinds of atoms

118
Q

cations

A

lost electron, positive charge

119
Q

anions

A

gain electrons, negative charge

120
Q

ions

A

charged atoms that have gained/lost electrons

121
Q

ionic bonds

A

attraction between ions of opposite charges, transfer of electrons, metals and nonmetals

122
Q

covalent bonds

A

two atoms share electrons, metal and metal

123
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

form when hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom, very weak

124
Q

dalton

A

unit of molecular mass

125
Q

endergonic

A

absorb energy

126
Q

exergonic

A

release energy

127
Q

organic

A

always contain carbon and hydrogen, complex

128
Q

inorganic

A

lack carbon, small and simple

129
Q

water

A

medium for relations, polar ( unequal distrubution of charge), solvent (polar substances undergo dissociation in water forming solutes)

130
Q

salts

A

substances that dissociate into cations/anions, neither of which is a H+ of OH-

131
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of moleules in a. cell

132
Q

anabolism example

A

A+B=AB

133
Q

catabolism

A

decomposition reactions in a cell

134
Q

catabolism example

A

AB=A+B

135
Q

carbon skeleton

A

chain of carbon atoms in a organic moleule

136
Q

functional group

A

bond to carbon skeletons and are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound, help with classification

137
Q

macromoleules

A

polymers consisting of many small repeating moleules called monomers

138
Q

monomers are joined by

A

dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions

139
Q

carbs serve as

A

cell structures and cellular energy sources

140
Q

carbs are

A

sugar and starches

141
Q

carbs have _, _, _ in formula

A

C,H,O

142
Q

isomers

A

moleules with same chemical formulas but different structures

143
Q

many carbs are

A

isomers

144
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars, 3-7 carbon atoms

145
Q

monosaccharides example

A

glucose and deoxyribose

146
Q

polysaccharides

A

tens or hundreds of monosaccharides

147
Q

example of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, dextran, cellulose

148
Q

lipids make up cell

A

membrane

149
Q

lipids are

A

non polar and insoluble in water

150
Q

lipids consist of _, _, _,

A

C,H,O

151
Q

simple lipids

A

fats or triglycerides

152
Q

saturated fat is a

A

simple fat

153
Q

saturated fat

A

no double bonds in fatty acids

154
Q

unsaturated fat is a

A

simple lipids

155
Q

unsaturated fat is

A

one or more double bonds

156
Q

unsaturated fats can be

A

Cis, or Trans

157
Q

Cis unsaturated fats

A

H atoms on same sides of double bonds

158
Q

trans unsaturated fats

A

H atoms on opposite side of double bond

159
Q

complex lipids contain

A

C,H,O+P and or S

160
Q

complex lipids cell membranes made of complex lipids called

A

phospholipids

161
Q

phospholipids have

A

polar regions and non polar regions

162
Q

steroids

A

4 carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring

163
Q

steroids are part of membranes and keep them

A

fluid

Microbiology (20 decks)

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