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Cell Biology > Exam 4: GI Tract > Flashcards

Exam 4: GI Tract Flashcards

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1
Q

Gingiva is lined by

A

masticatory mucosa

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2
Q

Hard palate is lined by

A

masticatory mucosa (parakeratinized and keratinized epithelium) and submucosa

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3
Q

Burton’s Line

A

blue-gray ginigval margin - caused by lead poisoning

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4
Q

Most of the oral cavity is lined by

A

nonkeratinized, stratified sqamous epithelium
3 strata: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum superficiale
Submucosa

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5
Q

Filiform papillae

A

specialized mucosa associated with tongue
Covers most of tongue surface
Keratinized epithelium
No taste buds

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6
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom shaped
Stratified squamous epithelium
Has taste buds

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7
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

Approximate to sulcus terminalis
Largest of papillae
Covered by stratified squamous epithelium
Along lateral margin on either side are taste buds
Deep moat along lateral margin - circle base filled with secretions from serous glands

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8
Q

Foliate papillae

A

Leek shaped
found on lateral margins of tongue
Contain taste buds in lateral margins
Also have moat and serous glands

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9
Q

Taste bud has 3 cell types

A

sensory, supporting, and basal

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10
Q

Area of lip facing oral cavity has what kind of epithelium?

A

lining mucosa (nonkeratinized stratified squamous)

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11
Q

Vermilion zone (red free margin)

A

transition zone between epidermis of skin (with sebaceous gland and hair follicles) and epithelium of mucosal lining (lamina propria and labial gland is submucosa)
Has no glands or hair follicles

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12
Q

Parotid gland

A

Only serous cells

Some adipose cells scattered

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13
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Mixed gland
Primarily serous cells with some mucous cells
Has serous demilunes

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14
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Mixed gland
Primarily mucous with some serous cells
Has serous demilunes

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15
Q

Anatomic crown of tooth

A

Enamel and Dentin

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16
Q

Root of tooth

A

Cementum and dentin

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17
Q

Center of tooth contains

A

pulp chamber - blood vessels, nerve fibers, connective tissue
Gets smaller as age

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18
Q

Bud stage of tooth development

A

Process of invagination induced by neural crest cells that made their way into underlying tissue

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19
Q

Cap stage of tooth development

A

Cells undergo differentiation
Growth of mesenchyme pushes inner enamel epithelium up
Forms dental papilla
Stage induced by Activin Beta-A and BMP 4

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20
Q

Bell stage of tooth development

A

Inner enamel epithelium bell shaped
4 clearly defined tissue components: outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium, & inner enamel epithelium

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21
Q

Ameloblasts

A

Secrete enamel on outer surface of enamel
Derived from oral epithelium of ectoderm
Completely gone when tooth erupts - enamel secretion stops

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22
Q

Odontoblasts

A

Secrete dentin on pulp cavity side of dentin - whole life

Derived from neural crest cells of neuroectoderm

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23
Q

Appositional stage of tooth development

A

Dentin and enamel layed down

Bone beginning to form around dental pulp (previous dental papilla)

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24
Q

Cementum

A

secreted by cementocytes
Avascular
Cellular cementum - lower root, thicker
Attached to bone by Sharpey’s fibers

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25
Q

Dentinal tubules

A

Fluid filled tubules with nerve cell inside

If exposed without being covered by enamel - tooth becomes oversensitive to temperature changes

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26
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

run from cementum to bone of tooth socket
Made of type I collagen fibers
principle component of periodontal ligament

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27
Q

4 layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa/adventitia

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28
Q

Most epithelium in the GI tract is

A

simple columnar

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29
Q

Mucosa of GI tract consists of

A

Epithelium with basal lamina
Lamina propria - connective tissue with lymphoid tissue and glands
Muscularis mucosae - usually 2 layers of smooth muscle (inner circular and outer longitudinal)

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30
Q

Submucosa of GI tract consists of

A

dense, irregular CT
Glands in esophagus and duodenum
Submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus
Blood vessels and lymphatics

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31
Q

Meissner’s plexus (submucosal plexus)

A

Located in submucosal layer
Autonomic NS, post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Regulates glands and blood flow, innervates muscularis mucosae

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32
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

Located in muscular externa (between two layers of muscle)
Autonomic NS, post-ganglionic parasympathetic
Movement of musculature of muscular externa - peristalisis

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33
Q

Key features of esophagus

A

Lined with stratified squamous nonker.
Esophageal cardiac glands in lamina propria; Esophageal glands proper in submucosa with ducts
Upper 5% striated muscle, next striated and smooth muscle, distal 50% esophagus smooth muscle
Thoracic - adventitia
Abdominal - serosa

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34
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

Metaplastic columnar epithelium with goblet cells

At risk from development into adeoncarcinoma

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35
Q

Achalasia

A

damage to certain neurons in myenteric plexus cause constriction of LES - leads to bird beak appearance in distal esophagus

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36
Q

Characteristics of stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium
Glands empty into Gastric pits
Most regions have 2 layer muscularis mucosae
Muscularis externa: some areas have inner longitudinal layer (3 layers)
Middle circular layer thickens around pylorus

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37
Q

Glands of Fundus and Body

A

Gastric glands (diverse, simple branched tubular) with short gastric pits located in mucosa layer

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38
Q

Gastric gland Isthmus

A

Stem cell niche - turns over epithelium to replace any of cell types
Mucus secreting cells at surface epithelium

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39
Q

Gastric gland Neck

A

Mostly parietal cells (with some chief cells) - acidophilic

Secrete HCL and intrinsic factor in response to gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine

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40
Q

Gastric gland Base (fundus)

A

Mostly chief cells (with some parietal cells) - basophilic
Secrete pepsinogen in response to acetylcholine
Also has enteroendocrine cells - secrete hormones

41
Q

Glands of Cardia

A

Cardiac glands deeper in lamina propria than gastric pits - simple or branched tubular glands
Short gastric pits
Shape and size more randomized, lightly stained
Mucus secreting mostly

42
Q

Glands of Pylorus

A

deep gastric pits, short branched tubular glands
Mucous and enteroendocrine cells
(G cells secrete gastrin)

43
Q

Gastroduodenal junction

A

Pyloric sphincter
Thickening between stomach and duodenum
Thickening of circular layer of muscular externa

44
Q

3 structural modifications to increase surface area of small intestine

A

Plicae circulares, Villi, Microvilli

45
Q

Plicae circulares

A

permanent folds of mucosa and submucosa
Slow movement of chyme through intestine for absorption
increase SA 3x

46
Q

Villus

A

Fold of mucosa along plicae circulares
increase SA 10x
Core is lamina propria

47
Q

Microvilli

A

Columnar cells facing lumen on villi - brush border
smallest of surface modifications
Increases SA 20x

48
Q

Gluten enteropathy (celiac sprue)

A

No longer see villi (atrophy)
Enterocytes disarrayed
Epithelium in lumen - hyperplasia of intestinal gland
Inflammation of lamina propria

49
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

Caused by gastrin-secreting tumor

Tumor may arise in duodenum, pancreas, or peripancreatic soft tissue

50
Q

Characteristics of small intestine mucosa

A

Columnar epithelium with Goblet cells & brush border
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
Intestinal glands (crypts of Leiberkuhn) in lamina propria
Many blood and lymphatic vessels in lamina propria

51
Q

Intraepithelial lymphocytes

A

in mucosa of small intestine
Constant immune surveillance
If goes into uncontrolled state cause inflammatory bowel disease

52
Q

Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

A 
Simple columnar epithelium
Openings between Villi
simple tubular glands
Paneth cells at base
Enteroendocrine and stem cells (basal end)
53
Q

Paneth cells

A

At base of intestinal glands
Acidophilic
secrete lysozymes, defensins, and tumor necrosis factor-a
Extend into right colon

54
Q

Characteristic of Duodenum

A

Brunner’s glands in submucosa
Secrete alkaline mucus and human epidermal growth factor - protect against acidic content
Well developed proximally, less so distally

55
Q

Characteristic of jejunum

A

nothing, more vascularized so red in living person

56
Q

Characteristic of ileum

A 
Peyer's patches (lymphatic nodules) in mucosa
M cells (antigen transporting cells)
Has villi (unlike appendix, which also has lymphatic nodules)
57
Q

Characteristics of large intestine mucosa

A

Do not have plicae circulares - have plicae semilunares (incomplete, only between teniae coli)
No villi
More intestinal glands - longer
More goblet cells - increase distally
ill-defined brush border
Poorly developed lymphatic vessels (prevents intramucosal cancer from metastasizing)

58
Q

Teniae coli

A

3 longitudinal bands of muscularis externa

Large intestine does not have a complete outer longitudinal layer

59
Q

Characteristics of the appendix

A

No villi
Complete musc. externa (no teniae coli)
Lymphatic nodules

60
Q

Appendicitis

A

Fecalith and intraluminal pressure
Alterations in blood flow
Infection and mucosal ulceration

61
Q

Transverse rectal fold (Valve of Houston)

A

Permanent fold of mucosa, submucosa, and portions of muscularis externa

62
Q

Teniae coli in rectum

A

don’t exist - splay out and cover whole rectum as complete longitudinal muscular layer

63
Q

Anal columns

A

Longitudinal folds of mucosa and submucosa in anal canal

64
Q

Anal valves and anal sinus

A

pouch contains place glands empty to lubricate anal canal
Anal valves located between distal adjacent anal columns and sinuses located lateral to valves
Can get infected or plugged

