Exam 2: Connective Tissue

Question 1

Function of connective tissue

Answer 1

Structure, defense and protection, nutrition, fat depot for cushioning, insulation, and energy reserves

Question 2

Fixed cells

Answer 2

Fibroblasts, collagen, myofibroblasts, adipocytes, Mast cells, Macrophages

Question 3

Migratory cells

Answer 3

Plasma cells, leukocytes,

Question 4

Active Fibroblasts

Answer 4

Synthesize and secrete fibers and ground substance - basophilic ribosomes, euchromatic nucleus, well developed Golgi body and mitochondria
Typically do not divide but may do so during wound healing

Question 5

Quiescent Fibroblasts

Answer 5

fibrocyte
Smaller than fibroblast, spindle shaped, fewer processes, cytoplasm is eosinophilic, nucleus elongated and heterochromatic, nucleoli not visible
When stimulated, become active fibroblasts

Question 6

Hydroxylation of the preprocollagen occurs in the

Answer 6

rER

Is Vitamin C dependent

Question 7

Assembly of the procollagen molecules (triple helix) occurs in

Answer 7

the rER

Question 8

Packaging of soluble procollagen in secretory vesicles occurs in

Answer 8

the Golgi body

Question 9

Cleavage of the nonhelical terminal peptides of procollagen by peptidases occurs in

Answer 9

the extracellular matrix

procollagen aggregates into collagen fibrils

Question 10

Myofibroblasts

Answer 10

cells that possess characteristics of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells (actin and myosin present)
More numerous in areas of wound healing

Question 11

Dupuytren’s contracture

Answer 11

microvascular ischemia leads to trauma to the palmar aponeurosis
Tissue repair causes collagen type I to be replaced by type III, which cross links with myofibroblasts
4th and 5th digits are contracted

Question 12

Unilocular adipocytes

Answer 12

white adipose tissue
Large cells, closely packed
Contain single lipid droplet not bound by a membrane - inside vimentin filaments
Nucleus pushed to periphery of cytoplasm
Signet ring appearance, thin rim of cytoplasm

Question 13

Adipocytes secrete

Answer 13

leptin - work to depress appetite

Question 14

Lipodystrophies

Answer 14

loss of body fat

Question 15

Absence or defect of normal leptin

Answer 15

leads to morbid obesity

Question 16

Multilocular adipocyte

Answer 16

brown adipose tissue
smaller than unilocular cells, many mitochondria, multiple fat droplets in cytoplasm, nucleus spherical and not displaced to periphery

Question 17

Mast cell

Answer 17

Derived from bone marrow stem cells, contains metachromatic membrane bound granules
Mediators of inflammatory responses - histamine causes increased mucus production of nasal mucosa for example

Question 18

Macrophages

Answer 18

oval nucleus with heterochromatin along nuclear envelope, indented
Well endowed with Golgi complex, rER and lysosome
Phagocytose cellular debris and microorganisms

Question 19

Giant cells

Answer 19

fused active macrophages, epithelial-like cells

form in times of chronic inflammatory states

Question 20

Plasma cells

Answer 20

Derived from B lymphocytes
Nucleus displays a clock face appearance - clumps of heterochromatin along periphery
Intensively basophilic
Negative Golgi image visible - vesicles immediately secreted, not stored

Question 21

Leukocytes

Answer 21

Following inflammation first mainly neutrophils enter tissue, then monocytes enter

Question 22

Mesenchymal cells

Answer 22

Gel-like ground substance with glycoproteins and GAGs
Reticular fibers
Located in Embryonic intramembranous bone formation

Question 23

Mucous CT

Answer 23

contains fibroblasts, hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins
collagen fibers (I and III)
Found in umbilical cord and subdermal in embryo

Question 24

Loose (areolar) CT

Answer 24

Contains abundant hyaluronic acid, GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins in ground tissue
Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers
Fibroblast, macrophage, adipose, mast cells
Found immediately deep to epithelium, & surrounding blood vessels

Question 25

Dense regular collagenous CT

Answer 25

Sparse ground tissue
Densly packed, parallel type I collagen, scattered elastic fibers
Fibroblasts flattened between collagen bundles
Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

Question 26

Dense regular elastic CT

Answer 26

sparse ground tissue, scattered fibroblasts
Elastin forms thin sheets of fenestrated membranes, Elastic fibers branch and run parallel to one another
Found in ligamenta flava, suspensory ligament of penis, vocal ligament, and arteries

Question 27

Dense irregular CT

Answer 27

Sparse ground tissue with scattered fibroblasts
Tightly packed, type I collagen fibers oriented in many axes
Elastic fibers are interspersed
Found in organ capsules, dermis of skin, and sleeve around nerves

Question 28

Reticular CT

Answer 28

little ground substance
Reticular fibers (type III collagen)
Reticulocytes
Found in red bone marrow, liver, and lymphatic tissue organs

Question 29

White adipose CT

Answer 29

Contains adipocytes with sparse ground substance
Reticular fibers found between adipocytes
Found in Subcutaneous areas and abdominal cavity

Question 30

Brown Adipose CT

Answer 30

Adipocytes with sparse ground tissue, reticular fibers found between adipocytes
Found in limited distribution in fetus and newborn, limited in adult

Question 31

Mucoid degeneration of anterior cruciate ligament

Answer 31

Knee pain or restricted movement
Could be caused by age related degeneration or congenital or acquired synovial tissue entrapment between ACL fibers
ACL has celery stalk appearance

Question 32

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Answer 32

hyperelastic skin and hypermobility of joints

Defect in type I collagen