Exam #1 Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Linneaus
A
developed scientific nomenclature
2
Q
the use of the scientific nomenclature is beneficial because
A
there is one universal name throughout all languages, no confusion
3
Q
once you mention the full species name you can then
A
abbreviate it (EX: E. coli)
4
Q
Woese
A
developed the system of classification for organisms
5
Q
bacteria
A
prokaryotes, single cell, peptidoglycan wall
6
Q
archaea
A
prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan wall (if present), live in extreme environments
7
Q
methogens
A
produce methane as respiration
8
Q
extreme halophiles
A
extremely salty environemts
9
Q
extreme thermophiles
A
extremely hot environemt
10
Q
Eukarya, ALL are
A
eukaryotes
11
Q
fungi cell wall
A
chitin
12
Q
fungi and protozoa both absorb
A
organic compounds
13
Q
protozoa can be
A
parasites
14
Q
protozoa can be
A
motile
15
Q
protozoa and alga both can
A
photosynthesize
16
Q
algea
A
cellulose cell wall
17
Q
normal microbiota
A
collection of acquired microorganisms
18
Q
microbiota function
A
prevent growth of pathogens, produce growth factor, vit B and K, and contribute to resistance
19
Q
3 ways organisms colonzie
A
- begin to acquire as newborns
- colonize indefinately
- colonize fleetingly
20
Q
bodies reistance
A
ability to ward off diseases
21
Q
drug resistance
A
results from genetic changes in microbes that enable them to tolerate a certain amount of an antibiotic that would normally inhibit them
22
Q
dangers of drug resistance
A
need to take time to find a new effective drug, new drug could be stronger and damage normal body bacteria
23
Q
what theory explains why drug resistance cannot be eradicated
A
theory of evolution
24
Q
clinical example of drug resistance
A
MRSA
25
MRSA is resistance to
penicillin and methcillin
26
best mitigation strategy
not to overuse antibiotics
27
spontaneous generation
theory that life develops out of nonliving matter
28
redi experiment
put broth in sealed, open and netted
29
redi results
sealed had no growth, net had no growth, open had growth
30
need ham experiment
heated broth then placed in covered flask
31
needham results
growth
32
spallanzani experiment
broth was placed in flask, sealed and then heated
33
spallazani results
no growth
34
biogeneis
theory that living things come from preexisting cells
35
virchow
came up with idea for biogeneiss
36
pasteur experiment
created an S shaped flask that allowed air to enter but trapped microbes
37
pasteur S shaped flask results
no growth
38
who is credited with ending spontaneous generation debate
Pasteur
39
advancements made by Pasteur and Koch lead to
establishment of microbiology
40
first golden age
1857-1914
41
Pasteur created fermentation which is
yeasts convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of oxygen
42
Pasteur created pasteurization to prevent spoilage
heat alcohol just enough to kill most bacteria
43
lister
cleaned surgical tools with phenol leading to no infections proving that microorganisms cause infection
44
koch
koch's postulates which are a sequence of steps for directly relating microbe to specific disease
45
jenner
created first vaccine against small pox with infecting people with cowpox leading to immunity
46
chemotherapy
treatment of disease with chemcials
47
antibiotics
chemicals produced naturally and act against microorgansism
48
synthetic drugs
agents prepped in a lab
49
ehrlich
'magic bullet' (idea for synthetic drugs)
50
flemming
first antibiotic by accident, penicillin
51
lancefield
strepticocoi based on cell wall components
52
stanley
mosaic disease of tobacco to be virus, lead to virus structure and chemistry
53
third golden age main takeaways
genomics and recombinant DNA
54
compound light microscopy
image from objective lens is magnified by ocular lens
55
refractive index
measure of the light bending ability of a medium
56
resolution
is the ability of lenses to distinguish two points
57
brightfield
dark objects, bright background
58
brightfeild uses
observe various specimens and count microbes
59
darkfield
light objects, dark background
60
darkfield uses
examine microorganisms that are invisible in brightfield, do not stain, or distorted by staining
61
phase contrast
brings together two sets of light rays, directs rays and diffracted rays to form image
62
phase contrast use
detailed examination of internal structures of living specimens
63
differetial interference contrast
uses two light beams and prisms to spilt light beams giving more contrast and color
64
Differential interference contrast use
3D images
65
phase contrast and differential interference contrast differences in light
PC brings together light rays while DIC spilts light beams
66
how do fluorescent substances reflect light
absorb light and emit longer visible wavelengths
67
fluorescence is used in
clinical identification
68
confocal and two photon both
use staining of florchrome
69
confocal microscopy
short wavelength (blue) light is used to excite a single plane of specimen
70
confocal use
2D and 3D images
71
two photon
two photons of long wavelengths (red) light are used to excite the dyes, can study live cells
72
two photon use
image living cells, observe cell activity in real time
73
confocal and two photon differences
confocal use short (blue) wavelenths, two photons use long (red) wavelengths
74
super resolution
uses 2 laser beams, one is used to stimulate fluorescent molecule to glow, other is used to cancel out all fluorescent except for one nm, can use different stains for different moleules
75
super resolution use
observe locations of moleules
76
scanning acoustic
measures sound waves that are reflected back from specimen
77
scanning acoustic use
examine cells attached to another surface
78
electron microscopy
uses electrons instead of light, shorter wavelength of electrons give greater resolution, used to see viruses
79
how to get greater resolution
shorter wavelengths
80
transmission electron microscopy
beam of electrons passes through ultra thin sections of specimen then through a electromagnetic lens then focused on a projector lens, specimen are stained with heavy metal salts for contrast
81
transmission electron disadvantages
only very thin section of specimen can be studied, no 3D, specimens have to be fixed, dehydrated and viewed under high vacuum to prevent electron scattering
82
transmission electron uses
examine viruses or internal structures
83
scanning electron microscopy
electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans the surface of an entire specimen, produce 3D
84
scanning electron use
study surface features
85
scanned probe microscopes
uses probes to examine the surface of a specimen with electric current
86
scanning tunneling microscopy
tungsten probe scan specimen and reveal details of surface, used to see DNA
87
scanning tunneling microscopy use
provides very detailed views of moleules inside cell
88
atomic force microscope
metal and diamond probe placed onto a specimen, movements recorded, used to see biological substances and micro logical processes, 3D
89
atomic force microscopy use
3D image of biological specimens at high resolution, measure physical properties
90
staining
coloring microorganisms with a dye that emphasizes certain structures
91
smear
thin film of material containing microorganisms spread over a slide
92
mordant
chemical that intesnsifies a stain
93
fixed
specimen is attached to slide which kills it
94
basic dyes
chromophore is a cation, dyes bacteria
95
acidic dye
chromophore is an anion, dyes background
96
simple stains
use of a single basic dye, highlights whole organism, used to vizualize cell shapes and strucutre
97
differential stains
distinguish between bacteria
98
differential stain example
acid fast and gram stain
99
gram stain
provides valuable information on treating disease
100
gram positive
thick peptidoglycan wall
101
gram negative
thin cell wall
102
procedure for gram stain
dyed crystal violet, treated with mordant, treated with decolorization, counterstained safrin
103
gram postive cells are stained
deep purple
104
gram negative cells are dyed
pink
105
acid fast is used to
identify mycobacterium and nocardia because of waxy material in cell walls
106
acid fast procedure
stained with carbolfuschin while heated over steam, cooled, decolorized, counterstained with simple dye
107
mycobacterium and nocardia are stained
red
108
special stains
used to distinguish between parts of a microorganism
109
capsules are
gelatinous covering that do not accept most dyes
110
capsule stain procedure
using India ink/nigrosin which contrast background with capsule, capsule appears as a halo
111
endospore stain procedure
heat to drive in malachite green into endospores, rinsed with water, counterstained safrin,
112
endorspores are dyed
green
113
rest of cell in endospore stain is
pink
114
flagella staining procedure
mordant and carbolfuschin to thicken appearance of flagella
115
acids
dissociates into one to more hydrogen ions and negative ions
116
bases
dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and positive ions
117
compound
molecule that contains two or more kinds of atoms
118
cations
lost electron, positive charge
119
anions
gain electrons, negative charge
120
ions
charged atoms that have gained/lost electrons
121
ionic bonds
attraction between ions of opposite charges, transfer of electrons, metals and nonmetals
122
covalent bonds
two atoms share electrons, metal and metal
123
hydrogen bonds
form when hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom, very weak
124
dalton
unit of molecular mass
125
endergonic
absorb energy
126
exergonic
release energy
127
organic
always contain carbon and hydrogen, complex
128
inorganic
lack carbon, small and simple
129
water
medium for relations, polar ( unequal distrubution of charge), solvent (polar substances undergo dissociation in water forming solutes)
130
salts
substances that dissociate into cations/anions, neither of which is a H+ of OH-
131
anabolism
synthesis of moleules in a. cell
132
anabolism example
A+B=AB
133
catabolism
decomposition reactions in a cell
134
catabolism example
AB=A+B
135
carbon skeleton
chain of carbon atoms in a organic moleule
136
functional group
bond to carbon skeletons and are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound, help with classification
137
macromoleules
polymers consisting of many small repeating moleules called monomers
138
monomers are joined by
dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions
139
carbs serve as
cell structures and cellular energy sources
140
carbs are
sugar and starches
141
carbs have _, _, _ in formula
C,H,O
142
isomers
moleules with same chemical formulas but different structures
143
many carbs are
isomers
144
monosaccharides
simple sugars, 3-7 carbon atoms
145
monosaccharides example
glucose and deoxyribose
146
polysaccharides
tens or hundreds of monosaccharides
147
example of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, dextran, cellulose
148
lipids make up cell
membrane
149
lipids are
non polar and insoluble in water
150
lipids consist of _, _, _,
C,H,O
151
simple lipids
fats or triglycerides
152
saturated fat is a
simple fat
153
saturated fat
no double bonds in fatty acids
154
unsaturated fat is a
simple lipids
155
unsaturated fat is
one or more double bonds
156
unsaturated fats can be
Cis, or Trans
157
Cis unsaturated fats
H atoms on same sides of double bonds
158
trans unsaturated fats
H atoms on opposite side of double bond
159
complex lipids contain
C,H,O+P and or S
160
complex lipids cell membranes made of complex lipids called
phospholipids
161
phospholipids have
polar regions and non polar regions
162
steroids
4 carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring
163
steroids are part of membranes and keep them
fluid
