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Microbiology > Exam #2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam #2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella are long projections used in

A

motility

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2
Q

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella are __ in number

A

few

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3
Q

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella consist of _______ composed of the protein ______

A

microtubules, tubulin

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4
Q

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella differ from each other in

A

structure

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5
Q

Eukaryotic flagella have a __+__ array of microtubules

A

9+2

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6
Q

in eukaryotes flagella what does 9+2 mean

A

microtubules are organized as 9 pairs in a ring plus 2 microtubules in the center

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7
Q

how do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella differ in movement

A

prokaryotic flagella rotate while eukaryotic flagella produce a wave like movement

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8
Q

glycolysis is the first of 3 principle phases in

A

carbohydrate catabolism

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9
Q

during glycolysis ______ is oxidized to ______ ____ which can then either enter the ______ ___ or __________

A

glucose, pyruvic acid, Krebs cycle, fermentation

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10
Q

Krebs cycle is cellular

A

respiration

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11
Q

fermentation is ______ respiration

A

anaerobic

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12
Q

in glycolysis glucose enters the cell and is phosphorylated, how much energy does this expire

A

1 ATP

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13
Q

end products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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14
Q

what are the structural units of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides are the structural units of nucleic acids

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15
Q

what are nucleotides made of

A

3 parts
- a pentose sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogen containing base

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16
Q

DNA is ______ stranded

A

double

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17
Q

RNA is ________ stranded

A

single

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18
Q

DNA has the pentose

A

deoxyribose

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19
Q

RNA has the pentose

A

ribose

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20
Q

bases in DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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21
Q

bases in RNA

A

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

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22
Q

DNA backbone structure consists of

A

alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups

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23
Q

DNA rungs of the ladder are

A

nitrogen containing bases

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24
Q

DNA contains all of the ________ ______ for the organism

A

genetic instructions

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25
Q

RNA plays important roles in

A

protein synthesis

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26
Q

3 types of RNA

A

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

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27
Q

in the general structure of an amino acid there is an _____ group, ______ group and a ___ group attached to the alpha carbon

A

amino, carboxyl, R

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28
Q

fimbriae are hair like appendages that allow for

A

attachment to each other and to surfaces

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29
Q

fimbrae are involved with forming

A

biofilms

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30
Q

fimbrae can also attach to

A

epithelial surfaces in the body

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31
Q

fimbrae on the bacterium ___________ help it colonize mucous membranes and once colonization occurs the bacteria can cause diease

A

N. Gonnorhoeae

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32
Q

fimbrae on the bacterium __________ allows it to adhere to the lining of the small intestine

A

E. coli 0157

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33
Q

the surface of the rough ER has

A

ribosomes

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34
Q

the smooth ER has no

A

ribosomes on the surface

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35
Q

the rough ER synthesizes

A

protiens

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36
Q

the smooth ER synthesizes

A

cell membranes, fats and hormones

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37
Q

passive transport processes do not require expenditure of energy by the cell because substances cross the membrane from an area of _____ concentration to an area of ____ concentration

A

high, low

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38
Q

simple diffusion: the movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. this process continues until _______ is reached.

A

equilibrium

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39
Q

facilitated diffusion: ________ membrane proteins facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane. This process may involve a _________ transporter or a _______ transporter

A

integral, nonspecific, specific

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40
Q

osmosis: net movement of _____ molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration. Water molecules may pass through the membrane by _____ _______ or by the use of integral membrane proteins called _______

A

water, simple diffusion, aquaporins

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41
Q

fermentation: releases energy from other ______ moleules, does not require ________ (but can occur in its presence) does not require the use of the _____ cycle or an electron transport chain, and uses an organic moleules synthesized in the cell as the ________ _____ _______

A

organic, oxygen, Krebs, final electron acceptor

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42
Q

fermentation produces small or large amounts of ATP

A

small

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43
Q

2 important types of fermentation

A

lactic acid and alcohol fermentation

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44
Q

primary protein structure is _______ determined amino acid sequence

A

genetically

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45
Q

secondary protein structure have 2 shapes

A

helices and pleated sheets

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46
Q

tertiary protein structure the helices and pleated sheets fold to form a

A

3D shape

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47
Q

quaternary protein structure consists of

A

more than one polypeptide

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48
Q

what amino acid stereoisomer occurs most often in nature

A

L stereoisomer

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49
Q

why is ATP so significant to cells

A

ATP is able to store chemical energy, and release unuseable energy for use by the cell

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50
Q

protein function as
_____ that speed up chemical reactions
_______ proteins that move chemicals across membranes
______ used in motility
_______ toxins
and ____ structures

A

enzymes, transporter, flagella, bacterial, cell

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51
Q

protiens are made of

A

amino acids

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52
Q

amino acids consist of 3 groups

A

carboxyl group, amino group and side group

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53
Q

side group is known as

A

R group

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54
Q

the amino group is made up of what atoms

A

NH2

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55
Q

amino acid group looks like

A

N with 2 H’s branching

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56
Q

carboxyl group is made up of what atoms

A

COOH

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57
Q

carboxyl group looks like

A

C with an OH branching and another H branching

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58
Q

the side group is the _______ feature

A

distinguishing

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59
Q

side group affects the

A

total structure of the amnio acid

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60
Q

peptide bonds between amino acids are formed by

A

dehydration synthesis

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61
Q

for every peptide bond formed one _____ is released

A

H2O

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62
Q

primary structure is a

A

polypeptide chain

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63
Q

bonds in primary structure

A

peptide bonds

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64
Q

secondary structure occurs when the amino acid chain

A

folds and coils

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65
Q

secondary structure forms

A

helix or pleated sheets

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66
Q

bonds in secondary structure

A

peptide and hydrogen

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67
Q

tertiary structure occurs when helix and sheets fold

A

irregularly

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68
Q

in tertiary structure the folding is not

A

repetitive or predicitable

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69
Q

bonds in tertiary and quaternary structure

A

peptide, hydrogen, ionic and disulfide bridges

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70
Q

quaternary structure consists of

A

2 or more polypeptides and functions as a single unit

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71
Q

conjugated proteins consist of amino acids and

A

other organic moleules

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72
Q

conjugated proteins are named after

A

non amino acid group

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73
Q

glycoproteins

A

sugar

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74
Q

nucleoprotiens

A

nucleic acids

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75
Q

lipoprotein

A

lipds

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76
Q

nucleic acids consist of

A

nucelotides

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77
Q

nucleic acids name is based off of

A

nitrogen containing base

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78
Q

nucelotides are made up of

A

five carbon (pentose) sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen containing base (purine/pyrimidine)

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79
Q

purine _____ ring

A

double

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80
Q

purine example

A

adenine and guanine

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81
Q

pyrimidine _____ ring

A

single

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82
Q

pyrimidine example

A

thymine, cytosine and uracil

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83
Q

nucleosides consist of

A

pentose
nitrogen containing base

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84
Q

DNA vs RNA nucleic acid

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid

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85
Q

DNA vs RNA ribose

A

deoxyribose, ribose

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86
Q

DNA vs RNA shape

A

double helix, single stranded

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87
Q

DNA vs RNA what bonds with adenine

A

thymine, uracil

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88
Q

DNA vs RNA function

A

order of nitrogen bases form genetic instructions, participate in protein synthesis

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89
Q

why is ATP important

A

ATP is able to store chemical energy and release unusable energy to be used by the cell

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90
Q

structure of ATP

A

ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups

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91
Q

when ATP forms into ADP one of 3 phosphate groups is released via

A

hydrolysis

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92
Q

ATP is generated by

A

phosphorylation

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93
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes chromosome

A

one circular chromosome not in membrane, paired chromosome in nuclear membrane

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94
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes histones and organelles

A

no, yes

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95
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes cell wall

A

peptidoglycan (bacteria) and pseudomurein (archaea), polysaccharide if present

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96
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes division

A

binary fission, mitosis

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97
Q

most bacteria are

A

monomorphic (single shape)

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98
Q

some bacteria are

A

pleomorphic (many shapes)

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99
Q

glycoclyx is found

A

external

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100
Q

glycoclyx is made of

A

polysaccharide

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101
Q

glycoclyx makes up

A

capsule/slime layer

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102
Q

capsule vs slime layer

A

neatly organized and firmly attached, unorganized and loosely attached

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103
Q

glycoclyx contributes to

A

virulence

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104
Q

flagella have 3 parts

A

filament, hook and basal body

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105
Q

filament

A

outermost region, contains the protein

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106
Q

hook

A

attaches to filament

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107
Q

basal body

A

consists of rods and pairs of rings, anchors flagella to cell membrane and wall

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108
Q

monotrichous and polar

A

flagella at one end of cell

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109
Q

lophotrichous and polar

A

tuft of flagella at one end

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110
Q

amphitrichous and polar

A

one flagella at both ends of cell

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111
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella all throughout the cell

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112
Q

flagella run and

A

tumble

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113
Q

archaella are made of

A

glycoprotein called archallins

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114
Q

achealla rotate like

A

flagella

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115
Q

archealla use ATP and lack

A

cytoplasmic core

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116
Q

axial filaments are also called

A

endoflagella

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117
Q

axial filaments are found in

A

spirochetes

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118
Q

axial filaments are anchored to

A

one end of the cell

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119
Q

axial filament structure is similar to

A

flagella

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120
Q

rotation of axial filaments causes cell to move like a

A

corkscrew

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121
Q

fimbrae are found in many gram

A

neg cells

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122
Q

fimbrae differ from flagella how?

A

shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella

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123
Q

fimbrae are hairlike appendages that allow for

A

attachment

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124
Q

fimbrae are distributed how?

A

polar/evenly distributed

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125
Q

fimbrae are involved with

A

biofilms

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126
Q

fimbrae help adhere to

A

epithelial

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127
Q

pili are longer than

A

fimbrae

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128
Q

how many pili per cell

A

1 to 2

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129
Q

pili are involved with

A

motility

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130
Q

pili 2 types of movement

A

gliding and twitching

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131
Q

gliding pili movement

A

smooth movement

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132
Q

twitching pili movement

A

makes contact with surface, short and jerk movement

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133
Q

conjuction pili

A

involved with DNA transfer

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134
Q

cell walls are responsible for

A

cell shape

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135
Q

cell walls protects from

A

adverse changes in the environment

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136
Q

cell walls prevent ______ lysis

A

osmotic

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137
Q

cell walls contribute to

A

pathogenicity

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138
Q

cell walls can be made of

A

peptidoglycan

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139
Q

cell walls peptidoglycan is a polymer of repeating __________ in rows, the 2 types are ____ and _____ and these are linked by _________

A

disaccharide, NAM, NAG, polypeptides

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140
Q

gram pos vs neg peptidoglycan

A

thick, thin

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141
Q

gram pos have _____ acids

A

teichoic

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142
Q

gram neg have an outer

A

membrane

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143
Q

gram neg have a _______ space

A

periplasmic

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144
Q

gram pos teichoic acid 2 types

A

lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid

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145
Q

lipoteichoic acid links cell wall to

A

plasma membrane

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146
Q

wall teichoic acid links

A

peptidoglycan

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147
Q

gram neg contains the periplasm which is

A

the region between the outer membrane and plasma membrane

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148
Q

the periplasm contains

A

peptidoglycan, and a high concentration of degradative enzymes and transport protiens

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149
Q

gram neg outer membrane is made of

A

lipopolysachharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids, porins

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150
Q

two parts of the lipopolysaccharides in the gram neg outer membrane

A

O poly saccharides and the Lipid A

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151
Q

o polysaccharide functions

A

as a antigen

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152
Q

lipid a is a endo or exotoxin

A

endotoxin

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153
Q

lipid a is embedded where in the membrane

A

top layer

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154
Q

when lipid A is released it can cause

A

severe symptoms

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155
Q

porins are

A

channels through membrane

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156
Q

functions of gram neg outermembrane

A

protect from phagocytes, barrier against antibiotics and lysosomes

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157
Q

gram pos vs neg number of rings in basal body of flagella

A

2, 4

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158
Q

gram pos vs neg produce what toxins

A

exotoxins, exotoxins and endotoxins

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159
Q

gram pos vs neg susceptibility to penicllin

A

high, low

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160
Q

gram pos cell wall is disrupted by

A

lysosome

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161
Q

acid fast cell wall contains a waxy lipid called

A

mycolic acid

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162
Q

in acid fast cell wall the mycolic acid is bound to

A

peptidoglycan

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163
Q

2 species that are acid fast

A

mycobacterium and nocardia

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164
Q

mycoplasms lack

A

cell walls

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165
Q

protoplasts are wall less gram

A

pos

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166
Q

spheroplasts are wall less gram

A

neg

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167
Q

protoplasts are spheroplasts are susceptible to

A

osmotic lysis

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168
Q

L forms are wall less cells that

A

swell into irregular shapes

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169
Q

archaea may or may not have

A

cell walls

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170
Q

archaea cell walls are made of

A

pseudomurien

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171
Q

archaea cell walls lack

A

peptidoglycan

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172
Q

plasma membrane is the

A

phospholipid bilayer

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173
Q

the plasma membrane phospholipid bilayer encloses the

A

cytoplasm

174
Q

plasma membrane has ________ proteins on membrane surface

A

peripheral

175
Q

plasma membrane has _______/________ protein that penetrate the membrane

A

integral/transmembrane

176
Q

structure of the plasma membrane is the

A

fluid mosaic model

177
Q

function of the plasma membrane

A

selective permeability

178
Q

selective permeability allow passage

A

for some moleules but not others

179
Q

plasma membrane contains enzymes for

A

ATP production

180
Q

some plasma membrane have photosynthetic pigments on foldings called

A

chromatophores

181
Q

damage of plasma membrane can cause

A

leakage of contents

182
Q

passive process

A

substances move from high concentration to low, no energy used

183
Q

types of passive processes

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

184
Q

simple diffusion is the movement of a ________ from an area of high concentration to low, this will continue until ________ is met

A

solute, equilibrium

185
Q

facilitated diffusion the solute combines with a ________ protein, this transports ____ and ________ _______

A

transport, ions, larger molecules

186
Q

osmosis is the movement of water across a _______ ________ membrane from an area of high water to area of lower water concetration

A

selective permeable

187
Q

osmosis can diffuses across the membrane in 2 ways

A

through lipid bilayer, or through aquaporins

188
Q

3 solutions that affect osmosis

A

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

189
Q

isotonic solution

A

solution concentrate equals inside and outside the cell, water is at equilibrium

190
Q

isotonic solution effect cells

A

they don’t, cells stay the same

191
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solute concentration is lower outside than inside cell

192
Q

hypotonic solution effect on cells

A

water moves into cell causing burst/lysis

193
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solute concentration is higher outside than inside cell

194
Q

hypertonic solution effects on cells

A

water moves out of cell causing cell to shrink/plasmolysis

195
Q

active processes

A

substances move from low concentration to high concentration, energy is used

196
Q

active transport requires a _____ and ____, goes against gradient

A

protein, ATP

197
Q

3 types of active tranport

A

uniport, antiport, symport

198
Q

uniport

A

only transfer one type of molecule

199
Q

antiport

A

transfer two types of molecules but in opposite directions

200
Q

symport

A

transfer two types of molecules at the same time but is couples with a uniport channel

201
Q

group translocation requires a _______ ____ and ____________ ___ (PEP); substance is ______ as it crosses the membrane

A

transporter protein, phosphoenolpyrivic acid, altered

202
Q

cytoplasm is the substance

A

inside the plasma membrane

203
Q

cytoplasm is what percent water

A

80

204
Q

cytoskeleton is a series of

A

rods and fibers in cytoplasm

205
Q

nuceliod 2 types

A

bacterial chromosomes, plasmids

206
Q

bacterial chromosome

A

circular thread of DNA that contains cells genetic information

207
Q

plasmids

A

extrachromosomal genetic elements, carry noncrucial genes

208
Q

ribosomes are the site of

A

protein synthesis

209
Q

ribosomes are made of protein and

A

rRNA

210
Q

70s ribosomes are made up of

A

30S and 50S

211
Q

70S ribosomes are found in

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria

212
Q

80S proteins are made up of

A

60S and 40S

213
Q

80S proteins can be found in 2 different locations

A

membrane bound on the rough ER or free in the cytoplasm

214
Q

nucleus is a double or single membrane

A

double

215
Q

nucleus contains the cells

A

DNA

216
Q

in the nucleus the DNA is complexed with _____ ____ to form ________

A

histone proteins, chromatin

217
Q

during mitosis and meiosis the chromatin condenses into

A

chromosomes

218
Q

rough er vs smooth er ribosomes

A

studded with ribosomes, no ribosomes

219
Q

rough er vs smooth er synthesis of what

A

protein, cell membranes, fats and hormones

220
Q

golgi complex is a ______ organelle

A

transport

221
Q

Golgi complex modifies ______ from the ER

A

proteins

222
Q

Golgi complex transports modified proteins via _______ _______ to plasma membrane

