Exam 1 Flashcards
4 basic tissues of human body
Epithelial
Muscle
Neural
Connective
Osteoblasts function
Form bone
Osteocyte function
Maintain/ nurture bone
Osteoclasts function
Remodel bone
Primary constituent of ground substance
GAGS
Types of GAGs predominate in bone
Chondroitin sulfate
Keratin sulfate
Hyaluronic acid
Principal type of protein fiber in bone
Collagen type 1
Most frequently described deposit in bone
Hydroxyapatite
Bone is also repository for these ions…
Sodium Magnesium Fluoride Lead Strontium Radium
Wolff’s Law
Living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension, or pressure
Bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors
3 responses of “living” bone
Heal
Remodel under stressors (anxiety, tension, pressure)
Age
Bone is embryological derivative of which CT?
Mesenchyme and/or cartilage
Name given to patter of ossification in mesenchyme
Intramembranous ossification
Timing for appearance of intramembranous ossification
2-3 months in utero
What part of axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?
Skull
Name given to pattern of ossification in cartilage
Endochondral ossification
Timing for appearance of ossification in cartilage
2-5 months in utero
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
Mandible
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Which bone of appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
Clavicle
Names given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
Primary centers- appear before birth
Secondary centers- appear after birth
Mature bone composed of what areas based on bone density?
Cortical/compact bone
Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone
Name given to bone below an articulating surface?
Subchondral bone
Name of outer fibro-cellular covering of bone
Periosteum
Name given to fibro-cellular lining of bone
Endosteum
Primary sources of variation observed in bone
Sexual dimorphism
Ontogenic variation
Geographic/population-based variation
Idiosyncratic variation
Sexual Dimorphism
Differences based on gender
Ontogenic variation
Differences based on age or developmental variation
Geographic Variation
Differences based on ethnicity or locational variation
Idiosyncratic variation
Differences based on uniqueness between individuals
Primary constituent of bone mineral
Calcium
Phosphate
Citrate
Carbonate ions
Bone cells embedded in….
Amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers, and various minerals
6 classifications of bone
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Paranasal sinus/pneumatic bones Sesamoid bones
Which classification of bone are characteristic of appendicular skeleton?
Long bones, short bones, sesamoid bones
What is characteristic feature of long bone?
Longer than it is across
Names given to parts of long bone
Diaphysis (shaft) 2 epiphyses (extremities)
Primary characteristic of short bones
Cuboidal
Examples of short bones
Most bones of carpus and tarsus
Characteristic of sesamoid bones
Bone develops within tendon
Examples of sesamoid bone
Patella
Pisiform
Classifications of bones characteristic of axial skeleton
Flat, irregular, paranasal sinus/pneumatic bones
What are flat bones?
Thin layer of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone
Examples of flat bone
Parietal bone
Sternum
Characteristic of irregular bone
Numerous projections/ irregular outlines
Examples of irregular bones
Vertebrae
Innominate bones
Characteristic of pneumatic bone
Air spaces within bone
Examples of pneumatic bone
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, temporal
What bones contain paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid
Classifications given to abnormal bone
Accessory and heterotopic bone
Name given to bone formed from existing bone
Accessory bone
Examples of accessory bone
Para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
Name given to bone formed in non-bone location
Heterotopic bone
Examples of heterotopic bone
Calcific deposits in pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
How many bones form appendicular skeleton
126
How many bones form axial skeleton
80
What bones form axial skeleton
Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum
Long bone definition
Length of the bone is greater than the breadth
Consists of shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses)
Short bone definition
Appearance is cuboidal
-Ex: carpus and tarsus
Sesamoid bone definition
Round or oval bones located within tendons
Sesamoid bone examples
Patella, pisiform, and fabella
- also between metacarpals/tarsals and proximal phalanges of hand and foot
Flat bone definition
Thin layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
**can be curved
Spongy bone of “flat” bone
Diploe
Irregular bone definition
Numerous projections or irregular outlines
Irregular bone examples
Scapula
Skull bones (except parietal bone)
Vertebrae
Paranasal bone
Associated with paranasal sinuses
Paranasal bone examples
Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxilla
Sphenoid
Pneumatic bone
Exhibits small air spaces within the bone
Pneumatic bone examples
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, temporal
Accessory bone
Formed from periosteum of existing bone
Accessory bone examples
Para-articular processes
Bony spurs
Heterotopic bone
Formed from cells within nonbone-related tissues as a result of healing process, disease, stress, and/or age
Location examples of heterotopic bone
Pineal gland
Heart
Ligaments
Four general categories of surface features of bones
Elevations
Depressions
Tunnels/passageways
Facets
Axial skeleton components
Skull Hyoid bone Vertebral column Sternum Ribs
Number of bones in axial skeleton
80
Number of bones in appendicular skeleton
126
3 parts of skull classification
Neurocranium
Facial skeleton/splanchnocranium
Auditory ossicles
Number of bones in skull
28
**sometimes 22 if not counting auditory ossicles
Neurocranium definition
Bones that surround brain (8)
Neurocranium bones
Ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, frontal (unpaired)
Temporal and parietal (paired)
Facial skeleton/splanchnocranium
Bones that support the face/front of the head (14)
Facial skeleton/splanchnocranium bones
Vomer and mandible (unpaired)
Nasal, lacrimal, palatine, maxilla, zygomatic and inferior nasal concha (paired)
Splanchnocranium (visceral cranium)
Consists of the bones of the facial skeleton minus the mandible
Auditory ossicles
Bones of middle ear located within temporal bone
Auditory ossicle names
Stapes (stirrup)
Incus (anvil)
Malleus (hammer)
**all paired
Hyoid bone location
Below the tongue and above the larynx
Number of bones in adult vertebral/spinal column
26
Number of bones in spine
24
**sacrum and coccyx left out
Sternum regions
Manubrium sterni
Corpus sterni (gladiolus/body)
Xiphoid process
Number of ribs
24 ribs (12 pairs)
Number of adolescent vertebrae
33 segments
Number of vertebrae in adult
26 segments
What constitutes the spine?
24 presacral segments; cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?
5 segments
How many segments unite to form the coccyx?
4 segments
What does ‘cervical’ refer to?
Region of neck
Typical number of segments in cervical region?
7 segments
What does ‘thoracic’ refer to?
Breast plate or chest
Other term used to ID vertebral segments of the chest?
Dorsal segments
Number of segments in dorsal/thoracic region
12 segments
What does ‘lumbar’ refer to?
Region between rib and hip
Number of segments in lumbar region
5 segments
What does ‘sacrum’ mean
Holy bone
What does coccyx refer to
Cuckoo bird’s bill
Which region of the spine is more stable in terms of the number of segments/vertebrae?
Cervical region
Length of typical male spinal column
70 cm
Length of typical female spinal column
60 cm
Difference in length between male and female spinal column
3 inches
Length of male cervical region
12 cm
5 in
Length of male thoracic region
28 cm
11 in
Length of male lumbar region
18 cm
7 in
Length of male sacrum
12 cm
5 in
What is the length of the male spine?
58 cm
23 in
How does the vertebral column participate in protection of neural tissues?
Spinal cord and beginning PNS are located in vertebral segments
How does vertebral column participate in protection of viscera?
Ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax plus protecting the heart and lungs
What parts of the body are supported by vertebral column?
Head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
Ribs are formed from the costal process of embryonic vertebral template
What levels of vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at Auricular surface
Motion
Movement without travel
Locomotion
Movement to a new site or location
What is responsible for shape and position of human frame?
Comparative anterior vs. posterior height of vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of intervertebral disc
How does the vertebral column accommodate transmission?
Peripheral nerve communicates with central nerve system via the intervertebral foramen
What organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
Eye and vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
How is the vertebral column involved in stabilization of visceral function?
Integrity of spinal column enhances appropriate nerve system control of viscera
When does embryonic disc form?
2nd wk in utero
When does gastrulation occur (3 layered embryo form)
3rd wk in utero
What are the 3 layers of embryo called?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Invagination of ectoderm along primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
Notochord
What is the name given to mesoderm that will give rise to vertebral column
Paraxial mesoderm
What does paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form vertebral column
Somites
Areas of cellular differentiation formed within somite
Sclerotome
Myotome
Dermatome
Part of somite that gives rise to vertebral column
Sclerotome
Order of successive vertebral columns formed during development
Membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal/osseous
Migration of sclerotomes to surround notochord forms what developmental feature?
Perichordal blastema
Perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
Neural processes and costal processes
Name of artery between adjacent perichordal blastemae
Intersegmental artery
Cell proliferation within perichordal blastema will result in what feature
Loose cranial sclerotomite and dense caudal sclerotomite
What forms between sclerotomites of perichordal blastema
Intrasclerotomal fissure
Intrasclerotomal fissure gives rise to what developmental feature
Perichordal disc
Perichordal disc in what location of adult
Intervertebral disc
Earliest embryonic feature that will identify position of adult intervertebral disc
Intrasclerotomal fissure
Dense caudal sclerotomite + loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema give rise to
Vertebral blastema
Vessel adjacent to vertebral blastema
Segmental artery
When will cartilage first form membranous vertebral blastema
Beginning in 6th embryonic week
Name given to replacement of mesoderm by cartilage
Chondrification
Chondrification first ID’ed in which region of embryonic vertebral column
Cervical region
Names given to centers of chondrification within vertebral blastema
Centrum center
Neural arch center
Transverse process center
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in vertebral blastema
6
2 for centrum
2 for neural arch
2 for each transverse process
Earliest time centers of ossification appear in cartilaginous vertebrae?
7th embryonic wk
Ossification begins in which region of embryonic vertebral column
Lower cervical- upper thoracic region
Ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for vertebrae
3 primary : 5 secondary
Names of primary centers of ossification for typical vertebra
Centrum centers and neural arch centers
How many primary centers of ossification appear in typical vertebra
3
1 for centrum
2 for neural arches
Classification of joint forming between primary centers of ossification
Cartilage synchondrosis / amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
Names of synchondroses forming between primary centers of ossification in vertebrae
Neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis
Names of 5 secondary centers of ossification
Tip of transverse process
Tip of spinous process
Epiphyseal plate centers
How many secondary centers of ossification
5
1 for tip of each transverse process
1 for tip of spinous process
1 for each epiphyseal plate
Classification of joint forming between secondary centers of ossification and rest of vertebrae
Cartilage synchondrosis/ amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
Names of synchondroses forming between secondary centers of ossification and rest of vertebrae
Tip of transverse process synchondrosis, tip of spinous process synchondrosis, epiphyseal ring synchondrosis
Range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification
Puberty; ages 11-16 years old
3 basic osseous parts of vertebrae
Vertebral body, vertebral arch, apophyseal regions
What is formed by vertebral body and vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
What is shape of vertebral body of cervicals
Rectangular
Shape of vertebral body of thoracics
Triangular
Shape of vertebral body of lumbars
Reniform
Name given to compact bone at superior and inferior surfaces of vertebral body
Superior epiphyseal rim
Inferior epiphyseal rim
Cartilage found at superior and inferior surfaces of developing vertebral body
Superior epiphyseal plate
Inferior epiphyseal plate
Openings found around margins of vertebral body
Nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
Vessel entering nutrient or vascular foramen
Osseous artery
Large vessel exiting back of vertebral body
Basivertebral vein
Semicircular region of bone attached to back of vertebral body
Vertebral arch
Anterior part of vertebral arch
Pedicle
Posterior part of vertebral arch
Lamina
Intermediate part of vertebral arch where transverse process and articular processes attach
Lamina-pedicle junction
Feature located at upper and lower surfaces of pedicle
Superior vertebral notch
Inferior vertebral notch
Generic orientation of pedicle for each region of the spine
Cervical- posterolateral
Thoracic- posterior, slight lateral
Lumbar- posterior
All Lamina oriented in what direction?
Posterior and median
Overlap of laminae seen on X-ray
Shingling
Ligament attached to lamina
Ligamentum flavum
Abnormal bone at attachment site of ligamentum flavum
Para-articular process
Classification of bone for the para-articular processes
Accessory bone
Lamina-pedicle junction at each region of the spine
Cervical- articular pillar
Thoracic and lumbar- pars interarticularis
Junction of vertebral arch-spinous process on lateral X-ray
Spinolaminar junction
Tubular bone growth regions of vertebral arch
Apophyseal regions
Orientation of transverse process at each region of spine
Cervical- anterolateral
Thoracic- posterolateral
Lumbar- lateral
All non-rib bearing vertebra of spine retain what feature
Costal element
Rounded elevation at end of transverse apophysis or transverse process
Transverse tubercle
What will cause the transverse process to alter its initial direction in cervical region?
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial plexuses, thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
What will cause the transverse process to alter its initial direction in thoracic growth?
Growth of lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
Articular process supports….
Articular facet
Joint formed between articular facets of vertebral couple
Zygapophysis
Bone surface at front of zygapophysis
Superior articular facet
Bone surface at back of zygapophysis
Inferior articular facet
Part of vertebrae which supports the front of the zygapophysis
Superior articular apophysis
Superior articular process
Pre-zygapophysis
Part of vertebra which supports back of zygapophysis
Inferior articular apophysis
Inferior articular process
Post-zygapophysis
In vertebral couple, the part of vertebra which lies anterior to zygapophysis
Pre-zygapophysis
In vertebral couple, part of vertebra which lies posterior to zygapophysis
Post-zygapophysis
Part of vertebra forming pre-zygapophysis
Superior articular process
Part of vertebra forming post-zygapophysis
Inferior articular process
Method of calculating angle of spinous process
Calculate angle formed between undersurface of spinous process and horizontal plane
Normal overlap of spinous processes on X-ray
Imbrication
Rounded elevation at tip of spinous process
Spinous tubercle
Orientation of spinous process at each region of spine
Cervical- slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic- noticeable angle inferiorly
Lumbar- no inferior angle
What will form posterior boundary of typical intervertebral foramen
Inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis)
Superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis)
Capsular ligament
Ligamentum flavum
What will form superior boundary of intervertebral foramen
Inferior vertebral notch
What will form inferior boundary of intervertebral foramen
Superior vertebral notch
What will form anterior boundary of intervertebral foramen
Vertebral body of segment above, vertebral body of segment below, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament
Opening located within vertebral body - vertebral arch enclosure
Vertebral foramen
Union of all vertebral foramina forms vertical cylinder called
Vertebral canal / spinal canal
What neural structures will occupy the vertebral foramen until level L2
Spinal cord
Proximal part of peripheral nerve system
Meninges
Typical shape/outline of vertebral foramen at each region of spinal column
Cervical- triangular
Thoracic- oval
Lumbar-triangular
Sacrum- triangular
What vertebral level will spinal cord typically terminate
L1
Vertebral level dural sac terminates
S2
All segmental arteries of vertebral column
Vertebral Ascending cervical Deep cervical Superior intercostal Posterior intercostal Subcostal Lumbar Iliolumbar Lateral sacral and medial sacral
Segmental arteries arising in C spine
Vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery and deep cervical artery
Segmental arteries of t spine
Deep cervical artery, superior intercostal artery, posterior intercostal artery and subcostal artery
Segmental arteries of lumbar spine
Lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
Segmental arteries of 5th lumbar vertebra
Iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
Segmental arteries of sacrum
Iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
Segmental levels supplies by vertebral artery
C1-C6
Segmental levels supplies by ascending cervical artery
C1-C6
Segmental levels supplied by deep cervical artery
C7-T1
Segmental levels supplied by superior intercostal artery
T1
T2
Segmental levels supplied by posterior intercostal artery
T3-T11
Segmental levels supplied by subcostal artery
T12
Segmental levels supplied by lumbar arteries
L1-L4
Segmental levels supplied by median sacral artery
L5
S1-S5
Coccyx
Segmental levels supplied by lateral sacral artery
L5
S1-S5
Coccyx
Vertebra with greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it
L5
Segmental arteries for L5
Iliolumbar artery
Median sacral artery
Lateral sacral artery
Branch of segmental artery supplying vertebra and paravertebral region
Dorsospinal artery
Artery primarily observed in distal part of intervertebral foramen
Spinal artery
Branch of dorsospinal artery that penetrates meninges to enter subarachnoid space
Spinal artery
Branches of spinal artery supplying contents of epidural space
Osseous artery
Anterior spinal canal artery
Posterior spinal canal artery
Arteries observed in epidural space near posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Arteries observed in epidural space near ligamentum flavum
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Branches of spinal artery that supply contents of subarachnoid space
Anterior radicular artery
Posterior radicular artery
Anterior medullary feeder artery
Posterior medullary feeder artery
Vessel that supplies ventral nerve rootlet and nerve root
Anterior radicular artery
Vessel that supplies dorsal Nerve rootlet, nerve root and nerve root ganglion
Posterior radicular artery
Artery that enlarges and forms medullary feeder artery
Radicular artery
Artery that lies in fron of spinal cord along its length
Anterior spinal artery
Anterior spinal artery is branch of which artery
Vertebral artery
Is the Anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along spinal cord?
No
As anterior spinal artery continues along spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
Posterior spinal artery is branch of
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Position of posterior spinal artery relative to spinal cord
Lies in posterolateral sulcus along spinal cord
Posterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along spinal cord?
NO
As Posterior spinal artery continues along spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give appearance of single continuous vessel
Posterior medullary feeder arteries
What forms arterial vasa corona
Anterior spinal arteries
Posterior spinal arteries
Communicating arteries
Generic name given to arteries that penetrate spinal cord
Intermedullary arteries
Intramedullary branches of arterial vasa corona
Pial perforating arteries
Central perforating arteries
What artery gives off ventral perforating arteries
Anterior spinal artery
What arterial vasa corona branches supply gray matter and most of spinal cord
Ventral perforating arteries
What intramedullary branches supply about 1/3 of spinal cord
Pial perforating arteries
Source for pial perforating arteries
Pial plexus
What arteries form pial plexus
Posterior spinal arteries and communicating arteries
Arteries responsible for supplementing arterial vasa corona along cord
Anterior medullary feeders
Posterior medullary feeders
What veins drain spinal cord
Pial veins
What will pial veins drain into
Venous vasa corona
Which vessels form venous vasa corona
Anterior longitudinal veins
Posterior longitudinal veins
Communicating veins
Vessels that drain venous vasa corona
Anterior medullary veins
Posterior medullary veins
Which vessels drain ventral nerve roots
Anterior radicular veins
Which vessels will drain dorsal nerve roots
Posterior radicular veins
What vessel will drain dorsal nerve root ganglion
Posterior radicular veins
What veins are observed in epidural space near posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
What lumenal feature of anterior internal vertebral venous plexus vessels may function like valves of typical veins
Trabeculae
Veins observed in epidural space near ligamentum flavum
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Venous vessels in intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral veins
Unique feature of veins along spinal canal
Lack bicuspid valve of typical veins
Meninges of spinal cord
Dura, arachnoid and pia maters
Accepted meaning of dura mater
Tough mother
Accepted meaning of arachnoid mater
Spider mother
Accepted meaning of pia mater
Delicate mother
Name of fluid within epidural space
Interstitial fluid
Vascular contents of epidural space
Anterior and posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Fluid present in subdural space
Serous fluid
Neural content of epidural space
Recurrent meningeal nerve
Ligaments associated with epidural space
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Blood vessels of epidural space near vertebral body
Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Nerves of epidural space found near vertebral body
Recurrent meningeal nerve
Ligaments of epidural space found near vertebral body
Hofmann ligaments and posterior longitudinal ligaments
Blood vessels of epidural space found near lamina
Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Which meningeal space is thought to be a potential space
Subdural space
Between dura and arachnoid
Name given to fluid in subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid
Ligaments present in subarachnoid space
Dentate/denticulate ligament
Name given to lateral extension of pia mater along spinal cord
Dentate ligament
Unique feature of veins along spinal canal
Lack bicuspid valve of typical veins
Spinal cord enlargement locations
C3-T1 cervical enlargement
T9-T12 lumbar enlargement
Greatest transverse diameter of spinal cord
C6
Spinal nerve that originate from lumbar enlargement
L1-S3 spinal nerves
Caudal end of spinal cord
Conus medullaris
Spinal nerves originate from conus medullaris
S4, S5 and Co1 typically
Which vertebral foramen will conus medullaris typically be observed
L1
Name given to nerve roots below L1
Cauda equina
Continuation of pia mater below conus medullaris
Filum terminale internum
Location and name given to area where all meninges first converge at caudal part of vertebral column
Typically S2, dural cul de sac
What part of filum terminale has neural tissue been identified
Proximal part of filum terminale internum
Neural tissue associated with filum terminale internum appears to innervate
Lower limbs and external anal sphincter
Last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram
Cruciate anastomosis
Name given to caudal attachment of meninges
Coccygeal medullary vestige
Name given to condition in which conus medullaris located below L1 and filum terminale is thickened
Tethered cord symdrome
Relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome
Column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to spinal cord caused by a tethered cord
At the IVF, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the cervical spine?
In the cervical spine, spinal nerves exit above the segment they are numbered after (C8 nerve is the exception to this rule). C3 nerve exits above C3 or between C2/C3
At the IVF, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the thoracic and lumbar spine and the sacrum?
Spinal nerves exit below the segment they are numbered after (Co1 nerve is the exception).
T6 nerve exits below T6 or between T6/T7
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?
The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple
ie T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple
The osseous modification observed on the front of the anterior arch of C1
The anterior tubercle
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
The fovea dentis
What attaches behind the anterior arch of C1
Lateral mass
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
Tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
What is identified in the midline at thee back of the posterior arch of C1?
Posterior tubercle
What superior surface modification of the posterior arch of C1 is present near the lateral mass?
Groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery
What superior surface modification is present near the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
The accurate rim
What attaches to the accurate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the superior articulate process of the lateral mass of atlas?
A complete ponticulus porticus
Based on the amount of bone union between the superior articulate process and the accurate rim of C1 what structure will form?
An incomplete ponticulus ponticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
Accurate foramen or retroarticular canal
What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?
The inferior vertebral notch
What is the name given to the anterior part of the transverse process of C1?
The costal element
What is the name given to the posterior part of the transverse process of C1?
True transverse process
What is the distal most part of the transverse process of C1?
The posterior tubercle
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
The dens or odontoid process
What surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
Facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the vertebral body of C2?
The longus colli muscle attachment
What feature is identified on the anterior surface of thee inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
The anterior lip
What feature is identified on the posterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
The posterior rim
What features arise from the posterolateral margins of thee vertebral body of C2?
The pedicles
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicles of C2?
The superior articular process
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
On the lamina-pedicle junction
What feature is identified on the lower surface of the pedicles of C2?
The inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
What is the location of the inferior articular process of C2?
On the lamina-pedicle junction behind the inferior vertebral notch
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
Costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
It is bifid
What are the modifications of the the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
Wat are the names of the lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Uncinate process, uniform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of the typical cervical?
Anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
What bony feature is attached to the posterior end of the pedicles?
The articular pillar
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?
The groove/ sulcus for the dorsal Remus of a cervical spinal nerve
What ligament attaches to the laminate of a typical cervical?
Ligamentum flavum
Ossification of the ligamentum flabby at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
Para-articular processes
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body
Costal element, anterior tubercle,, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
