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Cell Biology > Exam 3: Vascular > Flashcards

Exam 3: Vascular Flashcards

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1
Q

3 layers (tunics) in wall of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia

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2
Q

Tunica intima

A

innermost layer of blood vessel
Innermost endothelial cells are simple squamous connected to a basal lamina
External to basal lamina is thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue.
Most external component is internal elastic lamina

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3
Q

Subendothelial layer

A

middle layer of tunica intima

loose connective tissue, scattered fibroblasts and in arteries some smooth muscles

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4
Q

Internal elastic lamina

A

membrane around subendothelial layer of tunica intima
made of elastin
Contains fenestrae for diffusion of substances

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5
Q

Tunica media

A

concentric layers of smooth muscle cells
Has elastin, elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and proteoglycans
Outer layer is External elastic lamina (membrane) - made of elastin

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6
Q

Tunica adventitia (externa)

A

outermost layer of blood vessel
Connective tissue layer, type I collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and fibroblasts
Has blood vessels and nerve fibers - send branches to outermost layer of tunica media

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7
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

required for vessels greater than 1 mm in diameter
penetrate deeper in veins than arteries
contribute to angiogenesis and inflammation in atherosclerosis

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8
Q

Vasa vasorum of ascending aorta becomes inflammed in

A

syphilis
Endarteritis and periarteritis of vasa vasorum - become obliterated
Causes death and scarring of tunica media and elastic lamellae
Scarring causes depressions seen on surface of intima

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9
Q

Nervi vasorum

A

innervation - autonomic nerve fibers supply blood vessel walls
Mostly sympathetic nerve fibers
Travel with tunica adventita - innervate outer media, but don’t go inside in arteries
In veins, nerve endings found in adventitia and media
Release noroepinephrine

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10
Q

Endothelial cells

A

flattened, polygonal cells
long axis in direction of blood flow
Tight intercellular junctions between cells and to basal lamina
Contain pinocytotic vesicles to transport materials between lumen and deeper layers

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11
Q

Myoendothelial junction

A

Stress exerted by blood flow produces endothelial cell hyperpolarization
Conducted to vascular smooth muscle via gap junctions - they hyperpolarize and cause vasodilation

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12
Q

Weibel-Palade bodies

A

located in endothelial cells
Contain Von Willebrand factor (coagulating factor VIII) - promotes blood clotting; Tissue plasminogen activator; Interleukin 8; P-selectin - allows leukocyte to connect with wall of endothelium and migrate through wall of vasculature

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13
Q

Endothelial cells function to

A

Promote/inhibit blood coagulation (production of prostacyclin - vasodilator that inhibits blood clotting)
Modulate smooth muscle activity (vasodilation (NO) and vasocontriction factors (Endothelium 1)
Regulate inflammatory cell traffic
Transport material through pinocytotic vesicles
Regulate angiogenesis

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14
Q

Arteries have more __________, Veins have more __________.

A

Smooth muscle and elastin; connective tissue

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15
Q

Elastic (Large) artery

A

Aorta, brachiocephalic trunk
Have large tunica media with alternating layers of smooth m. and elastic lamellae (elastin, no elastic fibers)
Elastic lamellae increases with age (gets thicker tunica media)

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16
Q

Normal aging

A

causes increase in elastic lamellae and mild to moderate intimal fibrosis and fagmentation of elastic lamealle in media

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17
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

severe elastic medial fragmentation with GAG area

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18
Q

Muscular (moderate) artery

A

Tunica media has a lot of smooth muscle, diminishing elastic components
Prominent internal elastic and external elastic membranes
Aging results in progressive intimal fibrosis (thickening) and alterations of elastic elements

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19
Q

Arteriole

A

Ratio of wall thickness to diameter is about equal to 1

One prominent smooth muscle layer exterior to basal lamina

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20
Q

Metarterioles

A

vessels between arterioles and capillaries
Media is composed of a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle
Helps regulate blood flow into the capillary bed

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21
Q

Capillaries

A

Have tunica intima (with endothelium and basal lamina) & tunica media (true media is absent) - Pericytes in this layer
Tunica adventitia is absent