A

secretory vesicles

223
Q

lysosomes is a vesicle formed in the

A

Golgi complex

224
Q

lysosomes contain

A

dogestive enzymes

225
Q

vacuoles are cavities in the cell formed by

A

Golgi complex

226
Q

vacuoles bring _____ into the cell

A

food

227
Q

vacuoles provide ____ and ______

A

shape and storage

228
Q

mitochondria have single or double membrane

A

double

229
Q

two layer of mitochondria membrane

A

inner and outer

230
Q

mitochondria contain inner folds called ______ and ______

A

cristae, fluid

231
Q

mitochondria is involved with

A

cellular respiration

232
Q

chloroplasts are locations of

A

photosynthesis

233
Q

chloroplasts contain flattened membranes called _______ that contain chlorophyll

A

thylakoids

234
Q

thylakoids exist in

A

stacks

235
Q

one stack of thylakoids is called

A

granum

236
Q

multiple stakes of thylakoids is called

A

granuma

237
Q

peroxisomes oxidize ______ ___, destroy ___

A

fatty acids, H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

238
Q

centrosomes are networks of protein fibers and

A

centroles

239
Q

centrosomes form the _____ _____; which is critical in cell divison

A

mitotic spindle

240
Q

centrosomes are sites of microtubule formation in _______ cells

A

nondividing

241
Q

endospores are produced when

A

nutrients are depeleted

242
Q

endospores are resistant to

A

heat, chemicals, radiation and dessication

243
Q

endospores are produced by

A

bacillus and clostridium

244
Q

sporulation

A

endospore formation

245
Q

germenation

A

spores return to vegitative state

246
Q

flagella are

A

long projections and few in number

247
Q

cilia are

A

projections, numerous

248
Q

flagella and cilia are projections for

A

locomotion or moving substances along cell surface

249
Q

flagella and cilia both consist of

A

microtubules

250
Q

microtubules are made of the protein

A

tubulin

251
Q

cell wall vs glycocalyx where are they found

A

plants, algae, fungi; animal cells

252
Q

cell wall vs glycocalyx carbohydrates?

A

made of carbs, carbs bonded to proteins and lipids in plasma membrane

253
Q

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic structure similarities

A

phospholipid bilayer
integral and peripheral proteins

254
Q

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic differences of structure

A

(only eukaryotic)
sterols
carbohydrates

255
Q

sterols in eukaryotic cells are

A

complex lipids

256
Q

carbs in eukaryotic cells are

A

used for attachment and cell to cell recognition

257
Q

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic similarities of function

A

selective permeability, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport

258
Q

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic differences of function

A

(only eukaryotic)
endocytosis

259
Q

endocytosis 3 types

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

260
Q

phagocytosis

A

psudeopods extend and engulf particles

261
Q

pinocytosis

A

membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

262
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

substances bind to receptors in the membrane and it folds inward

263
Q

some viruses enter the cell in which type if endocytosis

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

264
Q

metachromatic granules

A

phosphate reserves

265
Q

polysaccharide granules

A

energy reserves

266
Q

lipid inclusions

A

energy reserves

267
Q

sulfur granules

A

energy reserves

268
Q

carboxysomes

A

contain enzyme ribulose for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis

269
Q

gas vacuoles

A

protein covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy in aquatic prokaryotes

270
Q

magnetosomes

A

iron oxide inclusions formed by several gram neg bacteria, destroys H2O2

271
Q

life arose as simple organisms

A

3.5-4 billion years ago

272
Q

first eukaryotes evolved

A

2.5 billion years ago

273
Q

endosymbiosis

A

one organism living within another

274
Q

ancestral eukaryote was able to develop a _______ nucleus when the plasma membrane folded around a ______, cell called __________

A

rudimentary, chromosome, nuceloplasm

275
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells which developed the first eukaryotes

276
Q

ingested photosynthetic cells became

A

chloroplasts

277
Q

injected aerobic bacteria became

A

mitochondria

278
Q

when could chloroplasts and mitochondria once have been bacteria

A

resemble bacteria in size and shape, contain circular DNA, reproduce indepenedently from cells

279
Q

metabolism

A

buildup and breakdown of nutrients in a cell
provide energy
create substances needed to sustain life

280
Q

2 main types of metabolism

A

catabolic and anabolic

281
Q

catabolic

A

break down macromolecules into simple component parts
release energy
provides energy and building blocks for anabolism
exergonic

282
Q

anabolic

A

build up macromolecules by combining simpler moleules
uses energy
endergonic

283
Q

catabolic reactions provide the energy needed for

A

anabolic pathways

284
Q

metabolic pathways are sequences of

A

enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in cell

285
Q

metabolic pathways are determined by

A

enzymes

286
Q

enzymes are biologic

A

catalysts

287
Q

enzymes speed up

A

chemical reactions

288
Q

reaction rate can be increased by

A

enzymes, increase temp, increase pressure, increase concentration

289
Q

enzymes act on specific

A

substrate

290
Q

enzymes lower the

A

activation energy for a chemical reation

291
Q

normal enzyme substrate interaction

A

substrate contacts the enzymes active site to form an enzyme substrate complex
substrate Is transformed and rearranged into products which are released from the enzyme
enzyme is unchanged and can react with other substances

