Exam 1: Bone surfaces

Question 1

Linear surface elevations

Answer 1

Line, ridge,crest

Question 2

Line

Answer 2

The slightest height. Ex: transverse lines of the sternum

Question 3

Ridge

Answer 3

A slightly higher linear elevation often roughened

Ex: the transverse rides of the sacrum

Question 4

Crest

Answer 4

The highest of the linear elevations, usually sharp and thin

Ex: median, intermediate, and lateral sacral crests

Question 5

Rounded surface elevations

Answer 5

Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber/tuberosity, malleolus

Question 6

Tubercle

Answer 6

A small, raised elevation both in terms of height and base usually associated with attachment sites for ligaments or tendons.
Ex: superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles of T12

Question 7

Protuberance

Answer 7

A swelling or knob with a larger base forms this larger rounded eminence.
Ex: the mentalprotuberance of the mandible and the external occipital protuberance of the occipital bone

Question 8

Trochanter

Answer 8

A large, blunt projection with a significant base and height.
Ex: the lesser and greater trochanter of the femur

Question 9

Tuber/tuberosity

Answer 9

A large, roughened yet rounded projection with a significant base although the height is extremely variable.
Ex: the frontal tuber of the frontal bone, the tuberosity for the serrated anterior muscle a on the second rib, the sacral tuberosity of S2

Question 10

Malleolus

Answer 10

A hammerhead-like elevation.

Ex: the medial malleolus and lateral malleolus of the tibia and fibula

Question 11

Sharp surface elevations

Answer 11

spine and process

Question 12

Process

Answer 12

A relatively sharp, bony prominence with an increased length.
Ex: the mastoid process and style I’d process of the temporal bone; th spinous process , transverse process, and articulate process of the vertebrae and the xiphoid process of the sternum

Question 13

Depressions

Answer 13

Features that indent the surface of the bone

Question 14

Linear surface depressions

Answer 14

Follow some linear axis along the bone. Notch/incisure, groove, and sulcus

Question 15

Notch/ incisure

Answer 15

A short indentation of variable depth

Ex: the superior vertebral notch/incisure and inferior vertebral notch/ incisure on the pedicle of vertebrae

Question 16

Groove

Answer 16

A long furrow of variable depth
Ex: the groove for the superior petrosal sinus, groove for the greater petrosal nerve and the mastoid groove of the temporal bone

Question 17

Sulcus

Answer 17

A wide groove of variable length and depth. Frequently interchanged with groove for specific features
Ex: the sulcus for the vertebral artery of C1

Question 18

Round surface depressions

Answer 18

Fovea and fossa

Question 19

Fovea

Answer 19

A shallow depression of variable circumference.

Ex: the fovea dentis of C1 and the pterygoid fovea of the mandible

Question 20

Fossa

Answer 20

A deeper depression of variable circumference.

Ex: the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone and the mandibulaar or glenoid fossa of the temporal bone

Question 21

Ostium/ orifice

Answer 21

A rounded opening of a tunnel/passageway in a bone

Question 22

Hiatus

Answer 22

An irregular opening of aa tunnel/passageway in bone

Question 23

Tunnels/ passageway types

Answer 23

Foramen, canal, meatus, fissure

Question 24

Foramen

Answer 24

A hole, which completely penetrates the bone at that location; typically associated with an area of thin bone or a short distance.
Ex: the foramen vale off the sphenoid bone, the jugular foramenof the temporal and occipital bones, and the basivertebral venous foramen of the vertebrae

Question 25

Canal

Answer 25

A passageway with length; typically associated with the thicker part of a bone Ex: Vivian canal of the sphenoid bone, carotid canal of the temporal bone, and the infraorbital canal of the maxilla

Question 26

Meatus

Answer 26

A blind-ended passageway | Ex: the internal acoustic meatus and external acoustic meatus of the temporal bone

Question 27

Fissures

Answer 27

Openings of variable lengths; made up of multiple bones | Ex: the inferior orbital fissure is formed at the junction of the palatine, maxilla, sphenoid andzygomatic bones

Question 28

Facets

Answer 28

Areas of articulation with adjacent bones

Question 29

Flat facets

Answer 29

The surface appearance is typically planar or flat, some slightly curved facets are also recognized Ex: the articulate facets of the thoracic vertebra are relatively flat; the articulate facets of the lumbar vertebrae relatively cured in a concave-convex format

Question 30

Rounded facets

Answer 30

Head and condyle

Question 31

Head

Answer 31

A bulbous rounded extremity that directly makes contact with aa reciprocate articulate surface. Ex: the head of the femur.

Question 32

Condyle

Answer 32

A knuckle-shaped surface for articulation | Ex: the occipital condyle off the occipital bone, the medial and lateral condyle of the femur.

Question 33

Spine

Answer 33

A thorn-like projection | Ex: the ischial spine of the innominate bone