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Spinal > Exam 3: Arthrology Of Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Exam 3: Arthrology Of Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

“Tightly bonded together condition”

A

Syndesmosis

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2
Q

Material responsible for “Tightly bonded together condition” in the joint

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue, a ligament

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3
Q

The study of ligaments

A

Syndesmology

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4
Q

Protein fiber that makes dense connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers (give it a whitish color)

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5
Q

Proteins making up ligaments (besides collagen)

A

Elastin fibers (give a yellowish tinge to the ligament)

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6
Q

Classification of first cartilage joint to appear developmentally

A

(Amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

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7
Q

Classification of primary cartilage joints

A

(Amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

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8
Q

Characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis symphysis)

A

Limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification

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9
Q

4 features of synovial (diarthorsis) joints

A
  1. Articular or fibrous capsule
  2. Synovial membrane
  3. Articular cartilage
  4. Synovial fluid
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10
Q

Accessory ligaments that accompany/ support capsular ligament

A

Intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments

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11
Q

Type II articular receptor characteristics

A

Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule
Resemble Pacinian corpuscles
Most numerous in the cervical spine
Monitor the joint during normal range of motion

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12
Q

Type III articular receptor characteristics

A

Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments
Resemble Golgi tendon organs
Not observed along the vertebral column
Monitor extreme joint motion

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13
Q

Function of type IV articular receptors

A

Nociceptive, they monitor pain

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14
Q

Locations of Type IVa articular receptors

A

Fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels

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15
Q

Locations of type IVb articular receptors

A

Accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

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16
Q

3 classifications of synovial membrane

A

Articular, vaginal and bursal synovial membrane

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17
Q

3 modifications of articular synovial membrane

A
  1. Synovial villi
  2. Articular fat pads or Havesian glands
  3. Synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
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18
Q

Function of modifications of articular synovial membrane

A

Aid in spreading synovial fluid

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19
Q

Function of synovial villi

A

Increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion- absorption phenomena

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20
Q

Agings effect on synovial villi number

A

Increase with age

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21
Q

Articular fat pads are mostly numberous

A

Along the lumbar zygapophyses

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22
Q

Condensed fibrous connective tissue or fibrocartilage projections of the synovial membrane are called ______

A

Synovial menisci or intra-articular discs

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23
Q

Synovial menisci are features of what joints

A

Femur-tibia aarticulation, cervical zygapophyses, lumbar zygapophyses

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24
Q

Functions of type A synovial cells

A

Phagocytic

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25
Q

Function of Type B synovial cells

A

Secrete proteinanceous substances and hhyaluronic acid

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26
Q

Common functin of type A and B synovial cells

A

Formation and absorption of synovial fluid

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27
Q

Primary constituents of articular cartilage

A

Water, cells, collagen type II fibers and a proteoglycan gel

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28
Q

Primary function of bound GAGs in articular caartilage

A

Forms a network for water retention

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29
Q

Cartilage that has elastic properties

A

Cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

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30
Q

Viscoelastic properties

A

Cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property

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31
Q

Properties of synovial fluid

A

Yellow-white
Viscous
Slightly alkaline
Tastes salty

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32
Q

Substance in synovial fluid first thought to be responsible for viscosity and lubrication

A

Hyaluronate

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33
Q

Substance of synovial fluid proposed to be responsible for viscosity and lubrication

A

Hyaluronate

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34
Q

Classifications of synovial joints (diarthroses)

- based on number of articulation surfaces

A

Simple and compound synovial joints

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35
Q

Complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)

A

Within the simple or compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or miniscus

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36
Q

Morphological classifications of nonaxial synovial joints

A

Plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)

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37
Q

Morphological classifications of synovial joints that are uniaxial

A

Hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis throchoid)

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38
Q

Morphilogical classifications of synovial joints classified as biaxial

A

Bicondylar
Condylar
Ellipsoidal
Saddle

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39
Q

Common ligaments of vertebral column (9)

A

ALL, IVD, PLL, ligamentum flavum, capsular lig, interspinous, ligamentum nuchae, supraspinous, intertransverse

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40
Q

Maximum number of common ligs identified with a vertebral couple

A

8

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41
Q

Why are there 9 common ligs but only 8 attaches at any specific vertebral couple

A

Ligamentum nuchae takes over for supraspinous

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42
Q

Common ligament that will attach to vertebral arch

A

Ligamentum flavum

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43
Q

Common ligaments that will attach to spinous apophysis

A

Interspinous, supraspinous and ligamentum nuchae

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44
Q

Number of true IVDs in the adult

A

23

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45
Q

In the adult which vertebral levels will demonstrate a true IVD

A

C2 — S1 inclusive

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46
Q

What percent of vertebral column length is contributed by IVD

A

20-25%

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47
Q

Length of IVD contribution to vertebral column length

A

7 inches

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48
Q

Percent of IVD height contribution to length of each region of vertebral column

A

Cervical — 22-25%
Thoracic — 20%
Lumbar — 33%

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49
Q

What is the IVD histologically composed of

A

Cells
Collagen fibers
Hydrated proteoglycan gel

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50
Q

What is cervical nucleus pulposus composed of

A

Fibrocartilage

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51
Q

What is the water concentration in lumbar nucleus pulposus at birth and after 30

A

Birth — 88%

Thirty — 70%

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52
Q

What is consequence of non-aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus

A

It will lose water under deformation conditions

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53
Q

What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age 11

A

Notochord cells

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54
Q

What cells are associated with the mature nucleus pulposus

A

Reticulocyte-fibroblast and chondroblast

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55
Q

Which type of collagen is dominant in the nucleus pulposus

A

Collagen type II

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56
Q

What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the nucleus pulposus

A

They are irregularly oriented and randomly scattered

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57
Q

What is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus

A

It lacks any lamellar or layered organization

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58
Q

What is appearance of cervical annulus fibrosus

A

Horse-shoe w/ anterior margin thick and lateral margins tapering to uncinate processes; posterior margin is thin

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59
Q

What compensates for the thinness of posterior part of cervical annulus fibrosus

A

PLL

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60
Q

What is organization of lumbar annulus fibrosus

A

12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae

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61
Q

Why is posterior part of lumbar annulus fibrosus more susceptible to rupture, herniation, prolapse or protrusion

A

Posterior margin of lamellus is thin

PLL is less developed

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62
Q

What is water concentration in the lumbar annulus fibrosus at birth and after 30

A

Birth —78%

30 — 70%

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63
Q

Which type of collagen is dominant in annulus fibrosus

A

Collagen type I

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64
Q

What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in annulus fibrosus

A

Parallel w/ one another in a single lamellus and angled

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65
Q

What is organization of collagen fibers between lamellae

A

Collagen fibers will be angled in opposite direction

Spiral — counterspiral organization is observed

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66
Q

What is the average angle of collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus

A

They average 50-60 degrees

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67
Q

What cell type is associated with annulus fibrosus

A

Fibroblast and fibrocyte

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68
Q

What is thickest part of cartilage end plate

A

Around periphery

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69
Q

What is principal type of collagen fiber within the cartilage end plate

A

Type II collagen fiber

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70
Q

What is direction of collagen fibers within cartilage end plate

A

Collagen fivers are aligned anterior to posterior

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71
Q

What is attachment site for collagen fibers of inner lamellae of annulus fibrosus

A

Cartilaginous end plate

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72
Q

Earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration

A

Changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate

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73
Q

Part of intervertebral disc that is innervated

A

Outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus

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74
Q

Types of receptor endings in the intervertebral disc

A

Nociceptors and proprioceptors

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75
Q

Relationship between size of the intervertebral disc and receptor endings

A

The larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings

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76
Q

Proposed function of receptor ending density in the anterior part of the intervertebral disc

A

They provide feedback during extension

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77
Q

Sources of innervation of intervertebral disc

A

the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve), fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans, fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the gray ramus communicans

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78
Q

What innervates the annulus fibrosus at the posterior part of the intervertebral disc

A

the recurrent meningeal/ sinu-vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve

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79
Q

What innervates the annulus fibrosus at the anterior part of the intervertebral disc

A

fibers from the ventral primary ramus

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80
Q

What innervates the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the intervertebral disc

A

fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans, fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the gray ramus communicans

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81
Q

Name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc

A

paradiscal ramus communicans

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82
Q

How does the intervertebral disc help shape the spine

A

anterior height is greater than the posterior height in the cervical and lumbar regions thus creating a lordotic or anterior curve

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83
Q

What is the popular theory of intra-abdominal cavity pressure and intervertebral disc response to weight bearing

A

increasing the intra-abdominal cavity pressure will diminish the amount of resistance the intervertebral disc needs to generate by up to 50%

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84
Q

Part of the intervertebral disc that allows distribution of weight over a maximum surface area

A

the nucleus pulposus

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85
Q

Vertebral levels the ALL attaches to

A

those between occiput and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated

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86
Q

Lowest extend of the ALL based on recent studies

A

L3

87
Q

Function of ALL

A

brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column

88
Q

Ossification of the ALL in the lumbar region is

A

Forestier’s Disease

89
Q

ALL ossification in lumbar regions identified as

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperstosis or DISH

90
Q

Vertebral levels the PLL attaches to

A

those between C2 and S3 inclusive

91
Q

Innermost layer of the PLL is called ______

A

the perivertebral ligament

92
Q

Function of PLL

A

brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

93
Q

Ossification of the PLL commonly identified

A

at the cervical spine with an 80% incidence

94
Q

Clinicial sign of PLL ossification in the cervical spine

A

a loss of hand and finger dexterity

95
Q

Incidence of PLL ossification in thoracic and lumbar spine

A

10% in thoracic

10% in lumbar

96
Q

Clinical sing of PLL ossification in the lumbar spine

A

faltering gait

97
Q

Gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the PLL

A

males, over 50 and a higher incidence in Japanese

98
Q

Acronym for ossification of the PLL

A

OPLL

99
Q

Ossification of PLL used to be an example of what

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperstosis or DISH

100
Q

Vertebral levels that the ligamentum flavum attaches to

A

those between C2 and S1 inclusive

101
Q

Relationship of the ligamentum flavum to the vertebral foramen

A

forms the posterior boundary of the spinal canal

102
Q

Histology of the ligamentum flavum

A

formed primarily with elastic fibers, yellow in appearance

103
Q

Name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology

A

yellow elastic ligament

104
Q

Function of Liagmentum flavum

A

brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

105
Q

Major function of the ligamentum flavum

A

an early prime factor in extension of the vertebral column

106
Q

Most common location of ossification of the ligamentum flavum

A

thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone

107
Q

Acronym for ossification of the ligamentum flavum

A

OLF

108
Q

Relationship between the capsular ligament and mobility

A

the more lax/loose the capsular ligament is, the greater the motion of the joint

109
Q

Regions of the vertebral column that demonstrate the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments

A

cervical and lumbar regions

110
Q

Capsular ligament may blend with

A

the ligamentum flavum

111
Q

Muscle that blends with the capsular ligament posteriorly

A

multifidis

112
Q

If the zygapophysis capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion what is its function

A

probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement

113
Q

vertebral levels that the interspinous ligaments attach to

A

those between C2 and S1 inclusive

114
Q

Status of the cervical interspinous ligament

A

it is lacking, poorly developed, or simply considered the deep anterior part of the ligamentum nuchae

115
Q

Status of thoracic interspinous ligament

A

narrow and elongated reflecting the shape of the spinous process

116
Q

Status of lumbar interspinous ligament

A

it is broad and thick with three layers identified from anterior to posterior

117
Q

Classic function of the interspinous ligament

A

brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

118
Q

Major function of the interspinous ligament

A

more likely a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

119
Q

The ligamentum nuchae attaches to

A

the external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1, and spinous tubercles between C2 and C7 inclusive

120
Q

Name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae

A

Funicular layer or part

121
Q

Name given to the deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae

A

lamellar layer or part

122
Q

Attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae

A

the external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, and spinous tubercle of C7

123
Q

Attachment sites for the deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae

A

posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1, and spinous tubercles between C2 and C6 inclusive

124
Q

Histological make-up of the ligamentum nuchae in quadrupeds

A

yellow elastic ligament

125
Q

Histological make-up of the human ligamentum nuchae

A

it is a yellow elastic ligament, but has more collagen fibers than in quadrupeds

126
Q

Primary yellow elastic or elastic ligament of the spine

A

ligamentum flavum

127
Q

Classic function of the human ligamentum nuchae

A

brakes or limits flexion of the cervical spine

128
Q

Attachments for supraspinous ligament

A

spinous tubercles along the vertebral column from C7 to sacrum

129
Q

Termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament

A

primarily at L4 (73%); between L4 and L5 (5%)

130
Q

Where is the supraspinous ligament best developed

A

lumbar spine

131
Q

Classic function of the human supraspinous ligament

A

brakes or limits flexion of the spine

132
Q

Major function of the supraspinous ligament

A

proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

133
Q

Intertransverse ligament attachments

A

transverse tubercles and transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae along the vertebral column from C1 to L5

134
Q

Status of the cervical inter transverse ligament

A

said to be paired with an anterior and a posterior inter transverse ligament present

135
Q

Status of the thoracic inter transverse ligament

A

said to blend with muscles of the deep back; a separate ligament may not exist

136
Q

status of the lumbar inter transverse ligament

A

well developed with two parts identified, a ventral slip and a dorsal slip

137
Q

What part of the lumbar inter transverse ligament covers the intervertebral foramen

A

the ventral slip

138
Q

what part of the inter transverse ligament the lumbar spine divides the body wall into an anterior muscular compartment and a posterior muscular compartment

A

the dorsal slip

139
Q

Characteristics of the capsular ligament of the atlanto-occipital joint

A

said to be loose, thin, and composed of collagen fibers

140
Q

What other joint space does the atlanto-occipital joint communicate with

A

the posterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

141
Q

Attachment sites of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament

A

it is attached to the upper margin of the anterior arch of C1 and to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum

142
Q

Median thickening of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

143
Q

Classic function of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament

A

brakes or limits “extension” of the skull over the cervical spine

144
Q

Classic function of the Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

A

brakes or limits axial rotation, flexion, and perhaps lateral bending of the skull on atlas

145
Q

amount of flexion-extension accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint

A

25 degrees

146
Q

amount of Lateral bending accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint

A

5 degrees

147
Q

Motion best accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint

A

flexion-extension

148
Q

Which atlanto-axial joint is identified as a synovial pivot (diarthrosis arthrodia)

A

median atlanto-axial joint

149
Q

Names given to the synovial joint spaces of the median atlanto-axial joint

A

anterior bursa and posterior bursa

150
Q

Joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the anterior bursa

A

fovea dentis of C1 and the facet for fovea dentis of C2

151
Q

Joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the posterior bursa

A

groove for the transverse atlantal ligament of C2 and the transverse atlantal ligament

152
Q

Perpendicular extensions from the transverse atlantal ligament will form what ligament

A

the vertical crus ligament

153
Q

Part of the vertical crus ligament that may be absent

A

inferior crus ligament

154
Q

What ligament is formed by the transverse atlantal ligament and its perpendicular extension

A

the cruciate ligament or cruciform ligament

155
Q

Histological feature that forms on the anterior surface of the transverse atlantal ligament

A

fibrocartilage at the surface of the ligament articulating with C2

156
Q

what is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament

A

it is the primary stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint restricting the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1

157
Q

Movements facilitated at the median atlanto-axial joint

A

flexion-extension, rotation, and telescoping (superior-inferior gliding)

158
Q

What is the ADI

A

Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

159
Q

ADI is observed between which surfaces

A

fovea dentis of C1 and facet for fovea dentis of C2

160
Q

ADI of children compared to adults

A

about 4.5 mm in children; a range of 2-3mm or about 2.5 mm in adults

161
Q

Characteristics of the capsular ligament of the lateral atlanto-axial joint

A

it is lax or loose and demonstrates a meniscoidal fold within the joint cavity

162
Q

Attachment sites for the accessory atlanto-axial ligament

A

the base of the odontoid process and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament on the lateral mass of C1; a superior continuation may attach on the occipital bone just behind that of the alar ligament

163
Q

Degree of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint

A

About 20 degrees flexion-extension, 40 degrees one side axial rotation, and 5 degrees of lateral bending

164
Q

Occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation

A

About 60%

165
Q

Occipital—C2 region of the spine

A

Craniovertebral junction

166
Q

What embryological structure forms the apical ligament of the dens or apicodental ligament

A

The notochord

167
Q

Ligament that attaches to the posterolateral part of the odontoid process of C2, medically to occipital condyle, anteriorly to the anterolateral margin of the foramen magnum

A

Alar ligament

168
Q

Function of alar ligament

A

Function to resist axial rotation

169
Q

Attachment sites for superficial layer of the membrana tectoria (tectorial membrane)

A

Posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the capsular ligament of the atlanto-occipital joint and cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa

170
Q

Attachment sites for deep layer of the membrana tectoria (tectorial membrane)

A

Posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the periosteum behind the cruciate ligament attachment site on the anterior rim of the foramen magnum

171
Q

Range of flexion-extension for cervical spine below C2

A

90 degrees or 18 degrees per couple

172
Q

Range of one side lateral bending for cervical spine below C2

A

About 50 degrees or about 10 degrees per couple

173
Q

Range of one side axial rotation for cervical spine below C2

A

About 33 degrees or about 6 degrees per couple

174
Q

Intra-articular ligament is identified on which ribs?

A

Ribs 2-9

175
Q

Attaching surfaces of the intra-articular ligament

A

Intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the IVD

176
Q

Vertebrae with a synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) costotransverse joint

A

Typically T1-T10

177
Q

Ribs with a synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) costotransverse joint

A

Typically rib 1- rib 10

178
Q

Superior costotransverse ligament is absent on what rib

A

The first rib

179
Q

Ligaments that attach to the neck of the 12th rib

A

Superior costotransverse ligament from T1 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1

180
Q

Inferior costotransverse ligament does not attach on what vertebra?

A

T12

181
Q

Ligament that “fills” the costotransverse foramen

A

Inferior costotransverse ligament

182
Q

Vertebra that doesn’t attach to the lateral costotransverse ligament

A

T12

183
Q

Vertebral couples of the thoracic spine with greatest motion

A

T11/T12 and T12/L1

184
Q

Range of motion that is greatest in lower thoracic vertebral couples

A

Flexion-extension

185
Q

Range of motion that is least for lower thoracic vertebral couples

A

One side axial rotation

186
Q

Ligaments that replace the intertransverse ligament at the lumbosacral joint

A

Iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligament

187
Q

Attachment sites for the lumbosacral ligament

A

Sacral ala and ventrolateral surface of sacrum attach to the transverse process of L5

188
Q

Attachment sites for iliolumbar ligament

A

Iliac crest is attached to the transverse process of L5

189
Q

Muscle intimately attached to the superior iliolumbar ligament

A

Quadratus lumborum

190
Q

Current ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex that represents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions

A

Superior iliolumbar ligament

191
Q

Ligament from iliolumbar ligament complex that represents the lumbosacral ligament of classical descriptions

A

Inferior iliolumbar ligament

192
Q

Attachment sites for accessory iliolumbar ligament

A

Transverse process of L4 and the iliac crest

193
Q

Vertebral couple of lumbar spine that has greatest range of motion

A

L5/S1

194
Q

Range of motion that is greatest for all lumbar vertebral couples

A

Flexion-extension

195
Q

Ranch of motion that is least for L1-L5 vertebral couples

A

One side axial rotation

196
Q

Range of motion that is least for the L5/S1 vertebral couple

A

One side lateral bending

197
Q

Ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal column (cranial to caudal)

A

Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament, anterior atlanto-axial ligament, anterior longitudinal Ligament and the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

198
Q

Ligaments forming the posterior boundary of the spinal canal (cranial to caudal)

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum and the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

199
Q

Auricular surface of the sacrum is composed of

A

True articular cartilage, a modification of hyaline cartilage

200
Q

Auricular surface of the ilium is composed of

A

Articular cartilage, interspersed with fibrocartilage

201
Q

Superficial appearance of Auricular surfaces of the sacro-iliac joint by age 15

A

Sacrum develops a sacral groove while the ilium develops an iliac ridge

202
Q

Gender that has greater unevenness of the Auricular surface of the sacro-iliac joint

A

Males

203
Q

Pathological or age-related modifications of the sacro-iliac joint that may occur

A

Degenerative arthrodia and ankylosis

204
Q

Ankylosis

A

A condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint

205
Q

Age and surface bias associated with degenerative arthrosis of the sacro-iliac joint

A

Age 40, iliac Auricular surface

206
Q

Age and gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacro-iliac joint

A

Age 50 and male bias particularly in African American males

207
Q

Age and gender bias associated with ossification of the anterior sacro-iliac ligament

A

Age 40 and male

208
Q

Strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments

A

Interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

209
Q

Attachment sites of interosseous sacroiliac ligament

A

At the sacral tuberosity and the iliac sulcus

210
Q

What passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

A

Dorsal rami from the sacral spinal nerves

211
Q

Ligament that blends with the lateral border of the long posterior sacro-iliac ligament

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

212
Q

What is formed by the continuation of the sacrotuberous ligament along the ischial ramus

A

Falciform process

213
Q

Separates the greater and lesser sciatic foramina

A

Sacrospinous ligament

214
Q

Function of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

A

Oppose the upward tilt of the sacral apex and resist the rotation of sacrum between the innominate bones

Spinal (27 decks)

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