Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Infectious Agents > Exam 1: Bacterial Classification and Morphology > Flashcards

Exam 1: Bacterial Classification and Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

What are eukaryotic organisms?

A

True nucleus

Includes all organisms, microscopic and macroscopic, except bacteria and blue green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are prokaryotic organisms?

A

Before nucleus

Simpler cell types, 0.3 to 2.0 μm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for nuclear membrane

A

Prokaryotic cells: Absent

Eukaryotic cells: Present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for nucleolus

A

Prokaryotic: Absent
Eukaryotic: Present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for chromosome number

A

Prokaryotic: 1 usually
Eukaryotic: More than 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for chromosomal structure

A

Prokaryotic: Supercoiling, no histones
Eukaryotic: Histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for ploidy

A

Prokaryotic: Haploid
Eukaryotic: Diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for reproduction

A

Prokaryotic: Asexual
Eukaryotic: Sexual and asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for mitotic nuclear division

A

Prokaryotic: Absent
Eukaryotic: Present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for cell wall with nurein

A

Prokayotic: Present
Eukaryotic: Absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for cytoplasmic ribosomes

A

Prokaryotic: 70S
Eukaryotic: 80S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for cytoskeleton

A

Prokaryotic: Absent
Eukaryotic: Present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for microtubules

A

Prokaryotic: Absent
Eukaryotic: Present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for endoplasmic reticulum

A

Prokaryotic: Absent
Eukaryotic: Present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for lysosomes

A

Prokaryotic: Absent
Eukaryotic: Present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for mitochondria

A

Prokaryotic: Absent
Eukaryotic: Present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for chloroplasts

A

Prokaryotic: Absent
Eukaryotic: Present (plant cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for golgi apparatus

A

Prokaryotic: Absent
Eukaryotic: Present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for electron transport

A

Prokaryotic: cytoplasmic membrane
Eukaryotic: mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for cytoplasmic membrane

A

Prokaryotic: Sterols generally absent
Eukaryotic: Sterols present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes important?

A

The differences reveal their different strategies for survival
The differences allow antimicrobials targeting unique bacterial structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the strategy of survival for eukaryotes?

A

Adaptation and specialization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the strategy of survival for prokaryotes?

A

Divide and conquer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are fungi like bacteria?

