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Infectious Agents > Exam 4: Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Actinobacillus > Flashcards

Exam 4: Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Actinobacillus Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pasteurella pneumotropica a common commensal in?

A

Laboratory rodents

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2
Q

What are primary carriers of Pasteurella pneumotropica?

A

Rats and mice

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3
Q

How is Pasteurella pneumotropica transmitted?

A

By direct contact

It does not survive long in the environment

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of Pasteurella pneumotropica?

A

Usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent hosts, but can cause disease in immunocompromised or stressed animals

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5
Q

What can Pasteurella pneumotropica cause?

A

Conjunctivitis
Rhinitis
Otitis
Cervical lymphadenitis

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6
Q

What was Mannheimia haemolytica formerly?

A

Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A

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7
Q

What are the 12 different serotypes of M. haemolytica based on?

A

Capsular polysaccharides

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8
Q

What does M. haemolytica grow on?

A

MacConkey agar

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9
Q

What does M. haemolytica produce on MacConkey agar?

A

Beta hemolysis

Indole negative

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10
Q

Describe lipopolysaccharide as a virulence factor of M. haemolytica

A

Long O side chains
Endotoxic
Complexes with leukotoxin to enhance and stabilize leukocytic activity

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11
Q

Describe capsular polysaccharide as a virulence factor of M. haemolytica

A

Inhibits serum killing, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing, and enhances neutrophil recruitment and adhesion to alveolar epithelium

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12
Q

Describe fimbriae as a virulence factor of M. haemolytica

A

May enhance colonization of URT

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13
Q

Describe leukotoxin as a virulence factor of M. haemolytica

A

Poreforming cytolysin that affects ruminant leukocytes and platelets by altering function at low levels but causing lysis at high levels

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14
Q

What is leukotoxin specific for?

A

Bovine peripheral leukocytes

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15
Q

What does leukotoxin prefer?

A

Neutrophils over mononuclear cells

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16
Q

What does leukotoxin bind to?

A

CD18 on surface of bovine leukocytes

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17
Q

What happens with a low dose of leukotoxin?

A

Activates PMNs and stimulates degranulation

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18
Q

What happens with a higher dose of leukotoxin?

A

Induces neutrophil apoptosis

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19
Q

What happens with a high dose of leukotoxin?

A

Neutrophil lysis due to membrane disruption

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20
Q

What does leukotoxin stimulate?

A

Release of IL-1 and TNF from mononuclear cells

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21
Q

What do lymphocytes undergo with leukotoxin?

A

Apoptosis and necrosis

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22
Q

What do platelets have with leukotoxin?

A

Increased adhesion

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23
Q

What is the result of leukotoxins?

A

Massive inflammatory cell recruitment and inflammatory mediator release, tissue destruction

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24
Q

In cattle, what is M. haemolytica the primary agent of?

A

Bovine respiratory disease or shipping fever

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25
Q

What is the most common BRD agent?

A

Serotype A1, sometimes A2 which is the most common type in normal calves before shipment

26
Q

What are other tings that can be caused by M. haemolytica?

A

Mastitis in cows (A6)

Broncopneumonia and mastitis in sheep (A1, A6)

27
Q

Describe the treatment of M. haemolytica

A

Same as for P. multocida

M. haemolytica and P. multocida combination bacterins are inconsistent. Recombinant leukotoxin does not protect cattle

28
Q

What does Avibacterium paragallinarum require?

A

V factor (NAD)

29
Q

What will A. paragallinarum grow on?

A

Blood agar with Staphylococcous streak

30
Q

What does A. paragallinarum cause?

A

Infectious coryza, which is an acute contagious upper respiratory infection in chickens

31
Q

What can A. paragallinarum occur in?

A

Growing chickens or in layers

32
Q

What are clinical signs of A. paragallinarum?

A 
Nasal discharge
Sneezing
Facial edema
Conjunctivitis
Lacrimation
Anorexia
Diarrhea
33
Q

What is the morbidity and mortality like with A. paragallinarum?

A

High morbidity

Low mortality

34
Q

What can A. paragallinarum be complicated by and what does that lead to?

A

Secondary bacteria and lead to septicemia and arthritis

35
Q

What is the result of A. paragallinarum?

A

Increased culls and decreased egg production

36
Q

Why is the diagnosis of A. paragallinarum by culture difficult?

A

It is slow growing and fastidious

It is easily overgrown

37
Q

How is A. paragallinarum diagnosed?

A

Serologic detection of serum antibodies by agglutination

PCR detection is effective

38
Q

What is A. gallinarum a commensal in?

A

URT of chickens

39
Q

What does A. gallinarum occasionally cause?

A

Low grade respiratory infections in chickens

40
Q

What are members of the genus Actinobacillus like?

A

Small GN, facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile rods

41
Q

What does Actinobacillus resemble morphologically and biochemically?

A

The genus Pasteurella

42
Q

What are the principle species of Actinobacillus and what do they cause?

A 
A. pleuropneomoniae: swine pleuropneumonia
A. suis: septicemia in young pigs
A. lignierseii: bovine actinomycosis
A. equuli: sleepy foal disease
A. capsulatus: arthritis in rabbits
43
Q

What do all species of Actinobacillus occur as?

A

Commensals

44
Q

What is A. pleuropneomoniae associated with?

A

Respiratory tracts of sick or recovered animals

45
Q

What does A. pleuropneomoniae cause?

A

Acute, subacute, or chronic pleuropneumonia of swine

46
Q

What is A. pleuropneomoniae disease characterized by?

A

Serofibrinous pleuritis and fibrinous pneumonia

47
Q

What are the virulence factors of A. pleuropneomoniae?

A

LPS; long O side chains; adhesive properties
Capsular polysaccharide: antiphagocytic, required for virulence
Fimbriae
RTX toxins

48
Q

What are the RTX toxins responsible for lung pathology with A. pleuropneomoniae?

A

ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, and ApxIV

49
Q

Describe thee growth of A. pleuropneomoniae

A

Beta hemolytic

Requires NAD for growth

50
Q

What are the serotypes of A. pleuropneomoniae most common in North America? Europe?

A

Serotypes 1 and 5

Serotype 2

51
Q

How are the capsular types of A. pleuropneomoniae identified?

A

Numbered 1-12

52
Q

What are the virulence factors of A. suis?

A

LPS
Capsular polysaccharide
2 RTX toxins similar to Apx I and Apx II

53
Q

What kind of pathogen is A. suis?

A

Opportunistic

54
Q

What is A. lignieresii a commensal organism of?

A

The oral cavity and pharynx of ruminants

55
Q

What does A. lignieresii cause in cattle?

A

Sporadic endogenous disease

56
Q

Describe sporadic endogneous disease caused by A. lignieresii

A

Usually a result of direct inoculation into submucosal tissues
Chronic granulomas form in SubQ tissues of head and neck
Firm nodules develop with green pus
Tongue protrudes from mouth
Granulomatous lesions spread to lymph nodes and lungs

57
Q

What does A. lignieresii cause in sheep?

A

Suppurative infections around head and neck, sometimes mammary

58
Q

What is A. equuli a commesal organism of?

A

The GI tract and URT of normal horses

Reproductive tract of mares

59
Q

What does A. equuli cause?

A

Sleepy foal disease in neonatal horses

60
Q

What is the transmission of A. equuli though to be through?

A

In utero or ingestion, umbilicus, or respiratory tract during or immediately after birth

Infectious Agents (38 decks)

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