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Cell Biology > Exam 3: Blood > Flashcards

Exam 3: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste products
Regulation of body temp., blood pH, and osmolality of body fluids
Hemostasis
Immunity

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2
Q

Blood elements

A

Plasma, Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes, Platelets (thrombocytes)

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3
Q

Hematocrit

A

RBC
45% of blood in males
40% of blood in females
55% of blood in newborns, decreases to 35% at 2 months, then elevates to adult values by puberty

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4
Q

Buffy coat

A

leukocytes and platelets

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5
Q

Serum

A

plasma without fibrinogen

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6
Q

Plasma

A

yellowish fluid, 90% water
Contains albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, complement proteins, lipoproteins, hormones, electrolytes, and dissolved gases

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7
Q

Albumin

A

maintains colloid osmotic pressure and transports
Pulls water into blood from tissues
Loss of albumin leads to edema

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8
Q

Erythrocytes

A

bioconcave disc - increases surface area to volume ration facilitating gas exchange
Small in diameter
4.2 to 6.1 million RBC per cubic mm
Only organelles are cytoskeletal components

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9
Q

Polycythemia

A

elevated erythrocyte count

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10
Q

Anemia

A

below normal erythrocyte count

Decrease in packed volume of erythrocytes or reduction in hemoglobin concentration

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11
Q

Erythrocyte transmembrane proteins

A

Glycophorin (A,B, & C) - unique to RBC

Band 3 - transports bicarbonate and chloride across plasmalemma (increases CO2 in blood) - antiporter

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12
Q

Band 4.1

A

proteins anchor cytoskeletal components by complexing with spectrin, glycophorin, and actin

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13
Q

Band 4.2

A

binds with Band 3 - forms a complex with ankyrin and spectrin

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14
Q

Adducin

A

promotes actin-spectrin association

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15
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

mutations in ankyrin, band 3, spectrin, or band 4.2 that disrupt tethering interactions
Causes spherical shaped RBC - destroyed by spleen
Leads to anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly

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16
Q

Elliptocytosis

A

caused by mutations in spectrin, protein 4.1, or glycophorin C

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17
Q

Antigens on surface of plasmalemma

A

determine blood type
A, B, AB, O
Rh - positive or negative

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18
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh- mother forms antibodies against Rh antigen after birth of first Rh+ baby.
2nd Rh+ baby, mother’s antibodies will cross placenta and attach to erythrocytes of fetus
Mother receives Rho-GAM just before and after birth of first Rh+ baby to prevent disorder - contains antibodies against Rh antigen and will destroy Rh+ before mother can develop antibodies

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19
Q

Kell, Duffy, and Lewis antigens

A

immunogenic antigens
Can cause problems if not matched properly in transplants
Lewis only one don’t have to worry about matching

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20
Q

Duffy antigens

A

receptors for Plasmodium vivax and knowlesi - malarial parasites
Use antigens to enter RBC

21
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

small basophilic nuclear fragments in cytoplasm of RBC
Removed by macrophages in spleen
Present in patients with severe hemolytic anemia, dysfunctional spleens, or after splenectomy (spleen doesn’t remove them)

22
Q

Heinz bodies

A

Seen in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Inclusions of damaged hemoglobin from oxidative damage
Spleen macrophages remove Heinz bodies and damaged membranes = bite cells

23
Q

Reticulocytes

A

immediate precursor to a mature erythrocyte
Cytoplasm has basophilic specks - clusters of ribosomes synthesizing hemoglobin
Increase in numbers mean body has demand for oxygen (hemorrhage, higher altitudes)

24
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells
Less in blood than Erythrocytes
Some contain specific granules - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Some are agranulocytes - lymphocytes and monocytes

25
Neutrophils
most abundant leukocyte Bigger than RBC, lobated nuclei (3-5 lobes) Phagocytic cells Specific secondary granules are light pink - antimicrobial enzymes Tertiary granules - gelatinase, cathespins, and glycoproteins (degrade basal lamina and ECM - migration of neutrophils into tissue)
26
Band cells
immature neutrophils - just released from bone marrow Nuclei have band or rod shape Elevated in acute bacterial infections (shift to the left) Increase in band cells = increase in mature neutrophils
27
Azurophilic Primary granules
lysosomes | found in every type of leukocyte
28
Dohle body
dilated rER - basophilic component in peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophil Seen in infections and other conditions
29
Eosinophils
Granulocyte, larger than RBC Bilobed nucleus Specific granules stain dark pink/red - contain substances that destroy parasites Granules have white stripe down center of dark granule
30
Neutrophils are elevated in
bacterial infection, | inflammation
31
Eosinophils are elevated in
allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and inflammatory bowel disease
32
Basophils are decreased in
acute allergic reactions
33
Basophils
Least abundant in blood S-shaped nucleus - obscured by basophilic specific granules Specific granules are dark blue (or have white center with dark halo) - contain histamine & heparin Originate from same precursor cell as mast cell - distinct cell populations
34
Agranulocytes
do not possess specific granules in their cytoplasm, do contain nonspecific, azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
35
Lymphocytes
Agranulocyte Most numerous leukocyte in children under 8; 2nd most in people over 8 Most small, about size of RBC Narrow rim of basophilic cytoplasm and small volume of organelles - mostly ribosomes Prominent Nucleus
36
3 types of lymphocytes
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells
37
lymphoctyes are elevated in
viral infection | Lymphocytic leukemia
38
Monocytes
``` Agranulocyte large cells Large kidney shaped nucleus Blue-gray cytoplasm Migrate into tissues - differentiate into macrophages ```
39
Platelets (thrombocytes)
fractured megakaryocytes Function in blood clotting and tissue repair Has 4 zones - Peripheral, Structural, Membrane, and Organelle
40
Peripheral zone
plasma membrane and glycocalyx
41
Structural zone
microtubules - shape of platelet | Actin and myosin monomers - polymerize and form contractile apparatus
42
Membrane zone
open canalicular system | Dense tubular system
43
Organelle zone
contains mitochondria, glycogen granules, peroxisomes, and lysosomal granules (alpha, delta, and lambda)
44
Monocytes are elevated in
inflammation
45
Neutrophils are decreased in
many viral infections, massive infection
46
Erythrocytes are elevated in
``` decreased oxygenation (high altitude, lung disease, heart disease); Renal carcinoma ```
47
Erythrocytes are decreased in
hemolytic and pernicious anemia; | Disruption of myeloid tissue (cancer, radiation)
48
Platelets are elevated in
splenectomy
49
Platelets are decreased in
Splenic sequestration (hypersplenism)

Cell Biology (20 decks)

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