292
Q

enzymes have specificity for

A

particular substrates

293
Q

turn over number

A

number of substrate turned to products by one enzyme per SECOND

294
Q

enzyme has 2 components

A

apopenzyme, cofactor/coenzyme

295
Q

apopenzyme

A

protein portion

296
Q

cofactor

A

non protein component

297
Q

coenzyme

A

if the cofactor is organic

298
Q

the apopenzyme and cofactor/coenzyme form

A

holoenzyme

299
Q

coenzyme assists enzymes by being a

A

electron carrier

300
Q

NAD+ is primarily involved with

A

catabolic reactions

301
Q

NADP+ is primarily involved with

A

anabolic reactions

302
Q

both NAD and NADP contain B vitamin ______ and function as _________ ____

A

niacin, electron carriers

303
Q

flavin adenine dinucleotide vitamin b ________ and _______ ____

A

riboflavin, electron carrier

304
Q

coenzyme A (CoA) vitamin B _________ ___ and functions in

A

panthetic acid, synthesis and break down of fat (Krebs cycle)

305
Q

oxidoreductase

A

oxidation reduction enzymes

306
Q

enzymes end in

A

-ase

307
Q

transferase

A

transfer functional group

308
Q

hydrolase

A

hydrolysis

309
Q

lyase

A

removal of atoms with out hydrolysis

310
Q

isomerase

A

rearrganment of atoms

311
Q

ligase

A

joining of molecules, uses ATP

312
Q

factors influencing enzymes

A

temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors

313
Q

increase in temp _____ in chemical reactions

A

increase

314
Q

high temp and extreme pH

A

denatures enzymes

315
Q

increase in concentration causes enzyme to work at

A

max rate

316
Q

inhibitors can bind 2 ways

A

reversibly or irreversibly

317
Q

inhibitors can bind because

A

the chemical make up is similar to substrate

318
Q

inhibitors do or do not go through chemical reactions

A

DO NOT

319
Q

2 types of inhibitors

A

competitive or noncompetitive

320
Q

competitive enzymes how do they work?

A

fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with substrate

321
Q

noncompetitive enzymes how do they work?

A

interact with allosteric part of enzyme, process called allosteric inhibition, indirectly changes shape of active site

322
Q

feedback inhibition

A

end product of a reaction allosterically (noncompetitive) inhibits enzymes earlier in pathway

323
Q

ribozymes RNA that functions as ________ by binding to substrates and acting upon them

A

catalysts

324
Q

ribozymes are or are not used up in reaction

A

not used up

325
Q

ribozymes are used in cells to splice and cut up

A

RNA

326
Q

ribozymes are involved in

A

protein synthesis in ribosomes

327
Q

oxidation reactions

A

loss of electrons

328
Q

reductions reactions

A

gain of electrons

329
Q

redox reactions

A

oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction

330
Q

phosphorylation 3 types

A

substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosprylation

331
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP is generated when high energy phosphate (PO4-) group is added to ADP

332
Q

name of substrate level phosphorylation when process is out of mitochondria

A

glycolosis

333
Q

name of substrate level phosphorylation when process is inside of mitochondria

A

Krebs Cycle

334
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another along an electron transport chain (system) on a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP

335
Q

photophosprylation

A

occurs only in photosynthetic cells
light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP during the transfer of electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll as they pass through a system of carrier molecules

336
Q

carbohydrate catabolism

A

break down of carbohydrates to release energy typically occurs in three principle stage

337
Q

3 principle stages of carbohydrates catabolism

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

338
Q

glycolysis glucose is made and

A

broken down constantly in cells

339
Q

2 main phases in glycolosis

A

preparatory stage, energy conservation stage

340
Q

preparatory stage

A

uses 2 moleules of ATP to phosphorylate glucose making it easier to break apart into two 3 carbon molceules

341
Q

energy conservation stage/glycolosis products

A

4 ATP (only 2 NET ATP) and 2NADH 2 pyretic acid moleules

342
Q

preparatory stage is divided into 2 more stages

A

energy investment stage, lysis stage

343
Q

step 1 of glycolosis

A

phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose

344
Q

step 2 of glycolosis

A

atoms of glucose 6 phosphate are rearranged to form fructose 6 phosphate

345
Q

step 3 of glycolysis

A

further energy is invested in form of ATP, forming fructose 1, 6 biphosphate

346
Q

energy investment stage summary

A

ATP us used to phosphorylate glucose

347
Q

step 4 of glycolysis

A

fructose 1, 6 diphosphate is cleaved into two 3 carbon sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

348
Q

step 5 of glycolysis

A

very rapid reaction, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

349
Q

lysis stage summary

A

doubly phosphorylated glucose molecule is cleaved into 2 phosphorylated 3 carbon sugars

350
Q

in glycolysis ATP is produced via ___________ ________ ______________ because the phosphate groups are transferred directly from the metabolic products to ADP

A

substrate level phosphorylation

351
Q

glycolysis mainly uses

A

oxidation reactions

352
Q

in glycolysis NADH is formed in step

A

6

353
Q

in glycolysis ATP is formed in steps

A

7 and 9

354
Q

additional pathways to glycolysis

A

pentose phospate pathway, Entner Doudoroff pathway

355
Q

pentose phosphate pathway breaks down __ carbon pentose sugars and or glucose and produce ____

A

5, NADPH

356
Q

pentose phosphate pathway operates simultaneously with

A

glycolysis

357
Q

pentose phosphate pathway produces intermediates for synthesis of

A

nucelic acids and glucose

358
Q

pentose phosphate pathway bacteria

A

bactilis subtils and e coli

359
Q

enter doudoroff pathway produces

A

NADPH and ATP

360
Q

enter doudoroff operates

A

independently

361
Q

enter doudoroff occurs in gram

A

neg

362
Q

enter doudoroff bacteria

A

pseudomonas, rhizobium and argobacterium

363
Q

cellular respiration

A

oxidation of molecules liberates electrons to operate electron transport chain

364
Q

aerobic respiration final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is inorganic

A

oxygen

365
Q

reactions in the Krebs Cycle

A

oxidation reduction and decarboxylation

366
Q

electron transfer chain occurs where in prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane

367
Q

electron transfer chain occurs where in eukaroytes

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

368
Q

electron transport chain is a series of carrier moleules that are

A

oxidizes and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain

369
Q

electron transfer chain energy is released is used to produce ATP by

A

chemiosmosis

370
Q

chemiosmosis electrons (from NADH) pass down the electron transport chain while protons are pumped across the ________ this establishes a _______ _____

A

membrane, proton gradient

371
Q

in chemiosmosis once the protons in higher concentration on one side of the membrane they diffuse through the ATP synthase which

A

releases energy to synthesize ATP

372
Q

in anaerobic respiration the final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is inorganic

A

molecule other than oxygen

373
Q

anaerobic yields less or more energy than aerobic

A

less

374
Q

fermentation is part of what respiration

A

anaerobic

375
Q

fermentation occurs after glucose is oxidized into _____ ___ and it can also be converted to an _____ product in fermentation

A

pyruvic acid, organic

376
Q

fermentation does not require

A

oxygen

377
Q

fermentation releases energy from

A

sugars/organic moleules

378
Q

in fermentation it uses a organic molecule synthesized in the cell as the

A

final electron acceptor

379
Q

2 types of fermentation

A

lactic and alcohol

380
Q

lactic acid fermentation produces

A

lactic acid

381
Q

lactic acid fermentation glucose is oxidized to pyruivc acid which is then reduced by

A

NADH

382
Q

2 types of lactic acid fermentation

A

homolactic and heterolactic

383
Q

homolactic

A

produces only lactic acid

384
Q

heterolactic

A

produces lactic acid and other compounds

385
Q

alcohol fermentation produces

A

ethanol and CO2

386
Q

alcohol fermentation glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid and is converted to acetaldehyde and ___; ____ reduces acetaldehyde to _______

A

CO2, NADH, ethanol

387
Q

alcohol fermentation is carried out by

A

bacteria and yeasts

388
Q

aerobic respiration has a total of __ ATP for 1 glucose

A

38

389
Q

in aerobic respiration most ATP is produced by _________ ______ during ETC called ________ ______________

A

chemiosmotic mechanism, oxidative phosphorylation

390
Q

photosynthesis uses water and CO2 to produce

A

glucose

391
Q

the thylakoid membranes contain all of the components that participate in

A

light harvesting reactions

392
Q

chlorophyll molecules that capture the

A

energy of light

393
Q

light energy captured by chlorophyll is used to produce a

A

proton gradient during light dependent reactions and this proton gradient is used to produce ATP

