Exam 3: Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste products
Regulation of body temp., blood pH, and osmolality of body fluids
Hemostasis
Immunity

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2
Q

Blood elements

A

Plasma, Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes, Platelets (thrombocytes)

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3
Q

Hematocrit

A

RBC
45% of blood in males
40% of blood in females
55% of blood in newborns, decreases to 35% at 2 months, then elevates to adult values by puberty

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4
Q

Buffy coat

A

leukocytes and platelets

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5
Q

Serum

A

plasma without fibrinogen

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6
Q

Plasma

A

yellowish fluid, 90% water
Contains albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, complement proteins, lipoproteins, hormones, electrolytes, and dissolved gases

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7
Q

Albumin

A

maintains colloid osmotic pressure and transports
Pulls water into blood from tissues
Loss of albumin leads to edema

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8
Q

Erythrocytes

A

bioconcave disc - increases surface area to volume ration facilitating gas exchange
Small in diameter
4.2 to 6.1 million RBC per cubic mm
Only organelles are cytoskeletal components

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9
Q

Polycythemia

A

elevated erythrocyte count

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10
Q

Anemia

A

below normal erythrocyte count

Decrease in packed volume of erythrocytes or reduction in hemoglobin concentration

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11
Q

Erythrocyte transmembrane proteins

A

Glycophorin (A,B, & C) - unique to RBC

Band 3 - transports bicarbonate and chloride across plasmalemma (increases CO2 in blood) - antiporter

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12
Q

Band 4.1

A

proteins anchor cytoskeletal components by complexing with spectrin, glycophorin, and actin

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13
Q

Band 4.2

A

binds with Band 3 - forms a complex with ankyrin and spectrin

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14
Q

Adducin

A

promotes actin-spectrin association

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15
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

mutations in ankyrin, band 3, spectrin, or band 4.2 that disrupt tethering interactions
Causes spherical shaped RBC - destroyed by spleen
Leads to anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly

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16
Q

Elliptocytosis

A

caused by mutations in spectrin, protein 4.1, or glycophorin C

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17
Q

Antigens on surface of plasmalemma

A

determine blood type
A, B, AB, O
Rh - positive or negative

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18
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh- mother forms antibodies against Rh antigen after birth of first Rh+ baby.
2nd Rh+ baby, mother’s antibodies will cross placenta and attach to erythrocytes of fetus
Mother receives Rho-GAM just before and after birth of first Rh+ baby to prevent disorder - contains antibodies against Rh antigen and will destroy Rh+ before mother can develop antibodies

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19
Q

Kell, Duffy, and Lewis antigens

A

immunogenic antigens
Can cause problems if not matched properly in transplants
Lewis only one don’t have to worry about matching

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20
Q

Duffy antigens

A

receptors for Plasmodium vivax and knowlesi - malarial parasites
Use antigens to enter RBC

21
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

small basophilic nuclear fragments in cytoplasm of RBC
Removed by macrophages in spleen
Present in patients with severe hemolytic anemia, dysfunctional spleens, or after splenectomy (spleen doesn’t remove them)

22
Q

Heinz bodies

A

Seen in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Inclusions of damaged hemoglobin from oxidative damage
Spleen macrophages remove Heinz bodies and damaged membranes = bite cells

23
Q

Reticulocytes

A

immediate precursor to a mature erythrocyte
Cytoplasm has basophilic specks - clusters of ribosomes synthesizing hemoglobin
Increase in numbers mean body has demand for oxygen (hemorrhage, higher altitudes)

24
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells
Less in blood than Erythrocytes
Some contain specific granules - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Some are agranulocytes - lymphocytes and monocytes

25
Q

Neutrophils

A

most abundant leukocyte
Bigger than RBC, lobated nuclei (3-5 lobes)
Phagocytic cells
Specific secondary granules are light pink - antimicrobial enzymes
Tertiary granules - gelatinase, cathespins, and glycoproteins (degrade basal lamina and ECM - migration of neutrophils into tissue)

26
Q

Band cells

A

immature neutrophils - just released from bone marrow
Nuclei have band or rod shape
Elevated in acute bacterial infections (shift to the left)
Increase in band cells = increase in mature neutrophils

27
Q

Azurophilic Primary granules

A

lysosomes

found in every type of leukocyte

28
Q

Dohle body

A

dilated rER - basophilic component in peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophil
Seen in infections and other conditions

29
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocyte, larger than RBC
Bilobed nucleus
Specific granules stain dark pink/red - contain substances that destroy parasites
Granules have white stripe down center of dark granule

30
Q

Neutrophils are elevated in

A

bacterial infection,

inflammation

31
Q

Eosinophils are elevated in

A

allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and inflammatory bowel disease

32
Q

Basophils are decreased in

A

acute allergic reactions

33
Q

Basophils

A

Least abundant in blood
S-shaped nucleus - obscured by basophilic specific granules
Specific granules are dark blue (or have white center with dark halo) - contain histamine & heparin
Originate from same precursor cell as mast cell - distinct cell populations

34
Q

Agranulocytes

A

do not possess specific granules in their cytoplasm, do contain nonspecific, azurophilic granules (lysosomes)

35
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Agranulocyte
Most numerous leukocyte in children under 8; 2nd most in people over 8
Most small, about size of RBC
Narrow rim of basophilic cytoplasm and small volume of organelles - mostly ribosomes
Prominent Nucleus

36
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

37
Q

lymphoctyes are elevated in

A

viral infection

Lymphocytic leukemia

38
Q

Monocytes

A
Agranulocyte
large cells
Large kidney shaped nucleus
Blue-gray cytoplasm
Migrate into tissues - differentiate into macrophages
39
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

fractured megakaryocytes
Function in blood clotting and tissue repair
Has 4 zones - Peripheral, Structural, Membrane, and Organelle

40
Q

Peripheral zone

A

plasma membrane and glycocalyx

41
Q

Structural zone

A

microtubules - shape of platelet

Actin and myosin monomers - polymerize and form contractile apparatus

42
Q

Membrane zone

A

open canalicular system

Dense tubular system

43
Q

Organelle zone

A

contains mitochondria, glycogen granules, peroxisomes, and lysosomal granules (alpha, delta, and lambda)

44
Q

Monocytes are elevated in

A

inflammation

45
Q

Neutrophils are decreased in

A

many viral infections, massive infection

46
Q

Erythrocytes are elevated in

A
decreased oxygenation (high altitude, lung disease, heart disease);
Renal carcinoma
47
Q

Erythrocytes are decreased in

A

hemolytic and pernicious anemia;

Disruption of myeloid tissue (cancer, radiation)

48
Q

Platelets are elevated in

A

splenectomy

49
Q

Platelets are decreased in

A

Splenic sequestration (hypersplenism)