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Spinal > Exam 3: Transition Zones > Flashcards

Exam 3: Transition Zones Flashcards

1
Q

Name given to segments that lie in the transition zones of vertebral column

A

Transition vertebrae

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2
Q

What are the transition zones of vertebral column

A

Occipitocervical, cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, lumbosacral, sacrococcygeal zones

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3
Q

How are specific segments within transition zone ID’ed

A

By adjacent region of the segment, process of transition, and specific segment (occipitalization of C1)

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4
Q

What does suffix “ization” refer to

A

In the process of becoming like

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5
Q

What are the possible transition zone-segmental combinations

A

Cervicalization of occiput, occipitalization of C1
Dorsalization of C7, cervicalization of T1
Lumbarization of T12, dorsalization of L1
Sacralization of L5, lumbarization of S1
Coccygealization of S5, sacralization of Co1

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of cervicalization of occiput

A

Increase in occipital bone size, formation of new or larger lines on occipital bone

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of occipitalization of C1

A

Atlas may be partially or completely fused to occiput

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8
Q

What is another way of implying occipitalization of C1

A

Atlas assimilation

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9
Q

What is the incidence of occipitalization of C1

A

0.1% to 0.8%

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10
Q

When do centers of ossification for the odontoid process first appear

A

During last trimester in utero

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11
Q

When do bilateral ossification centers for odontoid process fuse

A

At or shortly after birth

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12
Q

What joint forms between odontoid process ossification centers and centrum of C2

A

Subdental synchondrosis

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13
Q

What joint classification present between C2 odontoid process and centrum

A

Amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

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14
Q

Ossification between odontoid process and centrum joint of C2 first appears at age

A

4

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15
Q

A joint between the odontoid process and centrum joint of C2 last ID’ed at

A

Age 7

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16
Q

What is name given to condition in which joint formed between odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7

A

Os odontoideum

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17
Q

What is os odontoideum

A

Persistence beyond age 7 of the joint formed between centrum and odontoid process centers of ossification

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18
Q

What is the name given to joint between odontoid process and centrum of C2 which is still evident beyond age 7

A

Persistent subdental synchondrosis

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19
Q

What is the name given to joint formed between tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification

A

Tip of the dens synchondrosis

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20
Q

Classification of joint formed between tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification

A

Amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

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21
Q

At what age will tip of dens center of ossification appear

A

Sometime in early adolescence

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22
Q

Based on age of appearance, how is tip of dens center of ossification classified

A

Secondary center of ossification

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23
Q

What age will tip of dens fuse with odontoid process

A

Before age 12

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24
Q

If joint formed between tip of dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is condition called

A

Terminal ossicle

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25
Q

What is a basilar impression

A

Persistence of nonunion of the basilar and condylar parts of chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain

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26
Q

What is a basilar invagination

A

Upper cervical spine appears to be invaginated into the skull on x-ray analysis

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27
Q

What is/are characteristics of dorsalization of C7

A

Addition of rib and changes in SAF orientation typical

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28
Q

Incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7

A

.5-2.5% of population

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29
Q

Do patients typically present with symptoms specific for dorsalization of C7

A

No

Typically asymptomatic

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30
Q

What is gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7

A

Female

31
Q

What alteration of C7 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization

A

SAF of C7 may change from BUM to BUL

IAF unchanged

32
Q

What alteration in C6 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization

A

C6 demonstrates change in IAF from FoLD to ForMeD

SAF unchanged

33
Q

What percent of population may demonstrate thoracic-like features at C7

A

Up to 46%

34
Q

What rib-related changes may accompany cervicalization of T1

A

First rib may decrease in mean relative length or become absent

35
Q

What will result from fusion of a short rib to the T1 transverse process

A

Transverse foramen

36
Q

What T1 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization

A

SAF may change from BUL to BUM

IAF unchanged

37
Q

What C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization

A

IAF may change from ForMeD to FoLD

SAF is unchanged

38
Q

Incidence of cervicalization of T1 in population

A

Up to 28%

39
Q

What rib-related changes may accompany dorsalization of L1

A

Elongated bones shaped like ribs may appear

40
Q

What is incidence of lumbar ribs in population

A

Over 7% demonstrates lumbar ribs

41
Q

What L1 facet orientation changes may accompany dorsalization

A

SAF may change from BUM concave to flat, back, upward, lateral

IAF unchanged

42
Q

What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany dorsalization

A

IAF may change from convex FoLD to flat, forward, medial, and downward

SAF unchanged

43
Q

What gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1

A

Males 2-3X more affected

44
Q

What rib related changes may accompany lumbarization of T12

A

Significant shortening of mean real active length of 113 mm of 12 rib or it becomes absent

45
Q

What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization

A

SAF from flat, back, upward, lateral to concave, back, upward, and medial

SAF unchanged

46
Q

What T11 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization

A

IAF from flat ForMeD to convex FOLD

47
Q

Usually way of ID’ing number of cervicals, thoracics and lumbar vertebrae during imaging studies

A

ID vertebra with ribs- these are thoracics , those higher are cervicals, those lower are lumbars

48
Q

Characteristic of lumbarization of S1

A

Failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of vertebral body of S1 and flaring of sacral ala

49
Q

Unique feature of lumbarization of S1 stressed in class

A

Squaring of vertebral body of S1 and flaring of sacral ala

50
Q

What is failure of synostosis between S1 and S2

A

Segments do not completely fuse together

51
Q

What is squaring of vertebral body of S1

A

S1 vertebral body has similar anterior and posterior heights, lack of wedging

52
Q

What is flaring of sacral ala

A

Transverse process of ala appears to elevate as though separating from the rest of the sacral ala

53
Q

What articular facet changes accompany lumbarization of S1

A

None

54
Q

Characteristic of sacralization of L5

A

L5 may be partially or completely fused to sacrum

55
Q

Incidence of sacralization of L5 in population

A

41-85%

56
Q

Which segment demonstrates greatest morphological variation along spine

A

L5

57
Q

What articular facet changes accompany sacralization of L5

A

None

58
Q

Incidence of variation within sacrococcygeal region in population

A

Up to 14%

59
Q

Characteristic of sacralization of Co1

A

Premature fusion of Co1 to sacrum

60
Q

Characteristic of coccygealization of S5

A

Separation of S5 from sacrum and its premature fusion to Co1

61
Q

Muscles associated with 5 true layers of the back

A 
1- trap and lat
2- rhomboids, lev scapula 
3- serratus’s 
4- erector spinae 
5- transversospinalis
62
Q

Which muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer one of true back

A

Trap and lat

63
Q

Which muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer 2 of true back

A

Rhomboids

64
Q

Which muscles attaching to transverse processes represent layer 2 of true back

A

Levator scapula

65
Q

Trapezius is innervated by

A

Spinal accessory nerve

66
Q

What forms spinal accessory nerve

A

C1-C5 cord levels contribute to spinal root of spinal accessory nerve

67
Q

Lat dorsi innervated by

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

68
Q

What forms thoracodorsal nerve

A

Ventral rami C6-C8

69
Q

Which muscles of true back innervated by dorsal scapular nerve

A

Levator scapula

Rhomboids

70
Q

What forms dorsal scapular nerve

A

Ventral ramus C5

71
Q

Levator scapula innervated by

A

Dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus C5) and branches from C3, C4 ventral rami

72
Q

Rhomboid major innervated by

A

Dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus

73
Q

Rhomboid minor innervated by

A

Dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus

74
Q

What muscles lie just beneath trap in the neck

A

Splenius capitis and Cervicis

Spinal (27 decks)

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