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Exam 3: Transition Zones Flashcards

1
Q

Name given to segments that lie in the transition zones of vertebral column

A

Transition vertebrae

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2
Q

What are the transition zones of vertebral column

A

Occipitocervical, cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, lumbosacral, sacrococcygeal zones

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3
Q

How are specific segments within transition zone ID’ed

A

By adjacent region of the segment, process of transition, and specific segment (occipitalization of C1)

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4
Q

What does suffix “ization” refer to

A

In the process of becoming like

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5
Q

What are the possible transition zone-segmental combinations

A

Cervicalization of occiput, occipitalization of C1
Dorsalization of C7, cervicalization of T1
Lumbarization of T12, dorsalization of L1
Sacralization of L5, lumbarization of S1
Coccygealization of S5, sacralization of Co1

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of cervicalization of occiput

A

Increase in occipital bone size, formation of new or larger lines on occipital bone

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of occipitalization of C1

A

Atlas may be partially or completely fused to occiput

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8
Q

What is another way of implying occipitalization of C1

A

Atlas assimilation

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9
Q

What is the incidence of occipitalization of C1

A

0.1% to 0.8%

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10
Q

When do centers of ossification for the odontoid process first appear

A

During last trimester in utero

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11
Q

When do bilateral ossification centers for odontoid process fuse

A

At or shortly after birth

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12
Q

What joint forms between odontoid process ossification centers and centrum of C2

A

Subdental synchondrosis

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13
Q

What joint classification present between C2 odontoid process and centrum

A

Amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

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14
Q

Ossification between odontoid process and centrum joint of C2 first appears at age

A

4

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15
Q

A joint between the odontoid process and centrum joint of C2 last ID’ed at

A

Age 7

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16
Q

What is name given to condition in which joint formed between odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7

A

Os odontoideum

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17
Q

What is os odontoideum

A

Persistence beyond age 7 of the joint formed between centrum and odontoid process centers of ossification

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18
Q

What is the name given to joint between odontoid process and centrum of C2 which is still evident beyond age 7

A

Persistent subdental synchondrosis

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19
Q

What is the name given to joint formed between tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification

A

Tip of the dens synchondrosis

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20
Q

Classification of joint formed between tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification

A

Amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

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21
Q

At what age will tip of dens center of ossification appear

A

Sometime in early adolescence

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22
Q

Based on age of appearance, how is tip of dens center of ossification classified

A

Secondary center of ossification

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23
Q

What age will tip of dens fuse with odontoid process

A

Before age 12

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24
Q

If joint formed between tip of dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is condition called

A

Terminal ossicle

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25
What is a basilar impression
Persistence of nonunion of the basilar and condylar parts of chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain
26
What is a basilar invagination
Upper cervical spine appears to be invaginated into the skull on x-ray analysis
27
What is/are characteristics of dorsalization of C7
Addition of rib and changes in SAF orientation typical
28
Incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7
.5-2.5% of population
29
Do patients typically present with symptoms specific for dorsalization of C7
No Typically asymptomatic
30
What is gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7
Female
31
What alteration of C7 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization
SAF of C7 may change from BUM to BUL IAF unchanged
32
What alteration in C6 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization
C6 demonstrates change in IAF from FoLD to ForMeD SAF unchanged
33
What percent of population may demonstrate thoracic-like features at C7
Up to 46%
34
What rib-related changes may accompany cervicalization of T1
First rib may decrease in mean relative length or become absent
35
What will result from fusion of a short rib to the T1 transverse process
Transverse foramen
36
What T1 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization
SAF may change from BUL to BUM | IAF unchanged
37
What C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization
IAF may change from ForMeD to FoLD | SAF is unchanged
38
Incidence of cervicalization of T1 in population
Up to 28%
39
What rib-related changes may accompany dorsalization of L1
Elongated bones shaped like ribs may appear
40
What is incidence of lumbar ribs in population
Over 7% demonstrates lumbar ribs
41
What L1 facet orientation changes may accompany dorsalization
SAF may change from BUM concave to flat, back, upward, lateral IAF unchanged
42
What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany dorsalization
IAF may change from convex FoLD to flat, forward, medial, and downward SAF unchanged
43
What gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1
Males 2-3X more affected
44
What rib related changes may accompany lumbarization of T12
Significant shortening of mean real active length of 113 mm of 12 rib or it becomes absent
45
What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization
SAF from flat, back, upward, lateral to concave, back, upward, and medial SAF unchanged
46
What T11 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization
IAF from flat ForMeD to convex FOLD
47
Usually way of ID’ing number of cervicals, thoracics and lumbar vertebrae during imaging studies
ID vertebra with ribs- these are thoracics , those higher are cervicals, those lower are lumbars
48
Characteristic of lumbarization of S1
Failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of vertebral body of S1 and flaring of sacral ala
49
Unique feature of lumbarization of S1 stressed in class
Squaring of vertebral body of S1 and flaring of sacral ala
50
What is failure of synostosis between S1 and S2
Segments do not completely fuse together
51
What is squaring of vertebral body of S1
S1 vertebral body has similar anterior and posterior heights, lack of wedging
52
What is flaring of sacral ala
Transverse process of ala appears to elevate as though separating from the rest of the sacral ala
53
What articular facet changes accompany lumbarization of S1
None
54
Characteristic of sacralization of L5
L5 may be partially or completely fused to sacrum
55
Incidence of sacralization of L5 in population
41-85%
56
Which segment demonstrates greatest morphological variation along spine
L5
57
What articular facet changes accompany sacralization of L5
None
58
Incidence of variation within sacrococcygeal region in population
Up to 14%
59
Characteristic of sacralization of Co1
Premature fusion of Co1 to sacrum
60
Characteristic of coccygealization of S5
Separation of S5 from sacrum and its premature fusion to Co1
61
Muscles associated with 5 true layers of the back
``` 1- trap and lat 2- rhomboids, lev scapula 3- serratus’s 4- erector spinae 5- transversospinalis ```
62
Which muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer one of true back
Trap and lat
63
Which muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer 2 of true back
Rhomboids
64
Which muscles attaching to transverse processes represent layer 2 of true back
Levator scapula
65
Trapezius is innervated by
Spinal accessory nerve
66
What forms spinal accessory nerve
C1-C5 cord levels contribute to spinal root of spinal accessory nerve
67
Lat dorsi innervated by
Thoracodorsal nerve
68
What forms thoracodorsal nerve
Ventral rami C6-C8
69
Which muscles of true back innervated by dorsal scapular nerve
Levator scapula | Rhomboids
70
What forms dorsal scapular nerve
Ventral ramus C5
71
Levator scapula innervated by
Dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus C5) and branches from C3, C4 ventral rami
72
Rhomboid major innervated by
Dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus
73
Rhomboid minor innervated by
Dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus
74
What muscles lie just beneath trap in the neck
Splenius capitis and Cervicis

Spinal (27 decks)

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