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Microbiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

viruses are obilgatory intracellular

A

parasites

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2
Q

viruses require a living host to

A

multiply

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3
Q

viruses contain DNA or RNA or both or one of the other?

A

contain one of the other

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4
Q

viruses have a protein

A

coat

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5
Q

viruses have no

A

ribosomes

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6
Q

do viruses have ATP generating mechanisms

A

no

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7
Q

host range is the spectrum of host cells a virus can

A

infect

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8
Q

most visas infect only specific types of cells in one

A

host

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9
Q

the fact vises only infect specific types of cells is determined by

A

specific host attachment sites and cellular factors

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10
Q

bacteriophages are viruses that infect

A

bacteria

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11
Q

animal viruses the receptor is on the

A

plamsa membrane

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12
Q

virion

A

complete, full developed viral particle

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13
Q

in a virion the DNA or RNA can be single or double stranded but what other 2 shapes could it be

A

linear or circular

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14
Q

virion have a capsid protein coar made of

A

capsomeres

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15
Q

virion have spikes which re

A

projections from outer surface

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16
Q

virion spikes are reliable and used for

A

identifcation

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17
Q

virion helical virueses

A

hollow, cylindrical capsid

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18
Q

virion polyhedral viruses

A

many sided

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19
Q

what types of diseases have helical viruses

A

rabies and ebola

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20
Q

what type of disease has a polyhedral virus shape

A

polio

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21
Q

helical and polyhedral viruses can be

A

enveloped

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22
Q

enveloped helical example

A

flu

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23
Q

enveloped polyhedral example

A

herpes

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24
Q

complex virues

A

complicated structures

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25
Q

virus genus name ends in

A

-virus

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26
Q

virus family names end in

A

-viridae

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27
Q

virus order names end in

A

-ales

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28
Q

viral species

A

group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (Host)

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29
Q

virus are group according to how their ____ is produced

A

mRNA

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30
Q

virus subspecies are designated by a

A

number

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31
Q

viruses must be grown in

A

living cells

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32
Q

bacteriophages are grown in

A

bacteria

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33
Q

bacteriophages form _______ which are clearings on a lawn

A

plaques

34
Q

each bacteriophages plaque corresponds to a single virus and can be expressed as ______-_____ _____

A

plaque forming units (PFU)

35
Q

the three main ways to grow animal viruses in the lab

A

in living animals
in cell cultures
in emqryonated eggs

36
Q

what is the most convinent way to grow viruses

A

culture media

37
Q

when we grow viruses in emqryonated eggs the virus is injected into the egg and viral growth is signaled by

A

changes or death of the embryo

38
Q

when we grow animal viruses in the lab in cell cultures the tissues are treated with ________ to separate the cells

A

enzymes

39
Q

when we grow animal viruses in the lab in cell cultures virally infected cells are detected via their deterioration known as

A

cytopathic effect (CPE)

40
Q

when we grow animal viruses in the lab in cell cultures ________ cell lines are used

A

continous

41
Q

viral identification

A

cytopathic effects, serological tests, nucleic acids

42
Q

what is the most common viral identification

A

serological tests

43
Q

type of serological test

A

western blotting reaction

44
Q

western blotting

A

reaction of the virus with antibodies

45
Q

for a virus to multiply it must do 2 things

A

must invade a host cell
it must take over the hosts metabolic machinery

46
Q

the growth curve to see viral multiplication is called

A

one step

47
Q

multiplication of bacteriophages 2 cycles

A

lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle

48
Q

lytic cycle

A

phage causes lysis and death to host cell

49
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

phage DNA is incorporated in the host DNA, phage conversion, specialized transduction and host cell remains alive

50
Q

stages of lytic cycle in bacteriophages

A

attachment stage, penetration stage, biosynthesis stage, maturation/assembly stage, release stage

51
Q

lytic cycle attachment stage:
phage attaches to the ____ ___

A

host cell

52
Q

lytic cycle penetration stage:
phage penetrates the host cell and then injects ___

A

DNA

53
Q

lytic cycle biosynthesis stage:
the phage causes the host DNA to break into ____ _____. The phage then uses the host machinery to synthesize new copies of its DNA

A

small pieces

54
Q

lytic cycle maturation/assembly stage:
phage components are assembled into _____

A

virions

55
Q

lytic cycle release stage:
the cell ____, releasing the phage virions that go on to infect other cells

A

lyses

56
Q

temperate bacteriophages go through what cycles

A

lytic and lysogenic

57
Q

the lysogenic cycle of temperate bacteriophages phage DNA forms a ______, which can either replicate and be transcribed to produce _____ _______ in the lytic cycle or can proceed to lysogenic cycle

A

circle, phage components

58
Q

the lysogenic cycle starts after ________ stage of lytic cycle

A

biosynthesis

59
Q

in the lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA intergrates within the bacterial ________ by recombination, the inserted phage DNA is called a ________

A

chromosome, prophage

60
Q

most of the phage proteins are repressed by two _______ proteins that are products of the phage genes

A

repressor

61
Q

in the lysogenic cycle the prophage is excised from the host chromosome in a process called _________

A

induction

62
Q

in the lysogenic cycle induction can occur spontaneously through __________ or some other genetic event or through the action of UV light or curtain chemical

A

recombination

63
Q

in lysogenic cycle whenever the bacterium reproduces the prophage is

A

copied

64
Q

T even bacteriophages the lytic cycle
attachment:

A

phage attaches by the tail fibers to the host cell

65
Q

T even bacteriophage the lytic cycle
penetration:

A

phage lysozyme opens the cell wall; tail sheath contracts to force the tail core and DNA into the cell

66
Q

T even bacteriophage the lytic cycle
biosynthesis:

A

production od phage DNA and proteins

67
Q

T even bacteriophage the lytic cycle
maturation:

A

assembly of phage particles

68
Q

T even bacteriophage the lytic cycle
release

A

phage lysozyme breaks the cell wall

69
Q

what cycle do bacteriophage lambda go through

A

lysogenic cycle

70
Q

lysogeny

A

phage remains latent

71
Q

inserted phage DNA is known as a

A

prophage

72
Q

bacteriophage lambda the lysogenic cycle results in phage conversion

A

the host cell exhibits new properties

73
Q

results of bacteriophage lambda lysogenic cycle

A

lysogenic cells are immune to reinfection by the same phage
phage conversion which is when the host cell may exhibit new properties
make specialized transduction possible

74
Q

the lysogenic cycle goes through _________ transduction

A

specialized

75
Q

in specialized transduction specific bacterial genes transferred to another bacterium via a

A

phage

76
Q

specialized transduction changes

A

genetic properties

77
Q

multiplication of Animal Viruses
attachment

A

viruses attach to the cell membrane

78
Q

how do animal viruses gain entry into the cell

A

receptor mediated endocytosis or fusion

79
Q

multiplication of animal viruses
biosynthesis

A

production of nucleic acid and proteins

80
Q

multiplication of animal viruses
maturation

A

nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble

Microbiology (20 decks)

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