Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Biology > Exam 2: Nerves > Flashcards

Exam 2: Nerves Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell body

A

spherical, ovoid, or angular
trophic, metabolic center
Most protein synthesis occurs here (Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, basophilic clumps, free ribosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nissl bodies

A

stacks of rER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

nucleus

A

large, clear, euchromatic, dense nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

neurons do not form tumors because

A

typically neurons in adults do not divide (mitosis), however some neural stem cells and glial cells can divide and differentiate into nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lipofuscin

A

yellowish-brown pigment, lysosomal enzymatic reisdue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

melanin granules

A

pigment present in certain neurons (substantia nigra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Axon hillock

A

origin of axon, funnel-shaped, pale - no rER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chromatolysis

A

dissolution of Nissl substance following injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dendrites

A

radiate from soma, branch and taper, increase receptive area of neuron, usually no GA
never myelinated - receive stimuli and transmit information to cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Axon

A

cylindrical, varies in length
no rER, contains microtubules, neurofilaments, and vesicles
Relays action potentials away from cell body to axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

axolemma

A

axon cell membrane - specialized for impulse conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

axoplasm

A

axon cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

initial segment

A

segment of axon between axon hillock and where myelination begins
action potential initiated here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

transport of macromolecules, organelles, and vesicles along axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

anterograde transport

A

away from cell body
uses Kinesin
slow or fast transport systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Kinesin

A

microtubule-associated motor protein used in anterograde transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

slow transport system

A

carries tubulin molecules, actin molecules, and neurofilament proteins from cell body to terminal boutons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

retrograde transport

A

towards cell body

uses Dynein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dynein

A

microtubule-associated motor protein used in retrograde transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fast transport system

A

bidirectional
carries membranous organelles, sugars, aa, nucleotides, neurotransmitters, and calcium
requires ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bipolar neurons

A

2 processes - one dendrite and axon

In retina, inner ear, nose - senses of smell, vision, hearing, and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

multipolar neurons

A

most common type

numerous dendrites and single axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons

A 
single process (axon) arising from cell body which separates into 2 processes
impulses bypass the cell body
Enclosed in sensory ganglia and DRG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Motor (efferent) neuron

A

multipolar
skeletal (somatic) - to skeletal muscle fibers
visceral - to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands - autonomic

25
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

somatic - receive sensory stimuli from environment

visceral - receive sensory stimuli from viscera

26
Q

interneurons

A

multipolar, confined to CNS

99.9% of neurons

27
Q

Neuroglia

A

provide physical and physiological support protecting nerve cells

28
Q

Astrocytes (astroglia)

A

largest, processes have feet, ensheathe all blood vessels covered by basal lamina
Assists in formation of blood-brain barrier

29
Q

protoplasmic astrocytes

A

primarily in gray matter
have granular cytoplasm
processes cover synapses, neurons, and blood vessels

30
Q

fibrous astrocytes

A

primarily in white matter
have long, thin processes and light staining
associated with blood vessels and pia mater
cover nodes of Ranvier and synapses

31
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

smaller than astrocytes, found in white matter

myelinates one or more axons

32
Q

Microglia

A

small cell bodies with elongated nuclei, condensced chromatin
in both gray and white matter
derived from monocytes
phagocytic

33
Q

Edendymal cells

A

cuboidal-columnar cells lining brain and spinal cord cavities, cover choroid plexus
contain cerebralspinal fluid

34
Q

Unmyelinated Axons in CNS

A

not covered by glia

35
Q

unmyelinated axons in PNS

A

occupy a groove in a Schwann cell - no nodes of Ranvier; one Schwann cell envelops many axons

36
Q

Myelinated axons in CNS

A

myelinated by oligodendrocytes

37
Q

Myelinated axons in PNS

A

myelinated by Schwann cells - wrap membrane repeatedly around one internode of single axon

38
Q

myelin

A

high lipid content, increases impulse conduction

39
Q

Schwann cell in unmyelinated neurons

A

Many axons in one Schwann cell;
Axon pushed through groove in Schwann cell;
Uninterrupted sheath along length of axon;
No nodes of Ranvier

40
Q

Schwann cell in myelinated neurons

A

One axon per Schwann cell;
Schwann cell wraps around internode of axon;
Many Schwann cells along length of axon;
node of Ranvier - unmyelinated segments of axon between 2 Schwann cells

41
Q

Peripheral nerve coverings (connective tissue)

A

associated only with nerves in PNS (not CNS)

42
Q

endoneurium

A

delicate layer of loose connective tissue with collagen fibrils, covers individual axons
Goes over myelin sheath if cell is myelinated

43
Q

Perineurium

A

surrounds nerve bundle

lined by layers of perineurial cells

44
Q

epineurium

A

dense, irregular connective tissue (fibrous coat) with elastic fibers
Covers several nerve bundles - form gross nerve

45
Q

Satellite cells

A

support cells that surround cell bodies of neurons housed in ganglia
do not form myelin

46
Q

Most common cause of optic neuritis is

A

multiple sclerosis

47
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

progressive demyelination of white matter in CNS

Decreased velocity of impulse propagation

48
Q

Which cranial nerve is myelinated by oligodendrocytes and thus susceptible to demyelination from MS?

A

optic nerves (CN II)

49
Q

gray matter

A

nerve cell bodies and neuroglia - cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, nuclei

50
Q

white matter

A

mostly myelinated nerve cell axons

51
Q

Ganglia

A

collections of nerve cell bodies in PNS

52
Q

Sympathetic division of ANS

A

fight or flight response

thoracolumbar outflow

53
Q

Parasympathetic division of ANS

A

maintains homeostasis

Craniosacral outflow

54
Q

Enteric division

A

controls peristalsis, gland secretion, and blood flow through GI tract
functions independent of CNS
collection of neurons in wall of GI tract

55
Q

Electrical impulses

A

not common - present in brain stem, retina, and cerebral cortex
Have gap junctions - current pass from cell to cell

56
Q

Chemical impulses

A

most common type of synapses

uses ions and neurotransmitters

57
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

in ventricles of brain
consists of holds of pia mater covered by simple cuboidal epithelium - ependymal cells
Produces CSF

58
Q

anterograde changes in nerve injury repair

A

distal to site of injury - axonal degeneration and elimination of debris

59
Q

retrograde reaction and neural regeneration

A

proximal to site of injury; cell body swells, Nissl bodies move to periphery, nucleus moves away from center of cell body, formation of free ribosomes and protein synthesis, axon grows sprouts and grows into endoneurium toward target cell

Cell Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions