Exam 1 Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Name given to modification of anterior tubercle of C6 transverse process
A
Carotid tubercle
2
Q
Name given to superior margin of costotransverse bar
A
Sulcus for ventral primary ramus
3
Q
Usual condition for caucasian typical cervical spinous process
A
They are bifid
4
Q
Usual condition for African-American typical cervical spinous process
A
They are NOT bifid
5
Q
Osseous modification at distal end of spinous process
A
Spinous tubercle
6
Q
Surface features present on superior epiphyseal rim of vertebral body of C7
A
Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
7
Q
Appearance of inferior surface of vertebral body of C7
A
Typically flat, lacks anterior and posterior lips
8
Q
Osseous parts of transverse process of C7
A
Costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
9
Q
Features of spinous process of C7
A
Long, horizontal, nonbifid
10
Q
Outline of vertebral body of T1 from superior view
A
Somewhat rectangular w/ curved anterior margins
11
Q
Appearance of superior surface of vertebral body of T1
A
Somewhat cup-shaped w/ elevations at posterior and lateral margin
12
Q
Appearance of inferior surface of vertebral body of T1
A
Typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips
13
Q
What surfaces are present on upper and lower margins of T1 vertebral body
A
Right and left superior costal facet
Right and left inferior costal demi-facet
14
Q
What is present on transverse tubercle of T1
A
Transverse costal facet
15
Q
Angulation of spinous process of T1
A
Nearly horizontal
16
Q
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8
A
Vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
17
Q
Outline of vertebral body of T2-T4 from cranial view
A
Vertebral body will have bilaterally convex sides
18
Q
Outline of vertebral body for T5-T8 from cranial view
A
Left side of vertebral body will be flattened, right side convex
19
Q
Name given to left side appearance of vertebral body of T5-T8
A
Aortic impression
20
Q
Part of vertebral body most influenced by aorta at T5-T8
A
Left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
21
Q
Synovial joint surfaces present on vertebral body of a typical thoracic
A
Right and left superior and right and left inferior costal demi-facets
22
Q
Distance between transverse tubercles in typical thoracic region
A
From T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as transverse processes angle more posterior
23
Q
What is present on transverse tubercle of typical thoracic
A
Transverse costal facet
24
Q
Orientation of transverse costal facets for T2-T6
A
Face forward and outward
25
How do transverse diameters of articular processes compare in T2-T4 region
Superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter
26
Transverse diameters of articular processes compare in T5-T8 region
Superior articular process transverse diameter is the same or equal to inferior articular process transverse diameter
27
Name given to region between superior and inferior articular process in typical thoracics
Pars interarticularis
28
Part of vertebra arises laterally from pars interarticularis
Transverse process
29
Part of vertebra arises medially from pars interarticularis
Lamina
30
Orientation of spinous process of typical thoracic
Slant backward and downward
31
Which vertebrae have spinous process angulation of up to forty degrees
T2-T4
32
Which vertebrae have a spinous process angulation of up to 60 degrees
T5-T8
33
Synovial joint surfaces present on vertebral body of T9
Right and left superior costal demi-facets
| Right and left inferior costal demi-facets
34
Synovial joint surfaces that may be absent from vertebral body of T9
Inferior costal demi-facets
35
What is present at tip of transverse process of T9
Transverse costal facet
36
Orientation of spinous process of T9
Posterior and slightly inferior
37
Synovial joint surface present on vertebral body of T10
Right and left superior costal facet
38
Synovial joint surface absent from vertebral body of T10
Inferior costal demi-facet
39
Position and direction of pedicle from vertebral body of T10
Pedicle arises from upper 1/3 of body and projects posterior and slightly laterally
40
Feature that is very commonly observed on lamina of T10
Para-articular processes
41
Part of the transverse process that may be absent on T10
Transverse costal facet
42
Orientation of spinous process of T10
Posterior and slightly inferior
43
Synovial joint surfaces present on vertebral body of T11
Right and left superior costal facet
44
Synovial joint surface absent from vertebral body of T11
Inferior costal demi-facet
45
Part of transverse process absent on T11
Transverse costal facet
46
Orientation of spinous process of T11
Posterior and horizontal along undersurface
47
Outline of vertebral body of T12 from superior view
Reniform
48
Synovial joint surfaces present on vertebral body of T12
Right and left superior costal facet
49
Synovial joint surface absent from vertebral body of T12
Inferior costal demi-facets
50
Tubercle on T12 represents transverse processes
Lateral tubercle
51
Tubercle on T12 represents mammillary process
Superior tubercle
52
Tubercle on T12 represents accessory process of lumbars
Inferior tubercle
53
Joint surface of typical thoracic transverse process absent on T12
Transverse costal facet
54
Curvature of inferior articular facets of T12
Significantly convex
55
Orientation of spinous process of T12
Posterior and horizontal
56
Generic shape of typical lumbar vertebral body from cranial view
Reniform
57
Pedicle attaches at what location on vertebral body of typical lumbar
Upper 1/3 or half of vertebral body
58
Name of elevation near origin of lumbar transverse process
Accessory process
59
Name give to lamina pedicle junction on typical lumbar
Pars interarticularis
60
Name given to projection on lumbar superior articular process
Mammillary process
61
Characteristic used to differentiate L5 from L1-L4
At L5 transverse process originates from vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle junction
62
Generic direction and length of 5th lumbar transverse process
Directed straight lateral and is shortest of all lumbar transverse processes
63
Typical number of segments that unite to form adult sacrum
5 segments
64
What forms medial sacral crest
Fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
65
What forms intermediate sacral crest
Fused articular processes and their facets
66
What features may be identified along intermediate sacral crest
Mammillary process of S1 and sacral cornu of S5
67
What do sacral cornu represent
Interior articular process and facet of S5
68
Name of inferior opening of sacral spinal canal
Sacral hiatus
69
Imaginary line drawn from transverse process of S1 to inferior lateral sacral angle forms what feature
Lateral sacral crest
70
What is sacral tuberosity
Enlarged transverse tubercle of S2
71
Feature associated with transverse tubercle of S5
Inferior and lateral sacral angle
72
From anterior view, intervertebral discs of sacrum are replaced by what feature
Transverse ridges
73
Feature identified on lateral surface of S1-S3
Auricular surface
74
Feature that anterior surface of superior epiphyseal rim of S1 forms
Sacral promontory
75
Name given to region of bone extending lateral from S1 vertebral body
Sacral Ala
76
What forms sacral ala
Costal element and true transverse process
77
Typical number of segments that form adult coccyx
4 segments
78
Body features present on coccyx
Each vertebral body
Co1 has coccygeal cornu and transverse process
79
Homolog of superior articular process and facet of Co1
Coccygeal cornu
80
Feature present at top of manubrium sterni
Jugular notch
81
Name given to articular site at superolateral margin of manubrium sterni
Clavicular notch
82
Names given to articular sites for joint w/ 1st and 2nd rib
Costal notch I and Costal notch II
83
How many sternabrae for corpus sterni
4
84
Surface feature on corpus sterni that identifies location of old synchondroses
Transverse lines
85
Articular sites for costal cartilage of ribs identified on corpus sterni
Costal notches II-VII
86
Primary parts of vertebral end of a typical rib
Head, neck, tubercle
87
Names given to articular surfaces on head of typical rib
Superior articular surface
| Inferior articular surface
88
Feature of head of rib that separates articular surfaces
Interarticular crest
89
Features identified on neck of typical rib
Crest of rib
90
Feature of tubercle of typical rib closer to head of rib
Articular surface of the tubercle
91
Feature of tubercle of typical rib closer to shaft of rib
Non-articular surface of tubercle
92
Features that may be identified on body of typical rib
Costal angle and costal groove
93
What is present on head of 1st rib
Single articular surface
94
Does 1st rib neck contain a crest
No
95
Features identified on tubercle of 1st rib
Articular surface and non-articular surface
96
What is unique about body of 1st rib
Flattened; has a scalene tubercle, groove for subclavian artery and groove for subclavian vein
97
Which groove on body of 1st rib is closer to vertebral end
Groove for subclavian artery
98
Which groove on body of 1st rib is close to sternal end
Groove for subclavian vein
99
Is costal angle or costal groove apparent on first rib
No, neither are apparent ton 1st rib
100
Features identified on head of rib 2
Two articular surfaces and interarticular crest
101
Name given to articular surfaces on head of rib 2 based on location
Superior articular surface and inferior articular surface
102
Feature identified on neck of rib 2
Crest of rib
103
Features identified on tubercle of rib 2
Articular surface and non-articular surface of the tubercle
104
What is the costal angle of a rib
Location on body or rib where there is a directional change toward the sternum
105
Unique feature present on body of rib 2
Tuberosity for serratus anterior
106
What distinguishes vertebral end of rib 11 from typical ribs
Single articular surface
Absence of a well-developed crest on neck
Tubercle may be absent, if present only non-articular surface
107
Features present on body of 11th rib
Costal angle and costal groove are under-developed
108
Appearance of sternal end of 11th rib
Somewhat pointed
109
What helps to distinguish vertebral end of 12th rib from other ribs
Head has a single articular surface, crest of neck poorly developed, tubercle is absent
110
Condition of body of rib 12
Costal angle and costal groove are absent
| Shortest of all ribs
111
Appearance of sternal end of 12th rib
Sternal end is pointed
112
Study of joints
Arthrology
113
Study of ligaments
Syndesmology
114
3 histological classifications of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial fluid
115
3 latin classifications of joints based on movement
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
116
Classification of joint held together w/ cartilage
Synchondrosis
117
Classification of joint formed by growth condition
Symphysis
118
Classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition
Syndesmosis
119
Classification of a plane or gliding synovial joint
Arthrodia
120
Classification of a hinge type synovial joint
Ginglymus
121
Classification of pivot type synovial joint
Trochoid
122
Classification of a knuckle type synovial joint
Condylar or bicondylar
123
Classification of an oval-like synovial joint
Ellipsoidal
124
Classification of saddle type synovial joint
Sellar
125
Classification of a ball and socket synovial joint
Cotyloid, spheroidal, enarthrosis
126
Term now used to identify synarthrosis joint type
Fibrous joints
127
Name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone
Synostosis
128
Fibrous connective tissue classically fills joint space of a syndesmosis
Ligament
129
Synonym for amphiarthrosis joints
Cartilage joint
130
Characteristics of synchondrosis
Primary cartilage joints, temporary, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template
131
Cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary
Symphysis
132
Classification of cartilage joint secondary, permanent, composed of fibrous cartilage and occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification
Symphysis
133
4 consistent features of synovial joints
Articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
134
Examples of synovial plane joints occur along vertebral column
Most zygapophyses of vertebral column
135
Example of synovial pivot joints along vertebral column
Median atlanto-axial joint
136
Shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints
Osseous pivot point and an osteo-ligamentous ring
137
Example of synovial saddle joint identified along the spine
joint of Luschka of typical cervicals
138
Joints classification that exhibits a knuckle-shaped surface on one side of the joint and an elliptical, concave surface on the other side
Diarthrosis ellipsoidal
139
Example of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint is identified along spine
Atlanto-occipital
140
Which Synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks
Ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints
141
What Mammals do not have seven cervical vertebra
Two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, three toed sloth
142
Mammals have more than 7 cervical vertebra
Ant bear, 3 toed sloth
143
Mammals have less than 7 cervical vertebra
2 toed sloth, manatee
144
of vertebra in typical cervical spine
7
145
Typical vertebra in cervical spine
C3-C6
146
Atypical cervical vertebra
C1, C2, C7
147
Shape of typical cervical vertebral body from cranial view
Rectangular
148
Effect of aging on cervical vertebral body
Diminishes overall height of vertebral body
149
Appearance of typical cervical vertebral body from lateral view
Posterior height greater than anterior height (by few mm)
150
Direction of cervical curve based on osseous features
Posterior or kyphotic
151
What accounts for direction of typical cervical curve
Intervertebral disc height
152
Direction of typical cervical curve
Anterior or lordotic
153
Which vertebral couples demonstrate a decrease in intervertebral disc height
C2/C3 down to C4/C5
154
Which vertebral couple will cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height
C5/C6
155
What are modifications of superior epiphyseal rim of typical cervical
Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
156
At what developmental age will uncinate process 1st be observed
3-4 fetal month
157
Joint classification for anterior lip-anterior longitudinal ligament-anterior groove articulation (also for posterior)
Fibrous syndesmosis
158
Joint classification for uncinate process-lateral groove articulation
Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
159
Joint classification for spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation
Cartilaginous symphysis
160
