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Cell Biology > Exam 2: Bone > Flashcards

Exam 2: Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Pressure to bone results in

A

bone resorption (breakdown)

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2
Q

Tension to bone results in

A

bone deposition (addition)

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3
Q

Long bones

A

Contain 2 epiphyses, a diaphysis, marrow cavity in core

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4
Q

Epiphyses

A

2 bulbous ends of long bone

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5
Q

epiphyseal growth plate

A

consist of hyaline cartilage plates that allow bone growth in length. Disappear around age 18-20

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6
Q

Metaphysis

A

angulation between epiphyseal plate and diaphysis

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7
Q

Diaphysis

A

long cylindrical shaft between two epiphyses

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

external connective tissue capsule of bone - 2 layers outer fibrous and inner cellular
Does not cover articulating surfaces of bones and where tendons attach to bones

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9
Q

Outer fibrous layer

A

dense collangeous CT, blood vessels and nerves

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10
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

anchor periosteum to bone

Found in outer fibrous layer

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11
Q

Inner cellular layer

A

covers actively growing bone - contains osteoprogenitor cells

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12
Q

Endosteum

A

internal CT capsule of bone
thin CT layer with a single row of osteoprogenitor cells
Line bone marrow cavity, and Haversian and Volkman canals
Cover bony spicules and trabeculae of spongy bone

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13
Q

Bone Matrix is made of

A

inorganic minerals (hardness) and organic fibers/ground substance (prevent bone from becoming brittle)

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14
Q

Bone fibers are mainly

A

type I collagen (acidophilic)

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15
Q

Proteoglycans (with hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and keratan sulfate)

A

bind growth factors

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16
Q

Osteonectin

A

serves as glue between collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals

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17
Q

sialoproteins (osteopontin and sialoproteins I & II)

A

bind cells to bone matrix

begins calcium phosphate formation during mineralization

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18
Q

osteocalcin

A

traps calcium from blood stream

stimulates osteoclasts to remodel bone

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19
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

arise from mesenchymal stem cells
located in inner layer of mature periosteum and in endosteum
Differentiate into osteoblasts

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20
Q

Osteoblasts

A 
arise from osteoprogenitor cells
Cuboidal-columnar shaped
basophilic
synthesize organic component of bone matrix
Has high levels of alkaline phosphatase
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21
Q

Osteoid

A

newly formed non-mineralized bone

collagen type I and bone matrix proteins

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22
Q

When bone is being synthesized, what is high in blood

A

alkaline phosphatase

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23
Q

Osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that are enclosed within matrix they produce