65
Q

Pectinate (dentate) line

A

Above line is stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium and large plexus of veins in submucosa
Below line is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium as it becomes skin (has sebaceous glands) and large plexus of veins in lamina propria (no submucosa layer here)

66
Q

Anal cushions

A

connective tissue, smooth muscle, blood vessels
Left lateral, right anterior, right posterior
Anal continence

67
Q

Internal hemorrhoids

A

Above pectinate line

Do not cause pain

68
Q

External hemorrhoids

A

Below pectinate line

Cause pain

69
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

Thickened inner circular smooth muscle layer

70
Q

False diverticula

A

outpocketings of colonic wall
Only involves mucosa and submucosa (true diverticula involves all layers)
Occurs mostly at weak points

71
Q

External anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle

72
Q

Anorectal abscess

A

Inflammation can penetrate through outer wall of anal canal and enter space between sphincters - intersphincter abscess
Can then come down toward skin - perianal abscess (most common anorectal abbscess)

73
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

increased density of lymphatic vessels in colon

Involves mucosa and submucosa

74
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Fistula may form

involves all layers of intestinal wall

75
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Aganglionosis of both plexuses (absent)

Always involves rectum, may involve more proximal segments

76
Q

Capsule of liver - Glisson’s capsule

A

Fibrous connective tissue - Type III collagen covering liver
Richly innervated by nerves
Outer aspect of capsule is visceral peritoneum (simple squamous epithelium)

77
Q

Classic hepatic lobule

A

Hexagonal plates of hepatocytes and sinusoids
6 corners along periphery
At corners are portal canals - have 3-6 per lobule
Central vein in middle of hexagon

78
Q

Portal canals

A

contain CT, portal triad, lymphatic vessles, and autonomic nerve fibers
At corners of hepatic lobules

79
Q

Portal triad

A

branches of hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct in portal canals

80
Q

Periportal space (space of Mall)

A

between connective tissue and adjacent hepatocyte

Origin of lymph

81
Q

Kupffer cells

A

immune surveillance in liver
Take a little bite off RBC when they pass through
If something wrong with RBC, will be removed completely

82
Q

Perisinusoidal space

A

has no basal lamina for rapid movement of blood

Numerous microvilli increase surface area

83
Q

Perisinusoidal cell

A

in perisinusoidal space
has large lipid droplet that accumulates and stores Vitamin A
When activated can deposit collagen
Can become contractile and restrict blood flow

84
Q

Portal lobule

A

exocrine (bile secreting) function of liver into bile duct

85
Q

Hepatic acinus

A

diamond shaped territory on either side of shared wall/portal space between two hepatocytes
Zone 1 - gets most nutrients
Zone 3 - gets less nutrients and more metabolic waste - drain into central vein

86
Q

Drug induced necrosis is most likely to occur in hepatocyte zone

A

3

Necrosis, fat accumulation

87
Q

Liver functions to

A 
detoxify through enzymes of sER
Glycogen metabolism 
Blood protein synthesis
Bile acid synthesis
Bilirubin conjugation
88
Q

Gilbert syndrome

A

decreased conjugation of bilirubin

Benign condition

89
Q

Crigler-Najjar syndrome

A 
Absent bilirubin conjugation (type I)
Decreased conjugation (type II)
90
Q

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

A

Decreased secretion of conjugated bilirubin due to absence of mdr-2 transport protein

91
Q

Alcoholic cirrhosis

A

increased abuse of alcohol
Small nodules on surface of liver
proliferating masses of hepatocytes - trying to regenerate liver cells
Increased elaboration of connective tissue that forms a wall around masses - prevents exchange of material

92
Q

3 layers of gallbladder wall

A

Mucosa (simple columnar epithelium, BL, LP, no muscularis mucosae)
Muscularis - smooth muscle random oblique orientation
CT layer of serosa/adventitia (on hepatic surface side)

93
Q

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

A

In gallbladder

may extend through muscularis

94
Q

Cholesterolosis

A

benign & reversible

elevated levels of cholesterol accumulate in gallbladder macrophages (foam cells)

95
Q

Exocrine pancreas

A

Compound acinar gland
Acinar cells secrete enzymes
Ductal cells secrete water and ions (HCO3-) to neutralize acidic chyme

96
Q

Endocrine pancreas

A

islets of Lagerhans secrete hormones

97
Q

Centroacinar cells

A

nuclei project into center of acini
Form intra-acinar portion of intercalated ducts
unique to pancreas
Intercalated ducts empty into intralobular ducts

98
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

Reversible lesions characterized by inflammation
Range from edema and fat necrosis to necrosis of functional tissue and hemorrhage
Caused primarily by alcohol and gallstones

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