A

Their structural complexity does not include differentiation into specialized tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the system by which bacteria are named?
Bacterial nomenclature
26
How is the classical binomial Linnean system used?
Each distinct kind is given a species and genus name A number of species ma be included in a genus The first word is the genus name and is always capitalized Both the genus and species names are italicized
27
What is taxonomy?
System of classification that groups bacteria with similar properties and is used to distinguish those that are different
28
What is the basic taxonomic unit in bacteria?
Species
29
What is a species defined as in prokaryotes?
A group of strains with unique phenotypic properties and exhibit more than 70% whole genome DNA-DNA hybridization among strains
30
What does a bacterial strain consist of?
The descendants from a single isolate in pure culture
31
What is a type strain?
The originally described isolate of the species
32
What is the modern system of classification that is now used?
Polyphasic taxonomy
33
What does polyphasic taxonomy use?
The combines systems of DNA sequence and phenotypic characteristics
34
What are the different methods of DNA sequence?
DNA-DNA hybridization (70%) 16S rRNA sequence (97%) Multilocus sequence typing Average nucleotide identity (95%)
35
What are the phenotypic characteristics looked at for polyphasic taxonomy?
``` Chemical analyses of structural components Serologic reactivity Enzyme profile Nutritional requirements Morphology ```
36
What are the accepted phylogenetic classifications of bacteria?
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology | The National Center for Biotechnology Information
37
What are keys used to do?
Classify bacteria into convenient groups of clinical interest
38
What are the 3 domains in the tree of life?
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Eukaryota
39
How can eubacteria be divided?
Cell envelope type | Cell morphology
40
What are the cell envelope types?
Gram-positive | Gram-negative
41
What are the 3 basic cell types?
Cocci (spherical) Bacilli (cylindrical/rods) Spirilla (helical, spiral, or curved)
42
What allows bacteria to be motile?
Flagella Corkscrew Gliding
43
What are the methods of multiplication?
Binary fission | Budding
44
What is binary fission?
Once cell splits into 2 of slightly smaller size, no mitosis or meiosis
45
What are the types of cell association?
Long chains Clusters Cubical packets of 4 or 8 Pairs
46
What bacteria are in long chains?
Streptococci
47
What bacteria are in clusters?
Staphylococci
48
What is the dependence on living cells for growth?
Some are capable of independent growth on lifeless artificial media Some require living cells from growth, especially obligate intracellular parasites
49
What are the different atmospheric requirements?
``` Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes Microaerophilic Aerotolerant Capnophilic ```
50
What are obligate aerobes?
Require oxygen, oxidize only, respire
51
What are obligate anaerobes?
Killed by oxygen, ferment only or use anaerobic respiration
52
What are facultative anaerobes?
Go either way, oxidize or ferment, prefers growing with oxygen
53
What are microaerophilic?
Require reduced oxygen
54
What are aerotolerant?
Do not require oxygen, not killed by oxygen, ferment only
55
What are capnophilic?
Require increased carbon dioxide
56
What are the most common units of measurement in microscopy?
The micron/micrometer (10-6) and the nanometer (10-9)
57
What is the maximum resolving power of a light microscope?
0.2 μm under optimal conditions
58
What magnification is commonly used with oil immersion lens?
1000x
59
What is darkfield and phase contrast microscopy?
Resolution to 0.1 μm | Used to observe unstained, living cells and movement
60
What is fluorescent microscopy?
Resolution to 0.1 μm | Used in research and diagnostic labs; immunofluorescence
61
What is electron/scanning and transmission microscopy?
Resolution to 0.0003 μm (0.3 nm) | Internal or surface detail observable
62
How can you observe transparent cells?
Staining procedures
63
What is the preparation for staining?
A drop of liquid containing bacteria is placed on a glass slide and allowed to dry The dried film is "fixed" onto the slide using a chemical fixative or heat Stains are used that preferentially stain specific cell components
64
What does passing the slide through a flame do?
Coagulates the cell surface protein and sticks the bacteria to the slide
65
What are the different types of stains?
Positive Negative Differential
66
Describe positive stains
Have an affinity for one or more cell components | The simplest stains are colored cationic salts that combine with phosphate groups of nucleic acids
67
What is an examples of a positive stain?
Methylene blue
68
What are negative stains?
Acidic dyes that do not penetrate cells | The background contrasts with cells
69
What is an example of negative stains?
India ink
70
What are differential stains used to do?
Separate bacteria into groups based on their ability to take up and retain certain dyes
71
What are examples of differential stains?
Gram stain and acid fast stain
72
What is the gram stain?
The most widely used differential stain to divide all eubacteria into 2 groups
73
What is the procedure for gram stain?
Primary stain Mordant Decolorizer Counterstain
74
Describe the primary stain step of gram stain
Gentian or crystal violet is a basic purple dye used All bacteria able to take it up are stained purple It is applied for 45-60 seconds and gently rinsed off with tap water
75
Describe the mordant step of gram stain
Gram's iodine is added to the slide and incubated for 45-60 second It complexes with crystal violet and decreases solubility Rinse gently
76
Describe the decolorizer step of gram stain
Ethyl alochol +/- 10% acetone is dripped over the smear in a controlled fashion for 5-7 seconds Rinse gently to stop decolorization This is the most important step
77
Describe the counterstain step of gram stain
Safranin is contrasting red dye that is applied for 45-60 seconds Rinse gnetly
78
How can you tell if a bacteria is gram positive?
It will retain the purple dye and resist decolorization
79
How can you tell if a bacteria is gram negative?
Bacteria that were decolorized will take up the counterstain and appear pink or red
80
What is gram' stain used to determine?
Gram's reaction Arrangement (spatial orientation resulting as a consequence of growth) Morphology (form of cells)
81
What is a simple test for determining gram reaction of bacteria without staining?
Add a colony to a drop of 10% KOH on a glass slide and stir If solution becomes soapy, bacteria are gram-negative The reaction is caused by saponification of phospholipids in the outer membrane
82
Look at pictures in PowerPoint
Look at pictures in PowerPoint

Infectious Agents (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions