Exam 3: Quiz--Controlling Microbial Growth in Body: Antimicrobial Drugs

Question 1

What are chemicals that affect physiology in any manner called?

Answer 1

Drugs

includes all medications, also caffeine, alcohol, tobacco

Question 2

What are drugs that act against disease?

Answer 2

Chemotherapeutic agents

Exs:
insulin, anticancer drugs, antimicrobials, etc.

Question 3

What are drugs that treat infections?

Answer 3

anitmicrobial agents

Exs:
antibiotics, antivirals, antiprotozoans, antifungals, antihelminthics

Question 4

What is a subcategory to Drugs? What is a subcategory to that?

Answer 4

Drugs–> Chemotherapeutic agents–> antimicrobial agents

Question 5

What is the key to mechanisms of antimicrobial action?

Answer 5

Selective toxicity

Question 6

What is the term for a drug that is more toxic to pathogen than to pathogen’s host?

Answer 6

selective toxicity

Question 7

What is the largest and most diverse kind of drugs?

Answer 7

antibacterial

Question 8

What kind of drugs do we have most of? list in order.

• eukaryotic infs
• bacterial infs
• viral infs

Answer 8

1. Antibacterial
2. Eukaryotic infs (antifungal, antiprotozoan, antihelminthic)
3. antiviral drugs

Question 9

What type of drugs do we have the fewest of?

Answer 9

anitviral drugs

Question 10

What are the 6 Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Drugs?

Answer 10

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibition of protein synthesis
3. Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane
4. Inhibition of general metabolic pathway
5. Inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis
6. Inhibition of pathogen’s attachment to, or recognition of, host

Question 11

What antimicrobial mechanism of action blocks peptide and sugar analogs of attachment or receptor proteins, especially viruses?

Answer 11

Inhibition of pathogen’s attachment to, or recognition of, host

Question 12

What antimicrobial mechanism of action uses pathways not used by humans?

Answer 12

Inhibition of general metabolic pathway

Question 13

What antimicrobial mechanism of action uses analogs– incorporated into DNA/RNA of pathogens, distort nucleic acids, prevent further processing?

Answer 13

Inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis

Question 14

What antimicrobial mechanism of action dirupts translation to target and target differences b/w prok/euk ribosomes?

Answer 14

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Question 15

What antimicrobial mechanism of action is selectively toxic to fungal or bacterial cells which have cell walls?

Answer 15

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Question 16

What antimicrobial mechanism of action often forms a channel through membrane, damaging its integrity?

Answer 16

Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane

Question 17

Elaborate on the ribosomes that prokaryotes contain and eukaryotes contain?

Answer 17

prokaryotes–> 70S

Eukaryotes–> 80S, but have 70S in mitochondria

Question 18

Why could drugs that target the prokaryotic 70S ribosomes be harmful to us?

Answer 18

our mitochondria have 70S ribosomes also

Question 19

What are examples of drugs that target the 70S ribosome?

Answer 19

• tetracycline, monocycline, doxycycline
• azithromycin, erythromycin

RUBBING ALCOHOL in hand sanitizer!!!!!

Question 20

What is it called when the spectrum of action is effective against a few organisms?

Answer 20

Narrow-spectrum

more important to know what organism is causing the inf.

Question 21

What is it called when the spectrum of action is effective against many organisms?

Answer 21

Broad-spectrum

Question 22

What may the use of Broad-Spectrum antimicrobial drugs cause?

Answer 22

kill off normal flora –> reducing microbial antagonism–> allowing for secondary or super-infections to develop

Question 23

What do we call side effects that are not what was intended?

Answer 23

Unanticipated effects

Question 24

What do we call side effects that are negative side effects?

Answer 24

adverse reactions

Question 25

How common are allergies to drugs? How serious are they?

Answer 25

rare, but may be life threatening--> Anaphylactic shock or hypersensitivity

Question 26

What are the three clinical considerations in prescribing antimicrobial drugs?

Answer 26

1. Side effects 2. Allergies 3. Toxicity

Question 27

Describe why toxicity is a clinical consideration when prescribing antimicrobial drugs.

Answer 27

- drugs may be toxic, esp. to kidneys, liver, lungs | - needed when prescribing to pregnant women

Question 28

What are two side effects from toxicity of antimicrobial agents she mentioned?

Answer 28

1. "black hairy tongue" from antiprotozoan drug--> metronidazole 2. discoloration and damage to tooth enamal caused by tetracycline

Question 29

Why shouldn't pregnant women take tetracycline?

Answer 29

binds to Ca++ ions on teeth--> and if taken while developing and exposed to sunlight it oxidizes and causes color change - found out can cause this in fetus

Question 30

Why may disruption of normal microbiota need to be taken into consideration when it comes to prescribing antimicrobial drugs?

Answer 30

can cause overgrowth of normal flora--> causing secondary infection (Ex: yeast, C-diff)--> greatest concern for hospitalized patients

Question 31

T/F. some pathogens are naturally resistant to antimicrobial drugs

Answer 31

true

Question 32

What are the two ways that some bacteria acquire resistance?

Answer 32

1. New mutations of chromosomal genes | 2. Acquisition of R-plasmids via Horizontal Gene Transfer

Question 33

What is is called when a pathogen can acquire resistance to more than one drug? Where is the common?

Answer 33

Multiple Resistance common when R-plasmids exchanged and in hospitals/nursing homes--> constant use of drugs eliminates sensitive cells--> how get--> "superbugs"

Question 34

What is it called when resistance to one antimicrobial agent may confer resistance to similar drugs?

Answer 34

Cross Resistance

Question 35

How can we decrease resistance to antimicrobial drugs?

Answer 35

1. Maintain high conc. of drug in patient for sufficient time 2. combination of agents--> synergism 3. use only when necessary 4. develop new variations 5. search for new antibiotics

Question 36

What is it called when one drug enhances effect of second drug?

Answer 36

Synergism ---use of antimicrobial agents in combination

Question 37

Why is it important to finish out antimicrobial drugs once you start taking them?

Answer 37

kills all sensitive cells and inhibits others so the immune system can destroy them--> if stop taking it, then sensitive ones die, but the strong ones never do--> they can replicated and lead to more antimicrobial resistance

Question 38

What may be a new research area to search for new antibiotics?

Answer 38

quorum sensing--> bacterial communication chemicals/ how they communicate