Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Biology > Exam 3: Blood > Flashcards

Exam 3: Blood Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste products
Regulation of body temp., blood pH, and osmolality of body fluids
Hemostasis
Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood elements

A

Plasma, Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes, Platelets (thrombocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hematocrit

A

RBC
45% of blood in males
40% of blood in females
55% of blood in newborns, decreases to 35% at 2 months, then elevates to adult values by puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Buffy coat

A

leukocytes and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Serum

A

plasma without fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plasma

A

yellowish fluid, 90% water
Contains albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, complement proteins, lipoproteins, hormones, electrolytes, and dissolved gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Albumin

A

maintains colloid osmotic pressure and transports
Pulls water into blood from tissues
Loss of albumin leads to edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Erythrocytes

A

bioconcave disc - increases surface area to volume ration facilitating gas exchange
Small in diameter
4.2 to 6.1 million RBC per cubic mm
Only organelles are cytoskeletal components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Polycythemia

A

elevated erythrocyte count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anemia

A

below normal erythrocyte count

Decrease in packed volume of erythrocytes or reduction in hemoglobin concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Erythrocyte transmembrane proteins

A

Glycophorin (A,B, & C) - unique to RBC

Band 3 - transports bicarbonate and chloride across plasmalemma (increases CO2 in blood) - antiporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Band 4.1

A

proteins anchor cytoskeletal components by complexing with spectrin, glycophorin, and actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Band 4.2

A

binds with Band 3 - forms a complex with ankyrin and spectrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adducin

A

promotes actin-spectrin association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

mutations in ankyrin, band 3, spectrin, or band 4.2 that disrupt tethering interactions
Causes spherical shaped RBC - destroyed by spleen
Leads to anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Elliptocytosis

A

caused by mutations in spectrin, protein 4.1, or glycophorin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antigens on surface of plasmalemma

A

determine blood type
A, B, AB, O
Rh - positive or negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh- mother forms antibodies against Rh antigen after birth of first Rh+ baby.
2nd Rh+ baby, mother’s antibodies will cross placenta and attach to erythrocytes of fetus
Mother receives Rho-GAM just before and after birth of first Rh+ baby to prevent disorder - contains antibodies against Rh antigen and will destroy Rh+ before mother can develop antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Kell, Duffy, and Lewis antigens

A

immunogenic antigens
Can cause problems if not matched properly in transplants
Lewis only one don’t have to worry about matching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Duffy antigens

A

receptors for Plasmodium vivax and knowlesi - malarial parasites
Use antigens to enter RBC

21
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

small basophilic nuclear fragments in cytoplasm of RBC
Removed by macrophages in spleen
Present in patients with severe hemolytic anemia, dysfunctional spleens, or after splenectomy (spleen doesn’t remove them)

22
Q

Heinz bodies

A

Seen in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Inclusions of damaged hemoglobin from oxidative damage
Spleen macrophages remove Heinz bodies and damaged membranes = bite cells

23
Q

Reticulocytes

A

immediate precursor to a mature erythrocyte
Cytoplasm has basophilic specks - clusters of ribosomes synthesizing hemoglobin
Increase in numbers mean body has demand for oxygen (hemorrhage, higher altitudes)

24
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells
Less in blood than Erythrocytes
Some contain specific granules - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Some are agranulocytes - lymphocytes and monocytes

25
Q

Neutrophils

A

most abundant leukocyte
Bigger than RBC, lobated nuclei (3-5 lobes)
Phagocytic cells
Specific secondary granules are light pink - antimicrobial enzymes
Tertiary granules - gelatinase, cathespins, and glycoproteins (degrade basal lamina and ECM - migration of neutrophils into tissue)

26
Q

Band cells

A

immature neutrophils - just released from bone marrow
Nuclei have band or rod shape
Elevated in acute bacterial infections (shift to the left)
Increase in band cells = increase in mature neutrophils

27
Q

Azurophilic Primary granules

A

lysosomes

found in every type of leukocyte

28
Q

Dohle body

A

dilated rER - basophilic component in peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophil
Seen in infections and other conditions

29
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocyte, larger than RBC
Bilobed nucleus
Specific granules stain dark pink/red - contain substances that destroy parasites
Granules have white stripe down center of dark granule

30
Q

Neutrophils are elevated in

A

bacterial infection,

inflammation

31
Q

Eosinophils are elevated in

A

allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and inflammatory bowel disease

32
Q

Basophils are decreased in

A

acute allergic reactions

33
Q

Basophils

A

Least abundant in blood
S-shaped nucleus - obscured by basophilic specific granules
Specific granules are dark blue (or have white center with dark halo) - contain histamine & heparin
Originate from same precursor cell as mast cell - distinct cell populations

34
Q

Agranulocytes

A

do not possess specific granules in their cytoplasm, do contain nonspecific, azurophilic granules (lysosomes)

35
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Agranulocyte
Most numerous leukocyte in children under 8; 2nd most in people over 8
Most small, about size of RBC
Narrow rim of basophilic cytoplasm and small volume of organelles - mostly ribosomes
Prominent Nucleus

36
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

37
Q

lymphoctyes are elevated in

A

viral infection

Lymphocytic leukemia

38
Q

Monocytes

A 
Agranulocyte
large cells
Large kidney shaped nucleus
Blue-gray cytoplasm
Migrate into tissues - differentiate into macrophages
39
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

fractured megakaryocytes
Function in blood clotting and tissue repair
Has 4 zones - Peripheral, Structural, Membrane, and Organelle

40
Q

Peripheral zone

A

plasma membrane and glycocalyx

41
Q

Structural zone

A

microtubules - shape of platelet

Actin and myosin monomers - polymerize and form contractile apparatus

42
Q

Membrane zone

A

open canalicular system

Dense tubular system

43
Q

Organelle zone

A

contains mitochondria, glycogen granules, peroxisomes, and lysosomal granules (alpha, delta, and lambda)

44
Q

Monocytes are elevated in

A

inflammation

45
Q

Neutrophils are decreased in

A

many viral infections, massive infection

46
Q

Erythrocytes are elevated in

A 
decreased oxygenation (high altitude, lung disease, heart disease);
Renal carcinoma
47
Q

Erythrocytes are decreased in

A

hemolytic and pernicious anemia;

Disruption of myeloid tissue (cancer, radiation)

48
Q

Platelets are elevated in

A

splenectomy

49
Q

Platelets are decreased in

A

Splenic sequestration (hypersplenism)

Cell Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions