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Spinal > Exam 1 Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name given to modification of anterior tubercle of C6 transverse process

A

Carotid tubercle

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2
Q

Name given to superior margin of costotransverse bar

A

Sulcus for ventral primary ramus

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3
Q

Usual condition for caucasian typical cervical spinous process

A

They are bifid

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4
Q

Usual condition for African-American typical cervical spinous process

A

They are NOT bifid

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5
Q

Osseous modification at distal end of spinous process

A

Spinous tubercle

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6
Q

Surface features present on superior epiphyseal rim of vertebral body of C7

A

Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes

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7
Q

Appearance of inferior surface of vertebral body of C7

A

Typically flat, lacks anterior and posterior lips

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8
Q

Osseous parts of transverse process of C7

A

Costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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9
Q

Features of spinous process of C7

A

Long, horizontal, nonbifid

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10
Q

Outline of vertebral body of T1 from superior view

A

Somewhat rectangular w/ curved anterior margins

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11
Q

Appearance of superior surface of vertebral body of T1

A

Somewhat cup-shaped w/ elevations at posterior and lateral margin

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12
Q

Appearance of inferior surface of vertebral body of T1

A

Typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips

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13
Q

What surfaces are present on upper and lower margins of T1 vertebral body

A

Right and left superior costal facet

Right and left inferior costal demi-facet

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14
Q

What is present on transverse tubercle of T1

A

Transverse costal facet

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15
Q

Angulation of spinous process of T1

A

Nearly horizontal

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16
Q

What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8

A

Vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process

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17
Q

Outline of vertebral body of T2-T4 from cranial view

A

Vertebral body will have bilaterally convex sides

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18
Q

Outline of vertebral body for T5-T8 from cranial view

A

Left side of vertebral body will be flattened, right side convex

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19
Q

Name given to left side appearance of vertebral body of T5-T8

A

Aortic impression

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20
Q

Part of vertebral body most influenced by aorta at T5-T8

A

Left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims

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21
Q

Synovial joint surfaces present on vertebral body of a typical thoracic

A

Right and left superior and right and left inferior costal demi-facets

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22
Q

Distance between transverse tubercles in typical thoracic region

A

From T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as transverse processes angle more posterior

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23
Q

What is present on transverse tubercle of typical thoracic

A

Transverse costal facet

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24
Q

Orientation of transverse costal facets for T2-T6

A

Face forward and outward

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25
Q

How do transverse diameters of articular processes compare in T2-T4 region

A

Superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter

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26
Q

Transverse diameters of articular processes compare in T5-T8 region

A

Superior articular process transverse diameter is the same or equal to inferior articular process transverse diameter

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27
Q

Name given to region between superior and inferior articular process in typical thoracics

A

Pars interarticularis

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28
Q

Part of vertebra arises laterally from pars interarticularis

A

Transverse process

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29
Q

Part of vertebra arises medially from pars interarticularis

A

Lamina

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30
Q

Orientation of spinous process of typical thoracic

A

Slant backward and downward

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31
Q

Which vertebrae have spinous process angulation of up to forty degrees

A

T2-T4

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32
Q

Which vertebrae have a spinous process angulation of up to 60 degrees

A

T5-T8

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33
Q

Synovial joint surfaces present on vertebral body of T9

A

Right and left superior costal demi-facets

Right and left inferior costal demi-facets

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34
Q

Synovial joint surfaces that may be absent from vertebral body of T9

A

Inferior costal demi-facets

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35
Q

What is present at tip of transverse process of T9

A

Transverse costal facet

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36
Q

Orientation of spinous process of T9

A

Posterior and slightly inferior

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37
Q

Synovial joint surface present on vertebral body of T10

A

Right and left superior costal facet

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38
Q

Synovial joint surface absent from vertebral body of T10

A

Inferior costal demi-facet

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39
Q

Position and direction of pedicle from vertebral body of T10

A

Pedicle arises from upper 1/3 of body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

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40
Q

Feature that is very commonly observed on lamina of T10

A

Para-articular processes

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41
Q

Part of the transverse process that may be absent on T10

A

Transverse costal facet

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42
Q

Orientation of spinous process of T10

A

Posterior and slightly inferior

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43
Q

Synovial joint surfaces present on vertebral body of T11

A

Right and left superior costal facet

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44
Q

Synovial joint surface absent from vertebral body of T11

A

Inferior costal demi-facet

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45
Q

Part of transverse process absent on T11

A

Transverse costal facet

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46
Q

Orientation of spinous process of T11

A

Posterior and horizontal along undersurface

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47
Q

Outline of vertebral body of T12 from superior view

A

Reniform

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48
Q

Synovial joint surfaces present on vertebral body of T12

A

Right and left superior costal facet

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49
Q

Synovial joint surface absent from vertebral body of T12

A

Inferior costal demi-facets

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50
Q

Tubercle on T12 represents transverse processes

A

Lateral tubercle

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51
Q

Tubercle on T12 represents mammillary process

A

Superior tubercle

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52
Q

Tubercle on T12 represents accessory process of lumbars

A

Inferior tubercle

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53
Q

Joint surface of typical thoracic transverse process absent on T12

A

Transverse costal facet

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54
Q

Curvature of inferior articular facets of T12

A

Significantly convex

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55
Q

Orientation of spinous process of T12

A

Posterior and horizontal

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56
Q

Generic shape of typical lumbar vertebral body from cranial view

A

Reniform

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57
Q

Pedicle attaches at what location on vertebral body of typical lumbar

A

Upper 1/3 or half of vertebral body

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58
Q

Name of elevation near origin of lumbar transverse process

A

Accessory process

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59
Q

Name give to lamina pedicle junction on typical lumbar

A

Pars interarticularis

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60
Q

Name given to projection on lumbar superior articular process

A

Mammillary process

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61
Q

Characteristic used to differentiate L5 from L1-L4

A

At L5 transverse process originates from vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle junction

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62
Q

Generic direction and length of 5th lumbar transverse process

A

Directed straight lateral and is shortest of all lumbar transverse processes

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63
Q

Typical number of segments that unite to form adult sacrum

A

5 segments

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64
Q

What forms medial sacral crest

A

Fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

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65
Q

What forms intermediate sacral crest

A

Fused articular processes and their facets

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66
Q

What features may be identified along intermediate sacral crest

A

Mammillary process of S1 and sacral cornu of S5

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67
Q

What do sacral cornu represent

A

Interior articular process and facet of S5

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68
Q

Name of inferior opening of sacral spinal canal

A

Sacral hiatus

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69
Q

Imaginary line drawn from transverse process of S1 to inferior lateral sacral angle forms what feature

A

Lateral sacral crest

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70
Q

What is sacral tuberosity

A

Enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

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71
Q

Feature associated with transverse tubercle of S5

A

Inferior and lateral sacral angle

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72
Q

From anterior view, intervertebral discs of sacrum are replaced by what feature

A

Transverse ridges

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73
Q

Feature identified on lateral surface of S1-S3

A

Auricular surface

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74
Q

Feature that anterior surface of superior epiphyseal rim of S1 forms

A

Sacral promontory

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75
Q

Name given to region of bone extending lateral from S1 vertebral body

A

Sacral Ala

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76
Q

What forms sacral ala

A

Costal element and true transverse process

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77
Q

Typical number of segments that form adult coccyx

A

4 segments

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78
Q

Body features present on coccyx

A

Each vertebral body

Co1 has coccygeal cornu and transverse process

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79
Q

Homolog of superior articular process and facet of Co1

A

Coccygeal cornu

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80
Q

Feature present at top of manubrium sterni

A

Jugular notch

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81
Q

Name given to articular site at superolateral margin of manubrium sterni

A

Clavicular notch

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82
Q

Names given to articular sites for joint w/ 1st and 2nd rib

A

Costal notch I and Costal notch II

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83
Q

How many sternabrae for corpus sterni

A

4

84
Q

Surface feature on corpus sterni that identifies location of old synchondroses

A

Transverse lines

85
Q

Articular sites for costal cartilage of ribs identified on corpus sterni

A

Costal notches II-VII

86
Q

Primary parts of vertebral end of a typical rib

A

Head, neck, tubercle

87
Q

Names given to articular surfaces on head of typical rib

A

Superior articular surface

Inferior articular surface

88
Q

Feature of head of rib that separates articular surfaces

A

Interarticular crest

89
Q

Features identified on neck of typical rib

A

Crest of rib

90
Q

Feature of tubercle of typical rib closer to head of rib

A

Articular surface of the tubercle

91
Q

Feature of tubercle of typical rib closer to shaft of rib

A

Non-articular surface of tubercle

92
Q

Features that may be identified on body of typical rib

A

Costal angle and costal groove

93
Q

What is present on head of 1st rib

A

Single articular surface

94
Q

Does 1st rib neck contain a crest

A

No

95
Q

Features identified on tubercle of 1st rib

A

Articular surface and non-articular surface

96
Q

What is unique about body of 1st rib

A

Flattened; has a scalene tubercle, groove for subclavian artery and groove for subclavian vein

97
Q

Which groove on body of 1st rib is closer to vertebral end

A

Groove for subclavian artery

98
Q

Which groove on body of 1st rib is close to sternal end

A

Groove for subclavian vein

99
Q

Is costal angle or costal groove apparent on first rib

A

No, neither are apparent ton 1st rib

100
Q

Features identified on head of rib 2

A

Two articular surfaces and interarticular crest

101
Q

Name given to articular surfaces on head of rib 2 based on location

A

Superior articular surface and inferior articular surface

102
Q

Feature identified on neck of rib 2

A

Crest of rib

103
Q

Features identified on tubercle of rib 2

A

Articular surface and non-articular surface of the tubercle

104
Q

What is the costal angle of a rib

A

Location on body or rib where there is a directional change toward the sternum

105
Q

Unique feature present on body of rib 2

A

Tuberosity for serratus anterior

106
Q

What distinguishes vertebral end of rib 11 from typical ribs

A

Single articular surface
Absence of a well-developed crest on neck
Tubercle may be absent, if present only non-articular surface

107
Q

Features present on body of 11th rib

A

Costal angle and costal groove are under-developed

108
Q

Appearance of sternal end of 11th rib

A

Somewhat pointed

109
Q

What helps to distinguish vertebral end of 12th rib from other ribs

A

Head has a single articular surface, crest of neck poorly developed, tubercle is absent

110
Q

Condition of body of rib 12

A

Costal angle and costal groove are absent

Shortest of all ribs

111
Q

Appearance of sternal end of 12th rib

A

Sternal end is pointed

112
Q

Study of joints

A

Arthrology

113
Q

Study of ligaments

A

Syndesmology

114
Q

3 histological classifications of joints

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial fluid

115
Q

3 latin classifications of joints based on movement

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

116
Q

Classification of joint held together w/ cartilage

A

Synchondrosis

117
Q

Classification of joint formed by growth condition

A

Symphysis

118
Q

Classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition

A

Syndesmosis

119
Q

Classification of a plane or gliding synovial joint

A

Arthrodia

120
Q

Classification of a hinge type synovial joint

A

Ginglymus

121
Q

Classification of pivot type synovial joint

A

Trochoid

122
Q

Classification of a knuckle type synovial joint

A

Condylar or bicondylar

123
Q

Classification of an oval-like synovial joint

A

Ellipsoidal

124
Q

Classification of saddle type synovial joint

A

Sellar

125
Q

Classification of a ball and socket synovial joint

A

Cotyloid, spheroidal, enarthrosis

126
Q

Term now used to identify synarthrosis joint type

A

Fibrous joints

127
Q

Name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone

A

Synostosis

128
Q

Fibrous connective tissue classically fills joint space of a syndesmosis

A

Ligament

129
Q

Synonym for amphiarthrosis joints

A

Cartilage joint

130
Q

Characteristics of synchondrosis

A

Primary cartilage joints, temporary, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template

131
Q

Cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary

A

Symphysis

132
Q

Classification of cartilage joint secondary, permanent, composed of fibrous cartilage and occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification

A

Symphysis

133
Q

4 consistent features of synovial joints

A

Articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid

134
Q

Examples of synovial plane joints occur along vertebral column

A

Most zygapophyses of vertebral column

135
Q

Example of synovial pivot joints along vertebral column

A

Median atlanto-axial joint

136
Q

Shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints

A

Osseous pivot point and an osteo-ligamentous ring

137
Q

Example of synovial saddle joint identified along the spine

A

joint of Luschka of typical cervicals

138
Q

Joints classification that exhibits a knuckle-shaped surface on one side of the joint and an elliptical, concave surface on the other side

A

Diarthrosis ellipsoidal

139
Q

Example of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint is identified along spine

A

Atlanto-occipital

140
Q

Which Synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks

A

Ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints

141
Q

What Mammals do not have seven cervical vertebra

A

Two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, three toed sloth

142
Q

Mammals have more than 7 cervical vertebra

A

Ant bear, 3 toed sloth

143
Q

Mammals have less than 7 cervical vertebra

A

2 toed sloth, manatee

144
Q

of vertebra in typical cervical spine

A

7

145
Q

Typical vertebra in cervical spine

A

C3-C6

146
Q

Atypical cervical vertebra

A

C1, C2, C7

147
Q

Shape of typical cervical vertebral body from cranial view

A

Rectangular

148
Q

Effect of aging on cervical vertebral body

A

Diminishes overall height of vertebral body

149
Q

Appearance of typical cervical vertebral body from lateral view

A

Posterior height greater than anterior height (by few mm)

150
Q

Direction of cervical curve based on osseous features

A

Posterior or kyphotic

151
Q

What accounts for direction of typical cervical curve

A

Intervertebral disc height

152
Q

Direction of typical cervical curve

A

Anterior or lordotic

153
Q

Which vertebral couples demonstrate a decrease in intervertebral disc height

A

C2/C3 down to C4/C5

154
Q

Which vertebral couple will cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height

A

C5/C6

155
Q

What are modifications of superior epiphyseal rim of typical cervical

A

Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes

156
Q

At what developmental age will uncinate process 1st be observed

A

3-4 fetal month

157
Q

Joint classification for anterior lip-anterior longitudinal ligament-anterior groove articulation (also for posterior)

A

Fibrous syndesmosis

158
Q

Joint classification for uncinate process-lateral groove articulation

A

Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

159
Q

Joint classification for spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation

A

Cartilaginous symphysis

160
Q

How many joints are present on upper surface of typical cervical vertebral body

A

5

161
Q

How many joints are present on lower surface of typical cervical vertebral body

A

5

162
Q

How many total joints present on vertebral body of typical cervical

A

10

163
Q

Synovial joint surfaces are present on vertebral body of typical cervical

A

Right and left uncinate process and right and left lateral groove

164
Q

Name given to uncinate process-lateral groove articulation

A

Joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint

165
Q

Joint of Luschka formed from what surfaces

A

Uncinate process and lateral groove

166
Q

How many total synovial joint surfaces present on vertebral body of a typical cervical

A

4

167
Q

Functional significance of joint of Luschka

A

Appears to stabilize IVD while accomodating flexion—extension and requires coupled motion in cervical spine

168
Q

How many cartilaginous symphysis joints are present on vertebral body of typical cervical

A

Two

169
Q

What muscle attaches to typical cervical vertebral body

A

Longus colli muscle

170
Q

Orientation and angulation of pedicle of typical cervical

A

Posteriolateral, 45 degrees

171
Q

In vertebral couple, which cervical vertebral body will contribute more toward the height of intervertebral foramen

A

Neither, both contribute equally

172
Q

Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on inferior vertebral notch of C5

A

C6

173
Q

Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on superior vertebral notch of C5

A

C5 spinal nerve

174
Q

Direction of projection of cervical lamina

A

Posteromedially

175
Q

Ligament that attaches to lamina of typical cervical

A

Ligamentum flavum

176
Q

Joint classification associated with ligamentum flavum and its attachment

A

Fibrous syndesmosis

177
Q

Ossification of ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on lamina will result in

A

Para-articular processes

178
Q

Ossification of ligamentum flavum at attachment site on lamina will be associated with which classification of bone

A

Accessory bone

179
Q

Ossification within length of ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone

A

Heterotopic bone

180
Q

Outline of vertebral foramen of typical cervical vertebra

A

Heart-shaped or triangular

181
Q

Greatest diameter of vertebral foramen of typical cervicals

A

Transverse

182
Q

Greatest transverse diameter of typical cervical vertebra occurs at ____?

A

C6

183
Q

Greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple

A

C5/C6

184
Q

What muscles will attach to anterior tubercle of typical cervical vertebra

A

Anterior scalene
Longus capitis
Longus colli
Anterior intertransversarii

185
Q

Muscles that may attach to posterior tubercle of typical cervical vertebra

A

Splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii

186
Q

Muscles that will attach to costotransverse bar

A

Middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii

187
Q

What produces primary tension on transverse process that cause remodeling in anteriolateral and inferior directions

A

Cervical spinal nerves as they form cervical and brachial plexuses

188
Q

Name given to modification of anterior tubercle of C6 transverse process

A

Carotid tubercle

189
Q

What causes remodeling of anterior tubercle of C6

A

Common carotid artery

190
Q

What occupies typical cervical transverse foramen

A

Vertebral artery
Vertebral venous plexus
Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

191
Q

Part of PNS observed in transverse foramen of typical cervical

A

Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

192
Q

Name of lamina-pedicle junction of typical cervical vertebrae

A

Articular pillar

193
Q

Name of surface feature observed between ends of articular pillar

A

Groove/sulcus for dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve

194
Q

Classic angulation for typical cervical articular facets

A

40 to 45 degrees

195
Q

Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical facets

A

55 to 60 degrees

196
Q

Orientation of typical cervical inferior articular facet

A

Forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)

197
Q

Orientation of typical cervical superior articular facet

A

Backwar, upward, medial (BUM)

198
Q

Muscles that attach to typical cervical articular processes

A

Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators

199
Q

Muscles blend with capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses

A

Semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus

200
Q

Joint classification for typical cervical zygapophysis

A

Synovial plane joint

201
Q

Modifications of synovial joint observed in cervical spine

A

Meniscoidal folds

202
Q

Function of meniscoidal folds in cervical zygapophysis

A

Distribute pressure across joint surface

203
Q

Greatest range of flexion—extension among typical cervical vertebra occurs at which couple

A

C5/C6

204
Q

Motions that are coupled in cervical spine

A

Lateral bending and axial rotation

205
Q

Ranges of coupled motion in cervical vertebra begin to decrease with what couple

A

C5/C6

206
Q

Usual condition for caucasian cervical spinous process

A

Bifid

207
Q

Usual condition for african-american cervical spinous process

A

Non-bifid

Spinal (27 decks)

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