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22
Q

Pericytes

A

Mesenchymal cells
located in capillary tunica media
Contractile, around capillary - help control diameter
Can transform into smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts
Contribute to formation of scar tissue in CNS

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23
Q

Three types of Capillaries

A

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal

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24
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

located in CNS, muscle, connective tissue, exocrine glands and lungs
Have tight junctions between endothelial cells, prominent marginal folds
Lack pores
Contain many pinocytotic vesicles
Well-developed basal lamina

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25
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

located in kidney, intestines, endocrine glands (where rapid exchange of substances between blood and tissues)
Contain pores, usually closed by thin diaphragm
Continuous basal lamina
Can contain or lack diaphragms

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26
Q

Sinusoid capillaries

A

have large fenestrations
Discontinuous or absent basal lamina
Associated macrophages
Located in spleen, liver, adrenal cortex and bone marrow (areas of rapid exchange and where cells can be exchanged)

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27
Q

Venules

A

thin walls, dilated, large lumen

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28
Q

Small Veins

A

Slightly larger and more muscular
Not too much layering of smooth muscle
Have valves - extensions of endothelium

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29
Q

Medium veins

A 
Thicker walled
Connective tissue predominates
Tunica media - thin walled layer, only 2 cell layers of smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia thickest layer
No elastic
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30
Q

Large veins (portal veins)

A

Longitudinally arranged smooth muscle bundles in adventitia

Circular profiles in adventitia of smooth muscle - contracts and pushes blood back to heart

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31
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

de novo vessel formation

32
Q

Angiogenesis

A

growth from existing EC-derived channels

33
Q

Arteriogenesis

A

formation of arteries, arterioles, and collateral vessel remodeling

34
Q

Neovascularization

A

overarching term to include vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis

35
Q

Remodeling

A

vascular response to alterations in the environment

36
Q

Blood vessel formation from endothelial precursor cells (EPCs)

A

angioblast-like cells in red bone marrow of adults

When needed, EPCs mobilize from etheir niches and migrate to site where blood vessel formation is to occur

37
Q

From EPCs is used to

A

replace lost endothelial cells, re-endothelization of vascular implants, and neovascularization if ischemic organs, wounds, and tumors

38
Q

Blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels

A

Vasodilation - NO and increased vascular permeability induced by VEGF of parent vessel
Degradation of basal lamina - MMPs & lose of intercellular junction (plasminogen activator)
ANG 2 destabilizes vessel
Migration and proliferation of endothelial cells (VEGF and FGF)
Formation of endothelial capillary tube
Elaboration of basal lamina (TGF-beta) and recuritment of periendothelial cells (ANG1-Tie2 and PDGR)

39
Q

Ang 1

A

Stabilizes endothelial cells by interacting with Tie2 receptor
Recruits periendothelial cells

40
Q

Ang 2

A

Destabilizes vessels

41
Q

MMPs

A

degrade basal lamina

42
Q

VEGF & FGF2

A

endothelial cell migration and proliferation

43
Q

TGF-beta

A

elaborates basal lamina

44
Q

PDGR

A

recruitment of smooth muscle cells

45
Q

Proangiogenesis for clinical benefit

A

Myocardial ischemia, peripheral ischemia, cerebral ischemia, wound healing, fracture repair, reconstructive surgery, transplantation of islets of Langerhans

46
Q

Antiangiogenesis for clinical benefit

A

Tumor growth and metastases, ocular neovascularization, hemangiomas, Rhumatoid arthritis, Atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization, birth control

47
Q

Tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8)

A

endothelial cells of tumor vessels express this protein

Marker can be used to specifically deliver drug molecules to tumor vessels

48
Q

Adaptive vascular remodeling

A

Changes in stress drive transformational changes in wall of blood vessel to normalize wall stress
Elevation/drop in blood pressure or increased/decreased flow leads to an increase/decrease in vascular wall stress

49
Q

Vascular remodeling in response to altered flow

A

high flow leads to increase in outside diameter and increase in luminal diameter
Low flow leads to decrease in outside diameter and decrease in luminal diameter

50
Q

Vascular remodeling in response to increased pressure

A

Large artery response - outward hypertrophy (diameter of lumen unchanges, vessel becomes larger)
Small artery - inward hypertrophy (vessel diameter unchanged, diameter of lumen decreases)

51
Q

Arteriole remodeling response to increased pressure

A

Inward hypertrophy
Inward (eutrophic) remodeling - wall thickness and wall diameter decrease
Rarefaction (vessels disappear)

52
Q

Layers of heart

A

Endocardium (inner layer)
Myocardium
Epicardium (outer layer)

53
Q

Endocardium consists of 4 layers

A 
Endothelium (simple squamous) and basal lamina
Subendothelial layer
Myoelastic layer (smooth muscle and elastic and collagen fibers)
Subendocardium
54
Q

Subendocardium layer of endocardium consists of

A

Loose connective tissue
Small blood vessels
Nerve fibers
Purkinje cells or fibers (only in ventricles)

55
Q

Myocardium contains three types of cardiocytes

A

Contractile
Myoendocrine
Specialized conductive

56
Q

Epicardium consists of

A

Mesothelium (simple squamous) and basal lamina

Subepicardium

57
Q

Myoendocrine

A

have euchromatic nucleus - very active
Electron dense vesicles contain atrial or B-type natriuretic factors
promote diuresis and vasodilation
B-type is elevated in congestive heart failure

58
Q

Cardiac skeleton

A

Dense connective tissue (fibrous) where cardiac muscle and valves are anchored
Separates conduction system of atrium and ventricles

59
Q

AV valve layers

A

Atrialis, Spongiosa, Fibrosa - between two layers of endothelium

60
Q

Semilunar valve layers

A

Fibrosa, Spongiosa, Ventricularis - between two layers of endothelium

61
Q

Atrialis

A

layer of elastic and collagen tissue subjacent to endothelium of atrial surface in AV valves

62
Q

Spongiosa

A

middle layer of loose connective tissue that serves as a shock absorber in AV and Semilunar valves

63
Q

Fibrosa

A

core of denser irregular collagenous tissue for mechanical integrity in valves
Subjacent to endothelium of ventricular surface (in AV valves) or aortic or pulmonic surface (in Semilunar vlaves)

64
Q

Ventricularis

A

layer of elastic and collagen tissue subjacent to endothelium of ventricular surface in semilunar valves

65
Q

Myxomatous

A

degeneration of AV valve - floppy valve

66
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

cells smaller than atrial muscle cells
Contain fewer myofibrils
Doesn’t stain as acidophilic

67
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

looks similar to SA node

68
Q

Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

A

Made up of Purkinje fibers cells
Travel in subendocardium
Connected to muscle cells by gap junctions
Twice the diameter of cardiac muscle cells
Few myofibrils (acidophilic), abundant glycogen (clear cytoplasm)
1 or 2 nuclei per cell

69
Q

Cardiac stem cells and early committed cells

A

Can be activated to reconstitute necrotic myocardium
Identified in AV sulcus, migrate from AV sulcus to site of injury
Differentiate into cardiomyocytes, SMCs, and endothelial cells

70
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Thin blind-ended vessels lined by single layer of endothelial cells
Incomplete or absent basal lamina (would prevent flow into capillaries)
Anchoring filaments in extracellular environment (microfibrils) keep it from collapsing
No pericytes and smooth muscle cells

71
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Similar to veins, thinner walls (and no RBC)
Has Valves
Larger LV become more muscular
Leukocytes transported in lymph - no RBC

72
Q

Lymphatic ducts (thoracic and right lymphatic)

A

Similar to veins in structure
Smooth muscle found
Vasa vasorum

73
Q

Lymphatic vessel density

A

Prognostic indicator for spread of malignant tumors

LYVE-1 is a lymphatic endothelial marker

74
Q

Calcified degeneration of aortic valve most often occurs in

A

patients with atherosclerotic risk factors

75
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

Caused by streptococcal pharyngitis
Immune response causes mitral valve vegetations and Aschoff body formation
Changes due to antibodies cross-reacting with self-antigens in heart and T-cell mediated reactions

Cell Biology (20 decks)

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