394
Q

carbon fixation

A

synthesis of sugars by using carbon atoms from CO2 gas

395
Q

what types use water as hydrogen donor, which release O2

A

plants, algae, cynaobacteria

396
Q

what types use H2S as hydrogen donor, producing sulfur granules

A

purple and green sulfur bacteria

397
Q

2 stages of photosynthesis

A

light dependent and light indepenent

398
Q

light dependent

A

light energy is used to convert ADP to ATP, electron carrier NADP+ is reduced to NADPH

399
Q

3 pathways for light dependent

A

photophosphorylation, cyclic photophosphorylation, noncyclic photophosphorylation

400
Q

photophosphorylation, light energy is absorbed by __________ moleules in the photosyntheic cell, exciting some of the molecules ________, excited electrons jump from chlorophyll to the first series of _______ ______, as electrons are passed along the series of carriers, _______ are pumped across the membrane and ADP is converted to ATP by __________

A

chlorophyll, electrons, carrier molecules, protons, chemiosmosis

401
Q

chlorophyll in photosystem 1 is sensitive to wavelengths of light of

A

700nm

402
Q

cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons released in photosystem 1 eventually returns to

A

chlorophyll

403
Q

electrons in photosystem 1 stay in

A

photosystem

404
Q

noncyclic photophosphorylation, used in ______ organisms, both __________ are required, electrons released from the chlorophyll in photosystem 1 and 2 do not return to ________ but become incorporated into _______, electrons lost from chlorophyll are replaced by electrons from _____, products are: ____, __, ___

A

oxygenic, photosystems, chlorophyll, NADPH, H2O, ATP, O2, NADPH

405
Q

light independent is also known as

A

Calvin benson

406
Q

light independent do not require

A

light directly

407
Q

in light independent CO2 is ______, used to synthesize sugars

A

fixed

408
Q

phototrophs

A

use light energy to drive ATP production

409
Q

chemotrophs

A

depend on oxidation reduction reactions of inorganic/organaic compounds for energy

410
Q

autotrophs

A

self feeders, use CO2

411
Q

autotrophs are referred to as

A

lithographs (rock eating)

412
Q

heterotrophs

A

feeders on others, require organic carbon source

413
Q

heterotrophs are referred to as

A

organotrophs

414
Q

photoautotrophs

A

use energy obtained initially from light in the Calvin benson cycle to fix CO2 to sugar

415
Q

photoautotrophs can be either _____ which it produces oxygen or ________ does not produce oxygen

A

oxygenic, anoxygenic

416
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

use organic compounds as a source of carbon, anoxygenic

417
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

obtain energy from inorganic compounds, use CO2 as carbon source, energy is used in Calvin benson cycel to fix CO2

418
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

obtain energy and carbon from organic chemicals, specifically uses the electrons from hydrogen atoms found in organic compiunds as their energy source, mediacally and economically important

419
Q

anabolism

A

biosynthesis of biological moleules, requires energy

420
Q

where do amino acids required for protein synthesis come from

A

organisms with the necessary enzymes can synthesis all amnio acids directly or indirectly from intermediates of carbohydrafe metabolism, other microbes require that the environment provdide some preformed amino acids

421
Q

amphibolic pathways

A

metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism, bridge between catbaolic and anabolic

422
Q

example of amphibolic pathway

A

Krebs cycle

423
Q

for every 2 moleules of CoA that enter the cycle ___ molecules of CO2 are liberated by __________, _ molecules of NADH and _ moleules of FADH2 are produced by __________ _____ reactions, and __ ATP are generated by ________ _____ _________

A

4, decarboxylation, 6, 2, oxidation reduction, 2, substrate level phosphorylation

424
Q

the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are the most important products of the Krebs cycle because

A

they contain most of the energy that was originally stored in glucose

425
Q

flavoprotein

A

capable of preforming alternating oxidation and reductions

426
Q

cytochromes

A

proteins with iron containing group, capable of existing alternately as reducing for and oxidized form

427
Q

ubiquinones

A

small non protein carriers

428
Q

flavoprotein, cytochromes, ubiquinones are involved with

A

electron transport chain

429
Q

important feature of the electron transport chain is the presence of some carriers that accept and release _______ and ______ and others carriers that transfer only __________

A

protons and electrons, electrons

430
Q

the buildup of protons provides energy that chemiosmotic mechanism uses to generated

A

ATP

431
Q

ATP synthesis uses the electron transport chain called ________ and it involves ________ _____

A

chemiosmosis, oxidative phosphorylation

Microbiology (20 decks)

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