Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cell Biology > Exam 3: Integument > Flashcards

Exam 3: Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Integument

A

Covering
includes skin, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails
Largest organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Skin functions

A

Protection from microorganisms and dehydration
Regulation of body temperature - sweat
Reception by sensory nerve endings for touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception
Absorption of UV radiation to form vitamin D
Excretion by sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thick skin

A

Covers palms and soles

Does not have hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, or sebaceous glands; does have sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thin skin

A

Covers most of body

Has hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thickness of skin refers to

A

thickness of the epidermis layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Skin layers

A

Epidermis and Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epidermis is the

A

epithelial layer of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epidermis arises from

A

ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epidermis consists of

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Epidermal ridges (rete ridges)

A

project into dermis to increase epidermal surface area and adhere it to dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Epidermis contains

A

sensory nerve endings, but no vasculature - gets nutrients from dermal capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cell types present in epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, Nonkeratinocytes (Langerhans Cells, Merkel Cells, Melanocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Epithelial cells in epidermis
Most common cell type
Mitotic activity in basal layers allow for skin renewal
Fill with keratin filaments as approach surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Langerhans Cells (Dendritic Cells)

A

Defense cells in epidermis
Reside mainly in stratum spinosum
Have long, thin cytoplasmic processes which extend into intercellular space - form white halo around nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Langerhans cells are derived from

A

precursors in the bone marrow
They pass into bloodstream and travel to skin
When reach epidermis they differentiate into Langerhans cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Langerhans cells function by

A

Processing antigens that enter skin - antigen is phagocytized, and attached to surface of cell
Cell travels to lymph node where antigen-presenting cells interact with lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Birbeck granules

A

look like rods and vesicles
Unique to Langerhans cells
Involved in defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Langerhans cells are mostly found in

A

Stratum spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Merkel Cells

A

mechanoreceptors in epidermis

Relay fine touch sensation - texture and shape of objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Merkel cells are found mainly in

A

Keratinocytes of stratum basale

Numerous in fingertips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Merkel cell-neurite complexes

A

unmyelinated nerve terminals approach merkel cells to take away touch sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Melanocytes

A

protect DNA of skin

synthesize pigment melanin and share it with neighboring keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Melanocytes arise from

A

neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Melanocytes reside between

A

cells in the stratum basale and superficial dermis

Their processes extend into the intercellular space of the stratum spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Melanocytes synthesize
tyrosinase in their rER, which is packaged by the Golgi into melanosomes. Tyrosine is transported into melanosomes where tyrosinase converts it to melanin
26
Pigmentation of the skin is due to
tyrosinase activity, number of melanin granules, size, distribution, and rate of breakdown - not numbers of functional melanocytes (total number is same for all races)
27
Strata of thick skin (outermost to innermost)
Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale
28
Vitiligo
decrease or complete loss of melanocytes | Autoimmunity or self-destruction of melanocytes
29
Albinism
Melanocytes are present but do not synthesize melanine - defect or absence of tyrosinase
30
Stratum Corneum
Outermost layer of thick skin epidermis Flattened, desiccated, keratinized, dead cells. Thick layer - becomes thicker in areas that have an unusual amounts of friction = callus formation
31
Stratum Corneum functions
as protection
32
Stratum Corneum contain
Keratin filaments and amorphous matrix No nuclei or organelles in cells No desmosomes between cells of surface layers = at surface cells can come off (desquamate) Deeper cells have desmosomes
33
Stratum Lucidum
``` Layer under Stratum Corneum Subdivision of stratum corneum Light staining layer No organelles or nuclei - dead cellular material Contain keratin filaments Not visible in thin skin ```
34
Function of stratum lucidum
protection
35
Stratum Granulosum
middle layer of epidermis 3 - 4 layers Diamond shaped cells contain nuclei, but nuclei are starting to die Contain many granules (Keratohyalin and Membrane coating granules)
36
Keratohyalin granules
consist of soft keratin proteins
37
Membrane coating granules (lamellar bodies)
contain lipids Exocytosis of lipid substance forms sheets of waterproof material - barrier that prevents water from entering, but also prevents diffusion of nutrients in extracellular space from reaching superficial layers of cells - die of starvation
38
Function of Stratum Granulosum
Waterproof body
39
Stratum Spinosum
Deep to stratum granulosum Thickest stratum Cells have interdigitating processes (intercellular bridges) with desmosomes Contain membrane-coating granules and Langerhans cells
40
Tonofilaments
bundles of intermediate filaments make of cytokeratin. | Form bundles in cells of upper layers of stratum spinosum
41
Function of stratum spinosum
binding of stratum, protection against invasion (by preventing fissures and Langerhan cell activity)
42
Stratum Basale (Germinativum)
Deepest layer of epidermis Single layer of columnar cells with oval nuclei Desmosomes bind cell membrane to all neighboring cells Most intense mitotic activity in this layer Rests on basement membrane - attach to basement membrane via hemidesmosomes
43
Function of stratum basale
cell renewal, and anchors epidermis to basement membrane
44
Strata of thin skin
Stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
45
Dermis
Connective tissue layer of skin Provides strength & structure - protein collagen Provides defense, nutrition, themoregulation, sensation, stretch
46
Dermis arises from
mesoderm
47
Dermal papillae
extend into epidermis - interdigitate with epidermal ridges projecting into dermis Areas subject to increased mechanical stress (feet, hands - Thick skin) have prominent epidermal ridges, dermal papillae, and true dermal ridges
48
True dermal ridges
in thick skin - hands, soles of feet Oriented parallel to and lie in between dermal papillae Genetically unique - form pattern of fingerprints and footprints
49
Layers of Dermis
Papillary layer and reticular layer
50
Papillary Layer of dermis
superficial layer consisting of thin loose CT - defense against invasion Forms dermal papillae
51
Papillary layer contains
Loose connective tissue Type III collagen fibers (reticular fibers) Elastic fibers Anchoring fibrils (Type VII collagen) - anchors epidermis to dermis Fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells Capillary loops (nutrition and themoregulation) Meissner corpuscles (mechanoreceptors) Krause end bulbs
52
Partial thickness burns
extend into papillary layer of dermis - superficial second degree burns Extend into reticular layer of dermis - deep second degree burns
53
Superficial burns
involve epidermis, first degree burns
54
Reticular layer of dermis
Thickest layer of dermis Made of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue Type I collagen fibers form bundles with regular lines of tension - tensile strength
55
Reticular layer consists of
Type I collagen fibers Thick elastic fibers Proteoglycans Fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, fat cells Hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles
56
Pacinian corpuscles
detect pressure and vibrations | Found in reticular layer of dermis
57
Ruffini corpuscles
tensile forces Many in soles of feet found in reticular layer of dermis
58
Full thickness burns
third degree burns, extend into subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) and may damage underlying muscle tissue
59
Hypodermis
deep to dermis, superficial fascia subcutaneous connective tissue with adipose tissue Not part of skin
60
Meissner's corpuscles
tucked away in dermal cap - in papillary layer of dermis | Mechanoreceptor - fine touch
61
Eccrine Sweat glands
Scattered throughout skin, secrete sweat for thermoregulation Simple coiled tubular glands - duct opens into pore on surface of epidermis Located deep in dermis or hypodermis
62
Eccrine gland secretes via
merocrine secretion - squirts out only secretory product
63
Eccrine gland is innervated by
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
64
Secretory segment of eccrine gland
simple cuboidal to low columnar cells
65
Myoepithelial cells of eccrine gland
surround secretory unit covered by basal lamina contain actin and myosin filaments - squeeze out secretory product
66
Duct segment of eccrine gland
Stratified cuboidal epithelium | two layers
67
Apocrine sweat glands
found in axilla, areola of nipple, and anal region Larger than eccrine glands Located in deep dermis and hypodermis Duct opens into canal of hair follicle, superficial to the entry of the sebaceous gland duct Release of secretory product via merocrine secretion
68
Modified apocrine glands
Ceruminous (wax) glands of external auditory meatus | Glands of Moll in the eyelids
69
Secretory unit of Apocrine glands
simple cuboidal to low columnar Lumen is larger than eccrine glands Secretory product is viscous and odorless when released Myoepithelial cells surround secretory unit
70
Apocrine glands innervated by
postganglionic sympathetic fibers | influenced by hormones
71
Sebaceous glands
in dermis and hypodermis, throughout body Secrete sebum Appendages of hair follicles - empty sebum into canal of hair follicle Influenced by hormones Duct is stratified squamous epithelium Secretory unit is acinus - sits on basal lamina
72
Sebaceous glands secrete via
holocrine secretion
73
Hair follicles
Hair bulb encloses hair root, external root sheath, internal root sheath, and hair shaft
74
Hair root is made of
matrix and dermal papilla - at bottom of hair follicle
75
Hair shaft is made of
Medulla (inner layer) Cortex (middle) Cuticle (outer) Cortex and cuticle are keratinized, medulla is moderately keratinized
76
Internal root sheath layers
Henle's layer (outer) Huxley's layer (middle) Cuticle (inner) Has some keratinization
77
Arrector pili muscles
smooth muscle attached to hair follicle When contract, raise hair Cradle sebaceous glands Sympathetically inervated
78
Nails consist of
Nail plate (hard keratin) Nail bed - stratum basale and spinosum Nail root - matrix where nail growth occurs, forms keratin of nail plate Proximal nail fold - eponychium (cuticle)

Cell Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions