Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cell Biology > Exam 3: Vascular > Flashcards

Exam 3: Vascular Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers (tunics) in wall of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tunica intima

A

innermost layer of blood vessel
Innermost endothelial cells are simple squamous connected to a basal lamina
External to basal lamina is thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue.
Most external component is internal elastic lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Subendothelial layer

A

middle layer of tunica intima

loose connective tissue, scattered fibroblasts and in arteries some smooth muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Internal elastic lamina

A

membrane around subendothelial layer of tunica intima
made of elastin
Contains fenestrae for diffusion of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tunica media

A

concentric layers of smooth muscle cells
Has elastin, elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and proteoglycans
Outer layer is External elastic lamina (membrane) - made of elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tunica adventitia (externa)

A

outermost layer of blood vessel
Connective tissue layer, type I collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and fibroblasts
Has blood vessels and nerve fibers - send branches to outermost layer of tunica media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

required for vessels greater than 1 mm in diameter
penetrate deeper in veins than arteries
contribute to angiogenesis and inflammation in atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vasa vasorum of ascending aorta becomes inflammed in

A

syphilis
Endarteritis and periarteritis of vasa vasorum - become obliterated
Causes death and scarring of tunica media and elastic lamellae
Scarring causes depressions seen on surface of intima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nervi vasorum

A

innervation - autonomic nerve fibers supply blood vessel walls
Mostly sympathetic nerve fibers
Travel with tunica adventita - innervate outer media, but don’t go inside in arteries
In veins, nerve endings found in adventitia and media
Release noroepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Endothelial cells

A

flattened, polygonal cells
long axis in direction of blood flow
Tight intercellular junctions between cells and to basal lamina
Contain pinocytotic vesicles to transport materials between lumen and deeper layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Myoendothelial junction

A

Stress exerted by blood flow produces endothelial cell hyperpolarization
Conducted to vascular smooth muscle via gap junctions - they hyperpolarize and cause vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Weibel-Palade bodies

A

located in endothelial cells
Contain Von Willebrand factor (coagulating factor VIII) - promotes blood clotting; Tissue plasminogen activator; Interleukin 8; P-selectin - allows leukocyte to connect with wall of endothelium and migrate through wall of vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endothelial cells function to

A

Promote/inhibit blood coagulation (production of prostacyclin - vasodilator that inhibits blood clotting)
Modulate smooth muscle activity (vasodilation (NO) and vasocontriction factors (Endothelium 1)
Regulate inflammatory cell traffic
Transport material through pinocytotic vesicles
Regulate angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Arteries have more __________, Veins have more __________.

A

Smooth muscle and elastin; connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Elastic (Large) artery

A

Aorta, brachiocephalic trunk
Have large tunica media with alternating layers of smooth m. and elastic lamellae (elastin, no elastic fibers)
Elastic lamellae increases with age (gets thicker tunica media)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Normal aging

A

causes increase in elastic lamellae and mild to moderate intimal fibrosis and fagmentation of elastic lamealle in media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

severe elastic medial fragmentation with GAG area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Muscular (moderate) artery

A

Tunica media has a lot of smooth muscle, diminishing elastic components
Prominent internal elastic and external elastic membranes
Aging results in progressive intimal fibrosis (thickening) and alterations of elastic elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Arteriole

A

Ratio of wall thickness to diameter is about equal to 1

One prominent smooth muscle layer exterior to basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metarterioles

A

vessels between arterioles and capillaries
Media is composed of a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle
Helps regulate blood flow into the capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Capillaries

A

Have tunica intima (with endothelium and basal lamina) & tunica media (true media is absent) - Pericytes in this layer
Tunica adventitia is absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pericytes

A

Mesenchymal cells
located in capillary tunica media
Contractile, around capillary - help control diameter
Can transform into smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts
Contribute to formation of scar tissue in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Three types of Capillaries

A

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

located in CNS, muscle, connective tissue, exocrine glands and lungs
Have tight junctions between endothelial cells, prominent marginal folds
Lack pores
Contain many pinocytotic vesicles
Well-developed basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Fenestrated capillaries
located in kidney, intestines, endocrine glands (where rapid exchange of substances between blood and tissues) Contain pores, usually closed by thin diaphragm Continuous basal lamina Can contain or lack diaphragms
26
Sinusoid capillaries
have large fenestrations Discontinuous or absent basal lamina Associated macrophages Located in spleen, liver, adrenal cortex and bone marrow (areas of rapid exchange and where cells can be exchanged)
27
Venules
thin walls, dilated, large lumen
28
Small Veins
Slightly larger and more muscular Not too much layering of smooth muscle Have valves - extensions of endothelium
29
Medium veins
``` Thicker walled Connective tissue predominates Tunica media - thin walled layer, only 2 cell layers of smooth muscle Tunica adventitia thickest layer No elastic ```
30
Large veins (portal veins)
Longitudinally arranged smooth muscle bundles in adventitia | Circular profiles in adventitia of smooth muscle - contracts and pushes blood back to heart
31
Vasculogenesis
de novo vessel formation
32
Angiogenesis
growth from existing EC-derived channels
33
Arteriogenesis
formation of arteries, arterioles, and collateral vessel remodeling
34
Neovascularization
overarching term to include vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis
35
Remodeling
vascular response to alterations in the environment
36
Blood vessel formation from endothelial precursor cells (EPCs)
angioblast-like cells in red bone marrow of adults | When needed, EPCs mobilize from etheir niches and migrate to site where blood vessel formation is to occur
37
From EPCs is used to
replace lost endothelial cells, re-endothelization of vascular implants, and neovascularization if ischemic organs, wounds, and tumors
38
Blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels
Vasodilation - NO and increased vascular permeability induced by VEGF of parent vessel Degradation of basal lamina - MMPs & lose of intercellular junction (plasminogen activator) ANG 2 destabilizes vessel Migration and proliferation of endothelial cells (VEGF and FGF) Formation of endothelial capillary tube Elaboration of basal lamina (TGF-beta) and recuritment of periendothelial cells (ANG1-Tie2 and PDGR)
39
Ang 1
Stabilizes endothelial cells by interacting with Tie2 receptor Recruits periendothelial cells
40
Ang 2
Destabilizes vessels
41
MMPs
degrade basal lamina
42
VEGF & FGF2
endothelial cell migration and proliferation
43
TGF-beta
elaborates basal lamina
44
PDGR
recruitment of smooth muscle cells
45
Proangiogenesis for clinical benefit
Myocardial ischemia, peripheral ischemia, cerebral ischemia, wound healing, fracture repair, reconstructive surgery, transplantation of islets of Langerhans
46
Antiangiogenesis for clinical benefit
Tumor growth and metastases, ocular neovascularization, hemangiomas, Rhumatoid arthritis, Atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization, birth control
47
Tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8)
endothelial cells of tumor vessels express this protein | Marker can be used to specifically deliver drug molecules to tumor vessels
48
Adaptive vascular remodeling
Changes in stress drive transformational changes in wall of blood vessel to normalize wall stress Elevation/drop in blood pressure or increased/decreased flow leads to an increase/decrease in vascular wall stress
49
Vascular remodeling in response to altered flow
high flow leads to increase in outside diameter and increase in luminal diameter Low flow leads to decrease in outside diameter and decrease in luminal diameter
50
Vascular remodeling in response to increased pressure
Large artery response - outward hypertrophy (diameter of lumen unchanges, vessel becomes larger) Small artery - inward hypertrophy (vessel diameter unchanged, diameter of lumen decreases)
51
Arteriole remodeling response to increased pressure
Inward hypertrophy Inward (eutrophic) remodeling - wall thickness and wall diameter decrease Rarefaction (vessels disappear)
52
Layers of heart
Endocardium (inner layer) Myocardium Epicardium (outer layer)
53
Endocardium consists of 4 layers
``` Endothelium (simple squamous) and basal lamina Subendothelial layer Myoelastic layer (smooth muscle and elastic and collagen fibers) Subendocardium ```
54
Subendocardium layer of endocardium consists of
Loose connective tissue Small blood vessels Nerve fibers Purkinje cells or fibers (only in ventricles)
55
Myocardium contains three types of cardiocytes
Contractile Myoendocrine Specialized conductive
56
Epicardium consists of
Mesothelium (simple squamous) and basal lamina | Subepicardium
57
Myoendocrine
have euchromatic nucleus - very active Electron dense vesicles contain atrial or B-type natriuretic factors promote diuresis and vasodilation B-type is elevated in congestive heart failure
58
Cardiac skeleton
Dense connective tissue (fibrous) where cardiac muscle and valves are anchored Separates conduction system of atrium and ventricles
59
AV valve layers
Atrialis, Spongiosa, Fibrosa - between two layers of endothelium
60
Semilunar valve layers
Fibrosa, Spongiosa, Ventricularis - between two layers of endothelium
61
Atrialis
layer of elastic and collagen tissue subjacent to endothelium of atrial surface in AV valves
62
Spongiosa
middle layer of loose connective tissue that serves as a shock absorber in AV and Semilunar valves
63
Fibrosa
core of denser irregular collagenous tissue for mechanical integrity in valves Subjacent to endothelium of ventricular surface (in AV valves) or aortic or pulmonic surface (in Semilunar vlaves)
64
Ventricularis
layer of elastic and collagen tissue subjacent to endothelium of ventricular surface in semilunar valves
65
Myxomatous
degeneration of AV valve - floppy valve
66
Sinoatrial (SA) node
cells smaller than atrial muscle cells Contain fewer myofibrils Doesn't stain as acidophilic
67
Atrioventricular (AV) node
looks similar to SA node
68
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
Made up of Purkinje fibers cells Travel in subendocardium Connected to muscle cells by gap junctions Twice the diameter of cardiac muscle cells Few myofibrils (acidophilic), abundant glycogen (clear cytoplasm) 1 or 2 nuclei per cell
69
Cardiac stem cells and early committed cells
Can be activated to reconstitute necrotic myocardium Identified in AV sulcus, migrate from AV sulcus to site of injury Differentiate into cardiomyocytes, SMCs, and endothelial cells
70
Lymphatic capillaries
Thin blind-ended vessels lined by single layer of endothelial cells Incomplete or absent basal lamina (would prevent flow into capillaries) Anchoring filaments in extracellular environment (microfibrils) keep it from collapsing No pericytes and smooth muscle cells
71
Lymphatic vessels
Similar to veins, thinner walls (and no RBC) Has Valves Larger LV become more muscular Leukocytes transported in lymph - no RBC
72
Lymphatic ducts (thoracic and right lymphatic)
Similar to veins in structure Smooth muscle found Vasa vasorum
73
Lymphatic vessel density
Prognostic indicator for spread of malignant tumors | LYVE-1 is a lymphatic endothelial marker
74
Calcified degeneration of aortic valve most often occurs in
patients with atherosclerotic risk factors
75
Rheumatic fever
Caused by streptococcal pharyngitis Immune response causes mitral valve vegetations and Aschoff body formation Changes due to antibodies cross-reacting with self-antigens in heart and T-cell mediated reactions

Cell Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions