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Infectious Agents > Exam 3: Mycobacteria > Flashcards

Exam 3: Mycobacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is mycobacteria loosely classified by?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

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2
Q

What makes up the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex?

A

M. tuberculosis
M. bovis
M. africanum
M. microti

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3
Q

What is non-tuberculos mycobacteria further classification based on?

A

Growth rate and pigment production (Runyon group)

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4
Q

What does M. scrofulaceum cause?

A

Tuberculosis lesion

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5
Q

What does M. avium cause?

A

Avian tuberculosis

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6
Q

What does M. intracellulare cause?

A

Avian tuberculosis

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7
Q

What are the general characteristics of mycobacteria?

A

Obligate aerobic
Non-spore forming
Non-motile

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8
Q

What does the growth of mycobacteria require?

A

Complex egg-enriched media, such as Dorset’s egg medium, Lowenstein-Jensen agar, or Herrold’s egg yolk agar medium

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9
Q

What does mycobacteria make a living in?

A

Macrophage: intracellular parasite

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10
Q

What do you need to stain mycobacteria? Why?

A

Acid fast stain because of mycolic acid and WaxD

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11
Q

What does the cell wall of mycobacteria consist of?

A 
Mycolic acid
Cord factor (lipoarabinomannan, generated from trehalose dimycolate)
WaxD (peptidoglycan)
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12
Q

What is the tubercle bacilli recognized in humans?

A

M. tuberculosis

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13
Q

What is the tubercle bacilli recognized in bovine?

A

M. bovis

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14
Q

What is the tubercle bacilli recognized in avian?

A

M. avium complex (M. avium, M. intracellulare, and M. scrofulaceum)

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15
Q

Can the 3 tubercle bacilli species cause disease only in the species they are recognized in or can they produce infection in host species other than their own?

A

They can produce infection in host species other than their own

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16
Q

What is M. bovis a major cause of?

A

Human TB before the eradication program implemented in 1924

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17
Q

What reduced M. bovis infection from 5% in 1917 to less than 0.001% currently?

A

Milk pasteurization and slaughtering all tuberculin skin test positive animals

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18
Q

What is the attenuated live M. bovis vaccine used?

A

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)

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19
Q

Can the BCG vaccine be used in the US?

A

No, federal law prohibits it

20
Q

What happens to inhaled bacilli of M. bovis?

A

Phagoctyosed by alveolar macrophages that allow thee mycobacteria to proliferate

21
Q

What is formed when the mycobacteria proliferate?

A

Primary focus

22
Q

How is the classic tubercle formed from a M. bovis infection?

A

Purulent to caseous, necrotic center may calcify, and the lesion may become surrounded by granulation tissue and a fibrous capsule to form the classic tubercle

23
Q

Describe the immunity associated with M. bovis

A

Cell-mediated immunity, delayed-type hypersensitivity

24
Q

When are clinical signs of a M. bovis infection evident?

A

In advanced disease

25
Q

What is used for antemortem diagnosis of M. bovis

A

The intradermal tuberculin tests

26
Q

What is the intradermal tuberculin tests based on?

A

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

27
Q

What are the official tuberculosis tests approved by the USDA?

A

Caudal fold tuberculin (CFT) test
Cervical tuberculin (CT) test
Comparative cervical tuberculin (CCT) test
Bovine interferon gamma assay (cattle only)

28
Q

When are CCT injections given?

A

Within 10 days following CFT injection or more than 60 days following CFT injection

29
Q

When must blood samples be collected for bovine interferon gamma assay?

A

Between 3 and 30 days after injection of bovine tuberculin

30
Q

What does the media contain that grows M. lepraemurium?

A

Cytochrome C and α-ketoglutarate

31
Q

What is M. leprae the cause of?

A

Leprosy in humans

32
Q

What has M. leprae been found in?

A

Spontaneously occurring disease in armadillos

33
Q

Describe M. avium infection

A

Ubiquitous in the environment
Produces disease primarily in birds
Birds are natural host
Serotypes 1, 2, and 3 are usually more virulent in birds

34
Q

What is M. avium subs. paratuberculosis a causative agent of?

A

Johne’s Disease

35
Q

What does M. avium subs. paratuberculosis form rough colonies on?

A

Middlebrook agar medium

36
Q

What does in vitro growth of M. avium subs. paratuberculosis require?

A

An iron-transport compound known as mycobatin J

37
Q

What is M. avium subs. paratuberculosis capable of even though it is not able to grow and multiply in the environment?

A

It is extremely hardy and may remain in contaminated soil and water for a year or ore by developing extra tough outer coat (mycolic acid)

38
Q

What is the primary transmission route of M. avium subs. paratuberculosis?

A

Fecal-oral infection

39
Q

What is the primary site of infection for M. avium subs. paratuberculosis?

A

Ileum

40
Q

How does M. avium subs. paratuberculosis invade?

A

Through specialized ileal tissue called Peyer’s Patches via M cell to immune cell (macrophage)

41
Q

What are clinical symptoms of M. avium subs. paratuberculosis?

A

Persistent diarrhea and weight loss

42
Q

How is M. avium subs. paratuberculosis diagnosed?

A

By testing an adult animal

43
Q

What are the diagnostic tests available for M. avium subs. paratuberculosis that are approved by the USDA?

A

Fecal culture
ELISA
Gene probe/PCR test

44
Q

Is there treatment for Johne’s?

A

No

45
Q

Should a vaccine be used against M. avium subs. paratuberculosis?

A

No

46
Q

What is being done for control and eradication of M. avium subs. paratuberculosis?

A

USDA sponsored voluntary eradication program

Infectious Agents (38 decks)

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