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Cell Biology > Exam 3: Integument > Flashcards

Exam 3: Integument Flashcards

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1
Q

Integument

A

Covering
includes skin, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails
Largest organ

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2
Q

Skin functions

A

Protection from microorganisms and dehydration
Regulation of body temperature - sweat
Reception by sensory nerve endings for touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception
Absorption of UV radiation to form vitamin D
Excretion by sweat glands

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3
Q

Thick skin

A

Covers palms and soles

Does not have hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, or sebaceous glands; does have sweat glands

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4
Q

Thin skin

A

Covers most of body

Has hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

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5
Q

Thickness of skin refers to

A

thickness of the epidermis layer

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6
Q

Skin layers

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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7
Q

Epidermis is the

A

epithelial layer of skin

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8
Q

Epidermis arises from

A

ectoderm

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9
Q

Epidermis consists of

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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10
Q

Epidermal ridges (rete ridges)

A

project into dermis to increase epidermal surface area and adhere it to dermis

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11
Q

Epidermis contains

A

sensory nerve endings, but no vasculature - gets nutrients from dermal capillaries

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12
Q

Cell types present in epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, Nonkeratinocytes (Langerhans Cells, Merkel Cells, Melanocytes)

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13
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Epithelial cells in epidermis
Most common cell type
Mitotic activity in basal layers allow for skin renewal
Fill with keratin filaments as approach surface

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14
Q

Langerhans Cells (Dendritic Cells)

A

Defense cells in epidermis
Reside mainly in stratum spinosum
Have long, thin cytoplasmic processes which extend into intercellular space - form white halo around nucleus

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15
Q

Langerhans cells are derived from

A

precursors in the bone marrow
They pass into bloodstream and travel to skin
When reach epidermis they differentiate into Langerhans cells

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16
Q

Langerhans cells function by

A

Processing antigens that enter skin - antigen is phagocytized, and attached to surface of cell
Cell travels to lymph node where antigen-presenting cells interact with lymphocytes

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17
Q

Birbeck granules

A

look like rods and vesicles
Unique to Langerhans cells
Involved in defense

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18
Q

Langerhans cells are mostly found in

A

Stratum spinosum

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19
Q

Merkel Cells

A

mechanoreceptors in epidermis

Relay fine touch sensation - texture and shape of objects

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20
Q

Merkel cells are found mainly in

A

Keratinocytes of stratum basale

Numerous in fingertips

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21
Q

Merkel cell-neurite complexes

A

unmyelinated nerve terminals approach merkel cells to take away touch sensation

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22
Q

Melanocytes

A

protect DNA of skin

synthesize pigment melanin and share it with neighboring keratinocytes

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23
Q

Melanocytes arise from

A

neural crest cells

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24
Q

Melanocytes reside between

A

cells in the stratum basale and superficial dermis

Their processes extend into the intercellular space of the stratum spinosum

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25
Q

Melanocytes synthesize

A

tyrosinase in their rER, which is packaged by the Golgi into melanosomes. Tyrosine is transported into melanosomes where tyrosinase converts it to melanin

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26
Q

Pigmentation of the skin is due to

A

tyrosinase activity, number of melanin granules, size, distribution, and rate of breakdown - not numbers of functional melanocytes (total number is same for all races)

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27
Q

Strata of thick skin (outermost to innermost)

A

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum,
Stratum Basale

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28
Q

Vitiligo

A

decrease or complete loss of melanocytes

Autoimmunity or self-destruction of melanocytes

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29
Q

Albinism

A

Melanocytes are present but do not synthesize melanine - defect or absence of tyrosinase

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30
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Outermost layer of thick skin epidermis
Flattened, desiccated, keratinized, dead cells. Thick layer - becomes thicker in areas that have an unusual amounts of friction = callus formation

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31
Q

Stratum Corneum functions

A

as protection

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32
Q

Stratum Corneum contain

A

Keratin filaments and amorphous matrix
No nuclei or organelles in cells
No desmosomes between cells of surface layers = at surface cells can come off (desquamate)
Deeper cells have desmosomes

33
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A 
Layer under Stratum Corneum
Subdivision of stratum corneum
Light staining layer
No organelles or nuclei - dead cellular material
Contain keratin filaments
Not visible in thin skin
34
Q

Function of stratum lucidum

A

protection

35
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

middle layer of epidermis
3 - 4 layers Diamond shaped cells contain nuclei, but nuclei are starting to die
Contain many granules (Keratohyalin and Membrane coating granules)

36
Q

Keratohyalin granules

A

consist of soft keratin proteins

37
Q

Membrane coating granules (lamellar bodies)

A

contain lipids
Exocytosis of lipid substance forms sheets of waterproof material - barrier that prevents water from entering, but also prevents diffusion of nutrients in extracellular space from reaching superficial layers of cells - die of starvation

38
Q

Function of Stratum Granulosum

A

Waterproof body

39
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Deep to stratum granulosum
Thickest stratum
Cells have interdigitating processes (intercellular bridges) with desmosomes
Contain membrane-coating granules and Langerhans cells

40
Q

Tonofilaments

A

bundles of intermediate filaments make of cytokeratin.

Form bundles in cells of upper layers of stratum spinosum

41
Q

Function of stratum spinosum

A

binding of stratum, protection against invasion (by preventing fissures and Langerhan cell activity)

42
Q

Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

A

Deepest layer of epidermis
Single layer of columnar cells with oval nuclei
Desmosomes bind cell membrane to all neighboring cells
Most intense mitotic activity in this layer
Rests on basement membrane - attach to basement membrane via hemidesmosomes

43
Q

Function of stratum basale

A

cell renewal, and anchors epidermis to basement membrane

44
Q

Strata of thin skin

A

Stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

45
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue layer of skin
Provides strength & structure - protein collagen
Provides defense, nutrition, themoregulation, sensation, stretch

46
Q

Dermis arises from

A

mesoderm

47
Q

Dermal papillae

A

extend into epidermis - interdigitate with epidermal ridges projecting into dermis
Areas subject to increased mechanical stress (feet, hands - Thick skin) have prominent epidermal ridges, dermal papillae, and true dermal ridges

48
Q

True dermal ridges

A

in thick skin - hands, soles of feet
Oriented parallel to and lie in between dermal papillae
Genetically unique - form pattern of fingerprints and footprints

49
Q

Layers of Dermis

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

50
Q

Papillary Layer of dermis

A

superficial layer consisting of thin loose CT - defense against invasion
Forms dermal papillae

51
Q

Papillary layer contains

A

Loose connective tissue
Type III collagen fibers (reticular fibers)
Elastic fibers
Anchoring fibrils (Type VII collagen) - anchors epidermis to dermis
Fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells
Capillary loops (nutrition and themoregulation)
Meissner corpuscles (mechanoreceptors)
Krause end bulbs

52
Q

Partial thickness burns

A

extend into papillary layer of dermis - superficial second degree burns
Extend into reticular layer of dermis - deep second degree burns

53
Q

Superficial burns

A

involve epidermis, first degree burns

54
Q

Reticular layer of dermis

A

Thickest layer of dermis
Made of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
Type I collagen fibers form bundles with regular lines of tension - tensile strength

55
Q

Reticular layer consists of

A

Type I collagen fibers
Thick elastic fibers
Proteoglycans
Fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, fat cells
Hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles

56
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

detect pressure and vibrations

Found in reticular layer of dermis

57
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

tensile forces
Many in soles of feet
found in reticular layer of dermis

58
Q

Full thickness burns

A

third degree burns, extend into subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) and may damage underlying muscle tissue

59
Q

Hypodermis

A

deep to dermis, superficial fascia
subcutaneous connective tissue with adipose tissue
Not part of skin

60
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

tucked away in dermal cap - in papillary layer of dermis

Mechanoreceptor - fine touch

61
Q

Eccrine Sweat glands

A

Scattered throughout skin, secrete sweat for thermoregulation
Simple coiled tubular glands - duct opens into pore on surface of epidermis
Located deep in dermis or hypodermis

62
Q

Eccrine gland secretes via

A

merocrine secretion - squirts out only secretory product

63
Q

Eccrine gland is innervated by

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

64
Q

Secretory segment of eccrine gland

A

simple cuboidal to low columnar cells

65
Q

Myoepithelial cells of eccrine gland

A

surround secretory unit
covered by basal lamina
contain actin and myosin filaments - squeeze out secretory product

66
Q

Duct segment of eccrine gland

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

two layers

67
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

found in axilla, areola of nipple, and anal region
Larger than eccrine glands
Located in deep dermis and hypodermis
Duct opens into canal of hair follicle, superficial to the entry of the sebaceous gland duct
Release of secretory product via merocrine secretion

68
Q

Modified apocrine glands

A

Ceruminous (wax) glands of external auditory meatus

Glands of Moll in the eyelids

69
Q

Secretory unit of Apocrine glands

A

simple cuboidal to low columnar
Lumen is larger than eccrine glands
Secretory product is viscous and odorless when released
Myoepithelial cells surround secretory unit

70
Q

Apocrine glands innervated by

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

influenced by hormones

71
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

in dermis and hypodermis, throughout body
Secrete sebum
Appendages of hair follicles - empty sebum into canal of hair follicle
Influenced by hormones
Duct is stratified squamous epithelium
Secretory unit is acinus - sits on basal lamina

72
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete via

A

holocrine secretion

73
Q

Hair follicles

A

Hair bulb encloses hair root, external root sheath, internal root sheath, and hair shaft

74
Q

Hair root is made of

A

matrix and dermal papilla - at bottom of hair follicle

75
Q

Hair shaft is made of

A

Medulla (inner layer)
Cortex (middle)
Cuticle (outer)
Cortex and cuticle are keratinized, medulla is moderately keratinized

76
Q

Internal root sheath layers

A

Henle’s layer (outer)
Huxley’s layer (middle)
Cuticle (inner)
Has some keratinization

77
Q

Arrector pili muscles

A

smooth muscle attached to hair follicle
When contract, raise hair
Cradle sebaceous glands
Sympathetically inervated

78
Q

Nails consist of

A

Nail plate (hard keratin)
Nail bed - stratum basale and spinosum
Nail root - matrix where nail growth occurs, forms keratin of nail plate
Proximal nail fold - eponychium (cuticle)

Cell Biology (20 decks)

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