Enclosed in lacuna

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24
Q

Rickets

A

calcium or vitamin D deficiency

Bone softening

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25
Osteoporosis
reduction in bone mass - porous bones that fracture easily
26
Bone-lining Cells
cover bone surface, protecting it from osteoclasts | nutritional support of osteocytes
27
Canaliculi
cytoplasmic processes that radiate from osteocytes | form gap junctions with other osteocytes to transfer nutrients
28
Osteocyte is surrounded by
fluid in periosteocytic space
29
The periosteocytic space is surrounded by
osteoid - nonmineralized bone matrix (osteoid is surrounded by mineralized bone)
30
Osteoclasts
motile, acidophilic due to lysosomes derived from mononuclear hemopoietic progenitor cells in bone marrow resorb bone
31
An osteoclast in the process of bone breakdown has what 3 regions?
ruffle border, clear zone, basolateral regions
32
ruffled border
associated with bone resorption cell membrane is thickened with infoldings exocytosis of hydrolytic enzymes and endocytosis of broken down bown
33
Clear zone
lacks organelles has actin microfilaments sealing zone that isolates acidic resorption compartment
34
Basolateral region
contains organelles | functions in exocytosis of broken down matrix
35
Compact Bone
dense, solid bone that forms a shell around the exterior of long bones Contains Haversian systems
36
Skull cap consists of
an outer table of compact bone covered by periosteum and an inner table of compact bone that is lined by periosteal layer of cranial dura mater
37
Cancellous bone
spongy bone that lines marrow cavity of long bones bony trabeculae and spicules protrude from inner surface of compact bone toward marrow cavity Contains mainly an irregular arrangement of bone lamellae
38
Primary bone
forms during fetal development and bone repair contains irregular bundles of collagen Temporary tissue, resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced by secondary bone
39
Secondary Bone
parallel or concentric bone lamellae collagen fibers parallel more mineral content than primary bone
40
Outer circumferential lamellae
deep to periosteum surround bone Sharpe's fibers anchor periosteum to underlying bone
41
Interstitial lamellae
lamellar fragments, remnants of former osteons
42
Haversian canal systems (osteons)
vascular space that encloses a neurovascular bundle - No Lymphatics! Helical arrangement
43
Volkmann canals
connect osteons that are next to each other | not have to be concentric
44
Inner circumferential lamellae
around marrow cavity
45
Ankylosis (arthritis)
trauma induced to a joint that damages hyaline cartilage | Cartilage becomes calcified, die, then replaced by bone - two articulating bones fuse = no joint movement
46
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease that attacks synovial joints, damaging articular cartilages, producing disfigurement of joints and severe pain
47
Gouty arthritis
accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints
48
Intramembranous ossification
bone forms directly within a membrane of highly vascular mesenchyme Flat bones of skull, face, mandible, clavicle, and other flat bones form this way
49
The first bone laid down is
primary bone
50
The soft osteoid of primary bone undergoes
mineralization, trapping osteocytes in lacunae
51
Primary bone is resorbed by ____ and replaced with____
osteoclasts; secondary bone
52
Newly formed secondary bone occurs as
spongy bone, which can remain spongy or become compact bone
53
Endochondral Ossification
cartilage model of bone-to-be is formed first, than becomes calcified, eroded, and replaced by bone
54
Long bones and vertebrae of spine form via
Endochondral Ossification
55
Primary ossification center is located in
diaphysis (hyaline cartilage model of bone)
56
As bony collar forms in Endochondral ossification, cartilage cells
hypertrophy (accumulate glycogen and form vacuoles) and produce alkaline phosphatase - cartilage matrix becomes calcified
57
Secondary center of ossification is located in
the epiphysis, forms shortly after birth
58
Cartilage is continuously being replenished at _____ side of growth plates and being replaced by bone at the ______ side.
epiphyseal; diaphyseal
59
Zones of epiphyseal plate
Zone of Reserve Cartilage, Zone of proliferation, Zone of hypertrophy, zone of calcified cartilage, zone of resorption and ossification
60
Zone of reserve cartilage
hyaline cartilage | mitotically active
61
Zone of proliferation
intense mitosis here - chondrocytes produce new organic matrix - cartilage grows interstially form parallel columns of isogenous cells Chondrocytes appear in stacks (like pennies) parallel to long axis of bone
62
Zone of hypertrophy
chondrocytes accumulate glycogen and become vacuolated | Individual chondrocytes swell in size
63
Zone of Calcified cartilage
lacunae coalesce, calcification of cartilage matrix, chondrocytes die
64
Zone of resorption and ossification
calcified cartilage remnants form long spicules, blood vessels bringing osteoprogenitor cells invade, differentiate into osteoblasts
65
Calcified cartilage stains
blue - basophilic | Does not contain cells
66
Mineralized bone stains
pink - acidophilic | contains living cells
67
Bone growth in width occurs by
appositional growth - osteoblasts secrete bone matrix on subperiosteal bone surface
68
Neutrophils
arrive at site of bone injury first, then macrophages arrive to clean up debris
69
Soft callus
formed by granulation tissue and cartilage to cover injured bone, eventually dies and is replaced by bony callus
70
Achondroplasia
most common cause of dwarfism | Cartilage in growth plates is replaced by bone at a very slow rate - results in short bones in upper and lower limbs

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