How many joints are present on upper surface of typical cervical vertebral body
5
161
How many joints are present on lower surface of typical cervical vertebral body
5
162
How many total joints present on vertebral body of typical cervical
10
163
Synovial joint surfaces are present on vertebral body of typical cervical
Right and left uncinate process and right and left lateral groove
164
Name given to uncinate process-lateral groove articulation
Joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
165
Joint of Luschka formed from what surfaces
Uncinate process and lateral groove
166
How many total synovial joint surfaces present on vertebral body of a typical cervical
4
167
Functional significance of joint of Luschka
Appears to stabilize IVD while accomodating flexion—extension and requires coupled motion in cervical spine
168
How many cartilaginous symphysis joints are present on vertebral body of typical cervical
Two
169
What muscle attaches to typical cervical vertebral body
Longus colli muscle
170
Orientation and angulation of pedicle of typical cervical
Posteriolateral, 45 degrees
171
In vertebral couple, which cervical vertebral body will contribute more toward the height of intervertebral foramen
Neither, both contribute equally
172
Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on inferior vertebral notch of C5
C6
173
Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on superior vertebral notch of C5
C5 spinal nerve
174
Direction of projection of cervical lamina
Posteromedially
175
Ligament that attaches to lamina of typical cervical
Ligamentum flavum
176
Joint classification associated with ligamentum flavum and its attachment
Fibrous syndesmosis
177
Ossification of ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on lamina will result in
Para-articular processes
178
Ossification of ligamentum flavum at attachment site on lamina will be associated with which classification of bone
Accessory bone
179
Ossification within length of ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone
Heterotopic bone
180
Outline of vertebral foramen of typical cervical vertebra
Heart-shaped or triangular
181
Greatest diameter of vertebral foramen of typical cervicals
Transverse
182
Greatest transverse diameter of typical cervical vertebra occurs at ____?
C6
183
Greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple
C5/C6
184
What muscles will attach to anterior tubercle of typical cervical vertebra
Anterior scalene
Longus capitis
Longus colli
Anterior intertransversarii
185
Muscles that may attach to posterior tubercle of typical cervical vertebra
Splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii
186
Muscles that will attach to costotransverse bar
Middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
187
What produces primary tension on transverse process that cause remodeling in anteriolateral and inferior directions
Cervical spinal nerves as they form cervical and brachial plexuses
188
Name given to modification of anterior tubercle of C6 transverse process
Carotid tubercle
189
What causes remodeling of anterior tubercle of C6
Common carotid artery
190
What occupies typical cervical transverse foramen
Vertebral artery
Vertebral venous plexus
Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
191
Part of PNS observed in transverse foramen of typical cervical
Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
192
Name of lamina-pedicle junction of typical cervical vertebrae
Articular pillar
193
Name of surface feature observed between ends of articular pillar
Groove/sulcus for dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve
194
Classic angulation for typical cervical articular facets
40 to 45 degrees
195
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical facets
55 to 60 degrees
196
Orientation of typical cervical inferior articular facet
Forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)
197
Orientation of typical cervical superior articular facet
Backwar, upward, medial (BUM)
198
Muscles that attach to typical cervical articular processes
Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators
199
Muscles blend with capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses
Semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus
200
Joint classification for typical cervical zygapophysis
Synovial plane joint
201
Modifications of synovial joint observed in cervical spine
Meniscoidal folds
202
Function of meniscoidal folds in cervical zygapophysis
Distribute pressure across joint surface
203
Greatest range of flexion—extension among typical cervical vertebra occurs at which couple
C5/C6
204
Motions that are coupled in cervical spine
Lateral bending and axial rotation
205
Ranges of coupled motion in cervical vertebra begin to decrease with what couple
C5/C6
206
Usual condition for caucasian cervical spinous process
Bifid
207
Usual condition for african-american cervical spinous process
Non-bifid
