Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
4 basic tissues of human body
A
Epithelial
Muscle
Neural
Connective
2
Q
Osteoblasts function
A
Form bone
3
Q
Osteocyte function
A
Maintain/ nurture bone
4
Q
Osteoclasts function
A
Remodel bone
5
Q
Primary constituent of ground substance
A
GAGS
6
Q
Types of GAGs predominate in bone
A
Chondroitin sulfate
Keratin sulfate
Hyaluronic acid
7
Q
Principal type of protein fiber in bone
A
Collagen type 1
8
Q
Most frequently described deposit in bone
A
Hydroxyapatite
9
Q
Bone is also repository for these ions…
A
Sodium Magnesium Fluoride Lead Strontium Radium
10
Q
Wolff’s Law
A
Living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension, or pressure
Bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors
11
Q
3 responses of “living” bone
A
Heal
Remodel under stressors (anxiety, tension, pressure)
Age
12
Q
Bone is embryological derivative of which CT?
A
Mesenchyme and/or cartilage
13
Q
Name given to patter of ossification in mesenchyme
A
Intramembranous ossification
14
Q
Timing for appearance of intramembranous ossification
A
2-3 months in utero
15
Q
What part of axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?
A
Skull
16
Q
Name given to pattern of ossification in cartilage
A
Endochondral ossification
17
Q
Timing for appearance of ossification in cartilage
A
2-5 months in utero
18
Q
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
A
Mandible
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
19
Q
Which bone of appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
A
Clavicle
20
Q
Names given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
A
Primary centers- appear before birth
Secondary centers- appear after birth
21
Q
Mature bone composed of what areas based on bone density?
A
Cortical/compact bone
Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone
22
Q
Name given to bone below an articulating surface?
A
Subchondral bone
23
Q
Name of outer fibro-cellular covering of bone
A
Periosteum
24
Q
Name given to fibro-cellular lining of bone
A
Endosteum
25
Primary sources of variation observed in bone
Sexual dimorphism
Ontogenic variation
Geographic/population-based variation
Idiosyncratic variation
26
Sexual Dimorphism
Differences based on gender
27
Ontogenic variation
Differences based on age or developmental variation
28
Geographic Variation
Differences based on ethnicity or locational variation
29
Idiosyncratic variation
Differences based on uniqueness between individuals
30
Primary constituent of bone mineral
Calcium
Phosphate
Citrate
Carbonate ions
31
Bone cells embedded in....
Amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers, and various minerals
32
6 classifications of bone
```
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Paranasal sinus/pneumatic bones
Sesamoid bones
```
33
Which classification of bone are characteristic of appendicular skeleton?
Long bones, short bones, sesamoid bones
34
What is characteristic feature of long bone?
Longer than it is across
35
Names given to parts of long bone
```
Diaphysis (shaft)
2 epiphyses (extremities)
```
36
Primary characteristic of short bones
Cuboidal
37
Examples of short bones
Most bones of carpus and tarsus
38
Characteristic of sesamoid bones
Bone develops within tendon
39
Examples of sesamoid bone
Patella
| Pisiform
40
Classifications of bones characteristic of axial skeleton
Flat, irregular, paranasal sinus/pneumatic bones
41
What are flat bones?
Thin layer of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone
42
Examples of flat bone
Parietal bone
| Sternum
43
Characteristic of irregular bone
Numerous projections/ irregular outlines
44
Examples of irregular bones
Vertebrae
| Innominate bones
45
Characteristic of pneumatic bone
Air spaces within bone
46
Examples of pneumatic bone
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, temporal
47
What bones contain paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid
48
Classifications given to abnormal bone
Accessory and heterotopic bone
49
Name given to bone formed from existing bone
Accessory bone
50
Examples of accessory bone
Para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
51
Name given to bone formed in non-bone location
Heterotopic bone
52
Examples of heterotopic bone
Calcific deposits in pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
53
How many bones form appendicular skeleton
126
54
How many bones form axial skeleton
80
55
What bones form axial skeleton
Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum
56
Long bone definition
Length of the bone is greater than the breadth
Consists of shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses)
57
Short bone definition
Appearance is cuboidal
| -Ex: carpus and tarsus
58
Sesamoid bone definition
Round or oval bones located within tendons
59
Sesamoid bone examples
Patella, pisiform, and fabella
- also between metacarpals/tarsals and proximal phalanges of hand and foot
60
Flat bone definition
Thin layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
**can be curved
61
Spongy bone of “flat” bone
Diploe
62
Irregular bone definition
Numerous projections or irregular outlines
63
Irregular bone examples
Scapula
Skull bones (except parietal bone)
Vertebrae
64
Paranasal bone
Associated with paranasal sinuses
65
Paranasal bone examples
Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxilla
Sphenoid
66
Pneumatic bone
Exhibits small air spaces within the bone
67
Pneumatic bone examples
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, temporal
68
Accessory bone
Formed from periosteum of existing bone
69
Accessory bone examples
Para-articular processes
| Bony spurs
70
Heterotopic bone
Formed from cells within nonbone-related tissues as a result of healing process, disease, stress, and/or age
71
Location examples of heterotopic bone
Pineal gland
Heart
Ligaments
72
Four general categories of surface features of bones
Elevations
Depressions
Tunnels/passageways
Facets
73
Axial skeleton components
```
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs
```
74
Number of bones in axial skeleton
80
75
Number of bones in appendicular skeleton
126
76
3 parts of skull classification
Neurocranium
Facial skeleton/splanchnocranium
Auditory ossicles
77
Number of bones in skull
28
**sometimes 22 if not counting auditory ossicles
78
Neurocranium definition
Bones that surround brain (8)
79
Neurocranium bones
Ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, frontal (unpaired)
Temporal and parietal (paired)
80
Facial skeleton/splanchnocranium
Bones that support the face/front of the head (14)
81
Facial skeleton/splanchnocranium bones
Vomer and mandible (unpaired)
Nasal, lacrimal, palatine, maxilla, zygomatic and inferior nasal concha (paired)
82
Splanchnocranium (visceral cranium)
Consists of the bones of the facial skeleton minus the mandible
83
Auditory ossicles
Bones of middle ear located within temporal bone
84
Auditory ossicle names
Stapes (stirrup)
Incus (anvil)
Malleus (hammer)
**all paired
85
Hyoid bone location
Below the tongue and above the larynx
86
Number of bones in adult vertebral/spinal column
26
87
Number of bones in spine
24
| **sacrum and coccyx left out
88
Sternum regions
Manubrium sterni
Corpus sterni (gladiolus/body)
Xiphoid process
89
Number of ribs
24 ribs (12 pairs)
90
Number of adolescent vertebrae
33 segments
91
Number of vertebrae in adult
26 segments
92
What constitutes the spine?
24 presacral segments; cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
93
How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?
5 segments
94
How many segments unite to form the coccyx?
4 segments
95
What does ‘cervical’ refer to?
Region of neck
96
Typical number of segments in cervical region?
7 segments
97
What does ‘thoracic’ refer to?
Breast plate or chest
98
Other term used to ID vertebral segments of the chest?
Dorsal segments
99
Number of segments in dorsal/thoracic region
12 segments
100
What does ‘lumbar’ refer to?
Region between rib and hip
101
Number of segments in lumbar region
5 segments
102
What does ‘sacrum’ mean
Holy bone
103
What does coccyx refer to
Cuckoo bird’s bill
104
Which region of the spine is more stable in terms of the number of segments/vertebrae?
Cervical region
105
Length of typical male spinal column
70 cm
106
Length of typical female spinal column
60 cm
107
Difference in length between male and female spinal column
3 inches
108
Length of male cervical region
12 cm
| 5 in
109
Length of male thoracic region
28 cm
| 11 in
110
Length of male lumbar region
18 cm
| 7 in
111
Length of male sacrum
12 cm
| 5 in
112
What is the length of the male spine?
58 cm
| 23 in
113
How does the vertebral column participate in protection of neural tissues?
Spinal cord and beginning PNS are located in vertebral segments
114
How does vertebral column participate in protection of viscera?
Ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax plus protecting the heart and lungs
115
What parts of the body are supported by vertebral column?
Head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis
116
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
Ribs are formed from the costal process of embryonic vertebral template
117
What levels of vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at Auricular surface
118
Motion
Movement without travel
119
Locomotion
Movement to a new site or location
120
What is responsible for shape and position of human frame?
Comparative anterior vs. posterior height of vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of intervertebral disc
121
How does the vertebral column accommodate transmission?
Peripheral nerve communicates with central nerve system via the intervertebral foramen
122
What organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
Eye and vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
123
How is the vertebral column involved in stabilization of visceral function?
Integrity of spinal column enhances appropriate nerve system control of viscera
124
When does embryonic disc form?
2nd wk in utero
125
When does gastrulation occur (3 layered embryo form)
3rd wk in utero
126
What are the 3 layers of embryo called?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
127
Invagination of ectoderm along primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
Notochord
128
What is the name given to mesoderm that will give rise to vertebral column
Paraxial mesoderm
129
What does paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form vertebral column
Somites
130
Areas of cellular differentiation formed within somite
Sclerotome
Myotome
Dermatome
131
Part of somite that gives rise to vertebral column
Sclerotome
132
Order of successive vertebral columns formed during development
Membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal/osseous
133
Migration of sclerotomes to surround notochord forms what developmental feature?
Perichordal blastema
134
Perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
Neural processes and costal processes
135
Name of artery between adjacent perichordal blastemae
Intersegmental artery
136
Cell proliferation within perichordal blastema will result in what feature
Loose cranial sclerotomite and dense caudal sclerotomite
137
What forms between sclerotomites of perichordal blastema
Intrasclerotomal fissure
138
Intrasclerotomal fissure gives rise to what developmental feature
Perichordal disc
139
Perichordal disc in what location of adult
Intervertebral disc
140
Earliest embryonic feature that will identify position of adult intervertebral disc
Intrasclerotomal fissure
141
Dense caudal sclerotomite + loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema give rise to
Vertebral blastema
142
Vessel adjacent to vertebral blastema
Segmental artery
143
When will cartilage first form membranous vertebral blastema
Beginning in 6th embryonic week
144
Name given to replacement of mesoderm by cartilage
Chondrification
145
Chondrification first ID’ed in which region of embryonic vertebral column
Cervical region
146
Names given to centers of chondrification within vertebral blastema
Centrum center
Neural arch center
Transverse process center
147
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in vertebral blastema
6
2 for centrum
2 for neural arch
2 for each transverse process
148
Earliest time centers of ossification appear in cartilaginous vertebrae?
7th embryonic wk
149
Ossification begins in which region of embryonic vertebral column
Lower cervical- upper thoracic region
150
Ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for vertebrae
3 primary : 5 secondary
151
Names of primary centers of ossification for typical vertebra
Centrum centers and neural arch centers
152
How many primary centers of ossification appear in typical vertebra
3
1 for centrum
2 for neural arches
153
Classification of joint forming between primary centers of ossification
Cartilage synchondrosis / amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
154
Names of synchondroses forming between primary centers of ossification in vertebrae
Neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis
155
Names of 5 secondary centers of ossification
Tip of transverse process
Tip of spinous process
Epiphyseal plate centers
156
How many secondary centers of ossification
5
1 for tip of each transverse process
1 for tip of spinous process
1 for each epiphyseal plate
157
Classification of joint forming between secondary centers of ossification and rest of vertebrae
Cartilage synchondrosis/ amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
158
Names of synchondroses forming between secondary centers of ossification and rest of vertebrae
Tip of transverse process synchondrosis, tip of spinous process synchondrosis, epiphyseal ring synchondrosis
159
Range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification
Puberty; ages 11-16 years old
160
3 basic osseous parts of vertebrae
Vertebral body, vertebral arch, apophyseal regions
161
What is formed by vertebral body and vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
162
What is shape of vertebral body of cervicals
Rectangular
163
Shape of vertebral body of thoracics
Triangular
164
Shape of vertebral body of lumbars
Reniform
165
Name given to compact bone at superior and inferior surfaces of vertebral body
Superior epiphyseal rim
| Inferior epiphyseal rim
166
Cartilage found at superior and inferior surfaces of developing vertebral body
Superior epiphyseal plate
| Inferior epiphyseal plate
167
Openings found around margins of vertebral body
Nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
168
Vessel entering nutrient or vascular foramen
Osseous artery
169
Large vessel exiting back of vertebral body
Basivertebral vein
170
Semicircular region of bone attached to back of vertebral body
Vertebral arch
171
Anterior part of vertebral arch
Pedicle
172
Posterior part of vertebral arch
Lamina
173
Intermediate part of vertebral arch where transverse process and articular processes attach
Lamina-pedicle junction
174
Feature located at upper and lower surfaces of pedicle
Superior vertebral notch
| Inferior vertebral notch
175
Generic orientation of pedicle for each region of the spine
Cervical- posterolateral
Thoracic- posterior, slight lateral
Lumbar- posterior
176
All Lamina oriented in what direction?
Posterior and median
177
Overlap of laminae seen on X-ray
Shingling
178
Ligament attached to lamina
Ligamentum flavum
179
Abnormal bone at attachment site of ligamentum flavum
Para-articular process
180
Classification of bone for the para-articular processes
Accessory bone
181
Lamina-pedicle junction at each region of the spine
Cervical- articular pillar
| Thoracic and lumbar- pars interarticularis
182
Junction of vertebral arch-spinous process on lateral X-ray
Spinolaminar junction
183
Tubular bone growth regions of vertebral arch
Apophyseal regions
184
Orientation of transverse process at each region of spine
Cervical- anterolateral
Thoracic- posterolateral
Lumbar- lateral
185
All non-rib bearing vertebra of spine retain what feature
Costal element
186
Rounded elevation at end of transverse apophysis or transverse process
Transverse tubercle
187
What will cause the transverse process to alter its initial direction in cervical region?
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial plexuses, thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
188
What will cause the transverse process to alter its initial direction in thoracic growth?
Growth of lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
189
Articular process supports....
Articular facet
190
Joint formed between articular facets of vertebral couple
Zygapophysis
191
Bone surface at front of zygapophysis
Superior articular facet
192
Bone surface at back of zygapophysis
Inferior articular facet
193
Part of vertebrae which supports the front of the zygapophysis
Superior articular apophysis
Superior articular process
Pre-zygapophysis
194
Part of vertebra which supports back of zygapophysis
Inferior articular apophysis
Inferior articular process
Post-zygapophysis
195
In vertebral couple, the part of vertebra which lies anterior to zygapophysis
Pre-zygapophysis
196
In vertebral couple, part of vertebra which lies posterior to zygapophysis
Post-zygapophysis
197
Part of vertebra forming pre-zygapophysis
Superior articular process
198
Part of vertebra forming post-zygapophysis
Inferior articular process
199
Method of calculating angle of spinous process
Calculate angle formed between undersurface of spinous process and horizontal plane
200
Normal overlap of spinous processes on X-ray
Imbrication
201
Rounded elevation at tip of spinous process
Spinous tubercle
202
Orientation of spinous process at each region of spine
Cervical- slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic- noticeable angle inferiorly
Lumbar- no inferior angle
203
What will form posterior boundary of typical intervertebral foramen
Inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis)
Superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis)
Capsular ligament
Ligamentum flavum
204
What will form superior boundary of intervertebral foramen
Inferior vertebral notch
205
What will form inferior boundary of intervertebral foramen
Superior vertebral notch
206
What will form anterior boundary of intervertebral foramen
Vertebral body of segment above, vertebral body of segment below, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament
207
Opening located within vertebral body - vertebral arch enclosure
Vertebral foramen
208
Union of all vertebral foramina forms vertical cylinder called
Vertebral canal / spinal canal
209
What neural structures will occupy the vertebral foramen until level L2
Spinal cord
Proximal part of peripheral nerve system
Meninges
210
Typical shape/outline of vertebral foramen at each region of spinal column
Cervical- triangular
Thoracic- oval
Lumbar-triangular
Sacrum- triangular
211
What vertebral level will spinal cord typically terminate
L1
212
Vertebral level dural sac terminates
S2
213
All segmental arteries of vertebral column
```
Vertebral
Ascending cervical
Deep cervical
Superior intercostal
Posterior intercostal
Subcostal
Lumbar
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral and medial sacral
```
214
Segmental arteries arising in C spine
Vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery and deep cervical artery
215
Segmental arteries of t spine
Deep cervical artery, superior intercostal artery, posterior intercostal artery and subcostal artery
216
Segmental arteries of lumbar spine
Lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
217
Segmental arteries of 5th lumbar vertebra
Iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
218
Segmental arteries of sacrum
Iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
219
Segmental levels supplies by vertebral artery
C1-C6
220
Segmental levels supplies by ascending cervical artery
C1-C6
221
Segmental levels supplied by deep cervical artery
C7-T1
222
Segmental levels supplied by superior intercostal artery
T1
| T2
223
Segmental levels supplied by posterior intercostal artery
T3-T11
224
Segmental levels supplied by subcostal artery
T12
225
Segmental levels supplied by lumbar arteries
L1-L4
226
Segmental levels supplied by median sacral artery
L5
S1-S5
Coccyx
227
Segmental levels supplied by lateral sacral artery
L5
S1-S5
Coccyx
228
Vertebra with greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it
L5
229
Segmental arteries for L5
Iliolumbar artery
Median sacral artery
Lateral sacral artery
230
Branch of segmental artery supplying vertebra and paravertebral region
Dorsospinal artery
231
Artery primarily observed in distal part of intervertebral foramen
Spinal artery
232
Branch of dorsospinal artery that penetrates meninges to enter subarachnoid space
Spinal artery
233
Branches of spinal artery supplying contents of epidural space
Osseous artery
Anterior spinal canal artery
Posterior spinal canal artery
234
Arteries observed in epidural space near posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
235
Arteries observed in epidural space near ligamentum flavum
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
236
Branches of spinal artery that supply contents of subarachnoid space
Anterior radicular artery
Posterior radicular artery
Anterior medullary feeder artery
Posterior medullary feeder artery
237
Vessel that supplies ventral nerve rootlet and nerve root
Anterior radicular artery
238
Vessel that supplies dorsal Nerve rootlet, nerve root and nerve root ganglion
Posterior radicular artery
239
Artery that enlarges and forms medullary feeder artery
Radicular artery
240
Artery that lies in fron of spinal cord along its length
Anterior spinal artery
241
Anterior spinal artery is branch of which artery
Vertebral artery
242
Is the Anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along spinal cord?
No
243
As anterior spinal artery continues along spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
244
Posterior spinal artery is branch of
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
245
Position of posterior spinal artery relative to spinal cord
Lies in posterolateral sulcus along spinal cord
246
Posterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along spinal cord?
NO
247
As Posterior spinal artery continues along spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give appearance of single continuous vessel
Posterior medullary feeder arteries
248
What forms arterial vasa corona
Anterior spinal arteries
Posterior spinal arteries
Communicating arteries
249
Generic name given to arteries that penetrate spinal cord
Intermedullary arteries
250
Intramedullary branches of arterial vasa corona
Pial perforating arteries
| Central perforating arteries
251
What artery gives off ventral perforating arteries
Anterior spinal artery
252
What arterial vasa corona branches supply gray matter and most of spinal cord
Ventral perforating arteries
253
What intramedullary branches supply about 1/3 of spinal cord
Pial perforating arteries
254
Source for pial perforating arteries
Pial plexus
255
What arteries form pial plexus
Posterior spinal arteries and communicating arteries
256
Arteries responsible for supplementing arterial vasa corona along cord
Anterior medullary feeders
| Posterior medullary feeders
257
What veins drain spinal cord
Pial veins
258
What will pial veins drain into
Venous vasa corona
259
Which vessels form venous vasa corona
Anterior longitudinal veins
Posterior longitudinal veins
Communicating veins
260
Vessels that drain venous vasa corona
Anterior medullary veins
| Posterior medullary veins
261
Which vessels drain ventral nerve roots
Anterior radicular veins
262
Which vessels will drain dorsal nerve roots
Posterior radicular veins
263
What vessel will drain dorsal nerve root ganglion
Posterior radicular veins
264
What veins are observed in epidural space near posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
| Basivertebral vein
265
What lumenal feature of anterior internal vertebral venous plexus vessels may function like valves of typical veins
Trabeculae
266
Veins observed in epidural space near ligamentum flavum
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
267
Venous vessels in intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral veins
268
Unique feature of veins along spinal canal
Lack bicuspid valve of typical veins
269
Meninges of spinal cord
Dura, arachnoid and pia maters
270
Accepted meaning of dura mater
Tough mother
271
Accepted meaning of arachnoid mater
Spider mother
272
Accepted meaning of pia mater
Delicate mother
273
Name of fluid within epidural space
Interstitial fluid
274
Vascular contents of epidural space
Anterior and posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
275
Fluid present in subdural space
Serous fluid
276
Neural content of epidural space
Recurrent meningeal nerve
277
Ligaments associated with epidural space
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
278
Blood vessels of epidural space near vertebral body
Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
279
Nerves of epidural space found near vertebral body
Recurrent meningeal nerve
280
Ligaments of epidural space found near vertebral body
Hofmann ligaments and posterior longitudinal ligaments
281
Blood vessels of epidural space found near lamina
Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
| Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
282
Which meningeal space is thought to be a potential space
Subdural space
| Between dura and arachnoid
283
Name given to fluid in subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid
284
Ligaments present in subarachnoid space
Dentate/denticulate ligament
285
Name given to lateral extension of pia mater along spinal cord
Dentate ligament
286
Unique feature of veins along spinal canal
Lack bicuspid valve of typical veins
287
Spinal cord enlargement locations
C3-T1 cervical enlargement
| T9-T12 lumbar enlargement
288
Greatest transverse diameter of spinal cord
C6
289
Spinal nerve that originate from lumbar enlargement
L1-S3 spinal nerves
290
Caudal end of spinal cord
Conus medullaris
291
Spinal nerves originate from conus medullaris
S4, S5 and Co1 typically
292
Which vertebral foramen will conus medullaris typically be observed
L1
293
Name given to nerve roots below L1
Cauda equina
294
Continuation of pia mater below conus medullaris
Filum terminale internum
295
Location and name given to area where all meninges first converge at caudal part of vertebral column
Typically S2, dural cul de sac
296
What part of filum terminale has neural tissue been identified
Proximal part of filum terminale internum
297
Neural tissue associated with filum terminale internum appears to innervate
Lower limbs and external anal sphincter
298
Last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram
Cruciate anastomosis
299
Name given to caudal attachment of meninges
Coccygeal medullary vestige
300
Name given to condition in which conus medullaris located below L1 and filum terminale is thickened
Tethered cord symdrome
301
Relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome
Column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to spinal cord caused by a tethered cord
302
At the IVF, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the cervical spine?
In the cervical spine, spinal nerves exit above the segment they are numbered after (C8 nerve is the exception to this rule). C3 nerve exits above C3 or between C2/C3
303
At the IVF, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the thoracic and lumbar spine and the sacrum?
Spinal nerves exit below the segment they are numbered after (Co1 nerve is the exception).
T6 nerve exits below T6 or between T6/T7
304
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?
The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple
ie T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple
305
The osseous modification observed on the front of the anterior arch of C1
The anterior tubercle
306
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
The fovea dentis
307
What attaches behind the anterior arch of C1
Lateral mass
308
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
Tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
309
What is identified in the midline at thee back of the posterior arch of C1?
Posterior tubercle
310
What superior surface modification of the posterior arch of C1 is present near the lateral mass?
Groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery
311
What superior surface modification is present near the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
The accurate rim
312
What attaches to the accurate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the superior articulate process of the lateral mass of atlas?
A complete ponticulus porticus
313
Based on the amount of bone union between the superior articulate process and the accurate rim of C1 what structure will form?
An incomplete ponticulus ponticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
314
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
Accurate foramen or retroarticular canal
315
What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?
The inferior vertebral notch
316
What is the name given to the anterior part of the transverse process of C1?
The costal element
317
What is the name given to the posterior part of the transverse process of C1?
True transverse process
318
What is the distal most part of the transverse process of C1?
The posterior tubercle
319
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
The dens or odontoid process
320
What surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
Facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
321
What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the vertebral body of C2?
The longus colli muscle attachment
322
What feature is identified on the anterior surface of thee inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
The anterior lip
323
What feature is identified on the posterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
The posterior rim
324
What features arise from the posterolateral margins of thee vertebral body of C2?
The pedicles
325
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicles of C2?
The superior articular process
326
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
On the lamina-pedicle junction
327
What feature is identified on the lower surface of the pedicles of C2?
The inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
328
What is the location of the inferior articular process of C2?
On the lamina-pedicle junction behind the inferior vertebral notch
329
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
Costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process
330
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
It is bifid
331
What are the modifications of the the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
332
Wat are the names of the lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Uncinate process, uniform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
333
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of the typical cervical?
Anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
334
What bony feature is attached to the posterior end of the pedicles?
The articular pillar
335
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?
The groove/ sulcus for the dorsal Remus of a cervical spinal nerve
336
What ligament attaches to the laminate of a typical cervical?
Ligamentum flavum
337
Ossification of the ligamentum flabby at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
Para-articular processes
338
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body
Costal element, anterior tubercle,, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
