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Cell Biology > Exam 2: Nerves > Flashcards

Exam 2: Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Cell body

A

spherical, ovoid, or angular
trophic, metabolic center
Most protein synthesis occurs here (Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, basophilic clumps, free ribosomes)

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2
Q

Nissl bodies

A

stacks of rER

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3
Q

nucleus

A

large, clear, euchromatic, dense nucleolus

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4
Q

neurons do not form tumors because

A

typically neurons in adults do not divide (mitosis), however some neural stem cells and glial cells can divide and differentiate into nerve cells

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5
Q

lipofuscin

A

yellowish-brown pigment, lysosomal enzymatic reisdue

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6
Q

melanin granules

A

pigment present in certain neurons (substantia nigra)

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7
Q

Axon hillock

A

origin of axon, funnel-shaped, pale - no rER

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8
Q

chromatolysis

A

dissolution of Nissl substance following injury

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9
Q

dendrites

A

radiate from soma, branch and taper, increase receptive area of neuron, usually no GA
never myelinated - receive stimuli and transmit information to cell body

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10
Q

Axon

A

cylindrical, varies in length
no rER, contains microtubules, neurofilaments, and vesicles
Relays action potentials away from cell body to axon terminals

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11
Q

axolemma

A

axon cell membrane - specialized for impulse conduction

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12
Q

axoplasm

A

axon cytoplasm

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13
Q

initial segment

A

segment of axon between axon hillock and where myelination begins
action potential initiated here

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14
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

transport of macromolecules, organelles, and vesicles along axon

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15
Q

anterograde transport

A

away from cell body
uses Kinesin
slow or fast transport systems

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16
Q

Kinesin

A

microtubule-associated motor protein used in anterograde transport

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17
Q

slow transport system

A

carries tubulin molecules, actin molecules, and neurofilament proteins from cell body to terminal boutons

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18
Q

retrograde transport

A

towards cell body

uses Dynein

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19
Q

Dynein

A

microtubule-associated motor protein used in retrograde transport

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20
Q

fast transport system

A

bidirectional
carries membranous organelles, sugars, aa, nucleotides, neurotransmitters, and calcium
requires ATP

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21
Q

bipolar neurons

A

2 processes - one dendrite and axon

In retina, inner ear, nose - senses of smell, vision, hearing, and balance

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22
Q

multipolar neurons

A

most common type

numerous dendrites and single axon

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23
Q

unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons

A 
single process (axon) arising from cell body which separates into 2 processes
impulses bypass the cell body
Enclosed in sensory ganglia and DRG
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24
Q

Motor (efferent) neuron

A

multipolar
skeletal (somatic) - to skeletal muscle fibers
visceral - to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands - autonomic

25
Sensory (afferent) neurons
somatic - receive sensory stimuli from environment | visceral - receive sensory stimuli from viscera
26
interneurons
multipolar, confined to CNS | 99.9% of neurons
27
Neuroglia
provide physical and physiological support protecting nerve cells
28
Astrocytes (astroglia)
largest, processes have feet, ensheathe all blood vessels covered by basal lamina Assists in formation of blood-brain barrier
29
protoplasmic astrocytes
primarily in gray matter have granular cytoplasm processes cover synapses, neurons, and blood vessels
30
fibrous astrocytes
primarily in white matter have long, thin processes and light staining associated with blood vessels and pia mater cover nodes of Ranvier and synapses
31
Oligodendrocytes
smaller than astrocytes, found in white matter | myelinates one or more axons
32
Microglia
small cell bodies with elongated nuclei, condensced chromatin in both gray and white matter derived from monocytes phagocytic
33
Edendymal cells
cuboidal-columnar cells lining brain and spinal cord cavities, cover choroid plexus contain cerebralspinal fluid
34
Unmyelinated Axons in CNS
not covered by glia
35
unmyelinated axons in PNS
occupy a groove in a Schwann cell - no nodes of Ranvier; one Schwann cell envelops many axons
36
Myelinated axons in CNS
myelinated by oligodendrocytes
37
Myelinated axons in PNS
myelinated by Schwann cells - wrap membrane repeatedly around one internode of single axon
38
myelin
high lipid content, increases impulse conduction
39
Schwann cell in unmyelinated neurons
Many axons in one Schwann cell; Axon pushed through groove in Schwann cell; Uninterrupted sheath along length of axon; No nodes of Ranvier
40
Schwann cell in myelinated neurons
One axon per Schwann cell; Schwann cell wraps around internode of axon; Many Schwann cells along length of axon; node of Ranvier - unmyelinated segments of axon between 2 Schwann cells
41
Peripheral nerve coverings (connective tissue)
associated only with nerves in PNS (not CNS)
42
endoneurium
delicate layer of loose connective tissue with collagen fibrils, covers individual axons Goes over myelin sheath if cell is myelinated
43
Perineurium
surrounds nerve bundle | lined by layers of perineurial cells
44
epineurium
dense, irregular connective tissue (fibrous coat) with elastic fibers Covers several nerve bundles - form gross nerve
45
Satellite cells
support cells that surround cell bodies of neurons housed in ganglia do not form myelin
46
Most common cause of optic neuritis is
multiple sclerosis
47
Multiple sclerosis
progressive demyelination of white matter in CNS | Decreased velocity of impulse propagation
48
Which cranial nerve is myelinated by oligodendrocytes and thus susceptible to demyelination from MS?
optic nerves (CN II)
49
gray matter
nerve cell bodies and neuroglia - cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, nuclei
50
white matter
mostly myelinated nerve cell axons
51
Ganglia
collections of nerve cell bodies in PNS
52
Sympathetic division of ANS
fight or flight response | thoracolumbar outflow
53
Parasympathetic division of ANS
maintains homeostasis | Craniosacral outflow
54
Enteric division
controls peristalsis, gland secretion, and blood flow through GI tract functions independent of CNS collection of neurons in wall of GI tract
55
Electrical impulses
not common - present in brain stem, retina, and cerebral cortex Have gap junctions - current pass from cell to cell
56
Chemical impulses
most common type of synapses | uses ions and neurotransmitters
57
Choroid Plexus
in ventricles of brain consists of holds of pia mater covered by simple cuboidal epithelium - ependymal cells Produces CSF
58
anterograde changes in nerve injury repair
distal to site of injury - axonal degeneration and elimination of debris
59
retrograde reaction and neural regeneration
proximal to site of injury; cell body swells, Nissl bodies move to periphery, nucleus moves away from center of cell body, formation of free ribosomes and protein synthesis, axon grows sprouts and grows into endoneurium toward target cell

Cell Biology (20 decks)

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