What are the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: 1. nucleus 2. DNA 3. size 4. structure 5. examples

1. P-No nucleus; E- nucleus 2. P-circular; E-linear 3. P-smaller; E-larger 4. P-simple; E-complex 5. P-bacteria and archaea; E-protozoa, fungi, animals, plants, and algae

Exam 1- Microbiology Ch.1, 3, 11, 6, 7 Flashcards by Michelle Farrow

What is the working definition of microbiology?

study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye

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What are the three main questions Scientists searched for in The Golden Age of Microbiology?

What causes fermentation?
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?

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Who is Louis Pasteur?

“Father of Microbiology”

- responsible for pasturization, fermentaiton, and the Germ Theory of Disease

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What may be the most important microbiological event–one that has had a greater impact upon culture and society than that of any disease or epidemic?

Domestication of the yeast used by bakers:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ("sugar fungus that makes beer")

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What is the Germ Theory of Disease and who do we have to thank for it?

Discovery: bacteria responsible for spoiling wine + Hypothesis: microbes responsible for diseases

Thank you, Louis Pasteur

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What are the components of the Triad or Triangle of Health?

host (chiro’s focus)
environment (public health’s focus)
agent (allopathic medicine focus)

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Who is credited with handwashing in preventing infection and disease? How was it discovered?

Ignaz Semmelweis —> noted births vs mortality of mothers giving birth; med students 20x higher than midwives; “cadaver particles” from the hands of the medical students caused puerperal fever

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Who is credited with antiseptic technique? How?

Joseph Lister –> surgeon, noted consequences of inf. of wounds; began spraying wounds, incisions, dressings with carbolic acid and decreased deaths of patients by 2/3

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Who is credited with infection control/ filed of epidemiology? How?

John Snow –> determined cause of cholera transmission in London; officials reluctant to believe him, but it stopped outbreak of cholera

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Who is credited with smallpox vaccine/ field of immunology?

Edward Jenner–> showed vaccination with pus collected from cowpox lesions prevented small pox

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What are the Processes of Life (what organism needs to be able to do in order to be considered alive)?

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism

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What is the single most important distinguishing characteristic between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

nucleus

Eukaryotes have a nucleus
Prokaryotes DO NOT have a nucleus

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What are the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

nucleus
DNA
size
structure
examples

P-No nucleus; E- nucleus
P-circular; E-linear
P-smaller; E-larger
P-simple; E-complex
P-bacteria and archaea; E-protozoa, fungi, animals, plants, and algae

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What are inclusions and what type of cells have them?

bacteria (prokaryotes)–> little area of cell where store nutrients; may include reserve deposits of chemicals; stored when nutrients abundant, and used when nutrients scarce

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What are endospores? What organisms can produce them?

unique, produced by SOME bacteria, is a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions

Genes: Bacillus and Clostridium

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Where is the site of protein synthesis in a cell?

ribosomes

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What are the size of prokaryotic ribosomes?

70S

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What are the size of Eukaryotic ribosomes? What about their mitochondria?

80S

mitochondria have 70S

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What is the importance of knowing that eukaryotic mitochondria contain 70S ribosomes?

b/c prokaryotes contain 70S ribosomes, and tha can be a target for antimicrobial drugs (therefore impacting human ribosomes too)

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Which cells contain 70S ribosomes?

BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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What are four functions of bacterial cell walls?

give bacterial cells characteristic features
protect cell from osmotic forces
assist some cells in attaching to other cells
often a target of antimicrobial drugs

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What are the four categories of Bacteria based on cell walls? Which one does not have a cell wall?

Gram (+)
Gram (-)
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma (only one w/o cell wall)

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Which type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer? What color do they stain after a Gram stain?

Gram (+) bacteria; stain purple

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How many lipid bilayers do Gram (-) bacteria have? Size of peptidoglycan layer? What do they stain after Gram staining?

2 lipid bilayers
thin layer of peptidoglycan
stains magenta

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What does a Gram (-) bacteria membrane contain that is of importance and unique to it?

lipopolysaccharide, known as Lipid A

Which type of bacteria has a cell wall and contains waxy, mycolic acid?

Acid-Fast Bacteria, in the genus: Mycobacterium

What does a bacteria with the genus Mycoplasma tell us?

- NO cell wall!!! - has distinctive "fried egg" appearance - colonize osmotically protected habitats

What is osmosis?

movement of water through semipermeable membrane, from an area of lower solute conc. to an area of higher solute conc.

What happens to a cell without a cell wall that is placed in an isotonic solution? What if cell has a cell wall?

Both are the same; water moves in and out of cell evenly (due to solutes being equal inside of and outside cell)

What happens to a cell with no cell wall that is placed in a hypertonic solution? What can occur? What if cell has a cell wall?

cell loses water; crenation can occur --> which is loss of cell function due to loss of TOO much water ~same thing

What happens to a cell with no cell wall that is placed in a hypotonic solution? What if cell has a cell wall?

water will rush into the cell and cell will burst w/ cell wall--> water will rush inside, but cell will NOT burst

How can we tell by the genus name if a cell if a Gram (+) Bacteria? What are the exceptions?

``` Genus name ends in -us or -um Exceptions: - Listeria - Nocardia - Actinomyces - Streptomyces ```

How can we tell by the genus name if a cell is a Gram (-) Bacteria? What are the exceptions?

``` Ends in - a or -er Exceptions: - Pseudomonas - Haemphilus - Vibrio - Proteus - Bacteroides ```

How can we tell by the name if it is an Acid-Fast Bacteria?

Genus name is "mycobacterium" | TB, Leprosy

How can we tell by the name if it is a bacteria with no cell wall?

Genus name is "mycoplasma" | pneumonia

What are the 5 typical prokaryote morphologies?

1. coccus 2. bacillus 3. vibrio 4. spirochete 5. pleomophic

What does morphology mean? What does arrangements mean?

the shape of ONE cell how cells "hang out" in groups

What do these morphologies mean? 1. coccus 2. bacillus 3. vibrio 4. spirochete 5. pleomorphic

1. round/sphere 2. rod shape 3. bent rod, comma shape 4. corkscrew 5. all diff shapes

T/F. We know it is a vibrio shaped prokaryote b/c "Vibrio" is always in the name.

True

What are the two disease caused by prokaryotes with the morphology spirochete?

1. Lyme's disease | 2. syphilis

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce? What are the 3 main methods?

``` ALL reproduce asexually Main Methods: 1. Binary Fission (MC) 2. Snapping division 3. Budding ```

What occurs in Binary fission?

1. replicates DNA 2. elongation of membrane and separate DNA 3. cell wall forms and membrane invaginates 4. cross wall forms completely 5. daughter cells separate

What occurs in Snapping Division?

(variation of binary fission) - copies DNA and forms new cell wall - start to separate on 1/2, but one part stays in tack and that becomes hinge point

What are the two genus names that reproduce by Snapping Division?

1. Clostridium 2. Corynebacterium (therefore, Palisade bacilli arrangement)

What occurs in Budding asexual reproduction?

1. DNA is replicated 2. cell elongates and forms a bud 3. young bud forms 4. bud totally separates and daughter cell is formed

What are the different arrangements of cocci?

1. Diplococci 2. Streptococci 3. Tetrads 4. Sarcinae 5. Staphylococci

Describe these arrangements: 1. Diplococci 2. Streptococci 3. Tetrads 4. Sarcinae 5. Staphylococci

1. two cell; (1 plane) 2. chain, row, line; (1 plane) 3. "4 square"; (2 planes) 4. cube: (3 planes)--rare 5. cluster (all planes)--common

What are the different arrangements of bacilli?

1. Single bacillus 2. Diplobacilli 3. Streptobacilli 4. V-shape or Palisade

Describe these arrangements: 1. Single bacillus 2. Diplobacilli 3. Streptobacilli 4. V-shape or Palisade

1. one cell--so rod shaped 2. two rod shape cells attached at ends 3. a chain of rods 4. occur due to snapping division

What are the two genus names that have a Palisade bacilli arrangement?

1. Clostridium 2. Corynebacterium (therefore snapping division reproduction)

What are the 7 growth requirements of bacteria?

1. oxygen 2. temp 3. pH 4. moisture 5. osmotic pressure 6. light 7. food

T/F. Organisms vary widely in their oxygen requirements for growth

true

What is the most important factor for affecting the growth of microorganisms?

temperature; organisms can grow w/in a range of temps

What are organisms called that prefer cold temperatures for optimal growth?

psychrophilic

What are organisms called that prefer moderate temperatures?

mesophilic

What temperature classification are most pathogenic organisms in?

mesophilic; usually about normal human temperature

What are organisms called that prefer high temperatures?

thermophilic

What pH do most animal pathogens work best near?

pH 7, human bodies physiological pH = 7.4 (so makes sense)

What pH range do most microorganisms thrive in?

pH range of 6-9

What is a way to alter pH when preserving food?

"pickling"; use acidic medium (i.e. vinegar)

When it comes to Moisture for growth, do vegetative cells maintenance and growth require water?

yes; - food and waste are transported through cell wall in water solutions - water is a building material necessary in cell synthesis

How is osmotic pressure created?

by osmosis

Describe what occurs to a cell in a hypertonic env. and in a hypotonic env.

hypertonic env. -- water drawn out of cell and cell shrinks and may die = crenation hypotonic env. -- water is drawn into cell, cell swells OR may even burst (will not burst if has cell wall)

T/F. Most pathogens can survive in direct sunglight.

False-- most pathogens are killed by direct sunlight--think about it, our bodies are dark on the inside (both UV rays and warmth harm bacteria)

Do organisms require food? Why?

yes, to build cell components and proteins for energy necessary for cell survival

What are two factors that allow bacteria to survive in a food scarce env.?

1. inclusions -- store extra nutrients | 2. endospores -- dormant; ensaced (Bacillus or Clostridium)

What is a term for the sample/ thing tyring to grow?

inoculum

What is the term for the collection of nutrients that you use to grow organisms?

medium - broth (liquid) - solid

What is a term for microorganisms that grow from an inoculum?

culture

What is a term for the act of cultivating microorganisms?

culture

What is the term for cultures that are visible on the surface of solid media?

colonies

What is the type of media that contains substances that favor or inhibit the growth of particular organisms?

Selective Media | - dyes or salts added; specific nutrients left out

What is an example of a Selective media?

Sabouraud dextrose agar

What is Sabouraud dextrose agar? What does it do?

a type of Selective Media - inhibits bacteria; and is selective for (favors) fungi (fungi LOVE sugar!!)

What type of media causes presence of visible changes in medium or differences in the appearance of colonies to help differentiate organisms?

Differential media

What is an example of Differential media?

``` Blood agar (- Different steptococcus organisms react diff, changing appearance of blood agar) ```

What will a Both Selective AND Differential Media?

- will do BOTH functions | - will be selective, but also help differentiate b/w organisms

What is an example of a Both Selective AND Differential Media?

MacConkey agar | - only allows Gram (-) bacteria to grow; and differentiates b/w Gram (-) bacteria

What are Plasmids?

small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA that replicated independently

T/F. Plasmids are essential for life.

False; plasmids are NOT essential for normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction

What is the function of plasmids since they are not essential to life?

can confer survival advantages (offer bacteria a special skill and can exchange them with their friends)

Talking about a prokaryotic genome, what are 4 different types of plasmids?

1. Fertility Factors (F plasmids) 2. Resistance factors (R plasmids) 3. Bacteriocin factors 4. Virulence plasmids

What type of plasmid carries instructions for conjugation pilus?

Fertility Factors (F Plasmids)

What type of plasmids carry genes for resistence to antibiotics?

Resistance factors (R plasmids)

What type of plasmids carry genes for toxins called bacteriocins? What are those toxins?

``` Bacteriocin factors (recall: -cin = death) ``` they can kill competitors

What type of plasmid carries instructions that enable bacterium to become pathogenic?

Virulence plasmids (they go harmless --> to harmful)

What is the normal process of organisms (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) replicated their genomes to provide copies to descendants called?

Vertical gene transfer

What is it called when prokaryotic cells contribute part of their genome to another prokaryotic cell of the same generation*?

Horizontal gene transfer | transferring plasmids

T/F. Horizontal gene transfer may occur between different species.

True

What are the three types of Horizontal gene transfer?

1. transformation 2. transduction 3. bacterial conjugation

What type of horizontal gene transfer involves the recipient cell taking up DNA from env.?

Transformation (recipient cell in charge) - can take up plasmids from living OR dead cells

What are the cells called that take up DNA in transformation type of horizontal gene transfer?

competent

T/F. Transformation type of horizontal gene transfer occurs in almost all bacteria.

False. only a few types of bacteria can do this

What type of horizontal gene transfer involves transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus?

Transduction can be: - Generalized--random DNA - Specialized--certain donor DNA

What is a virus called that attacks bacteria?

bacteriophage

What type of horizontal gene transfer involves transfer of DNA from one cell to another, mediated by conjugation pili?

Conjugation

What does the donor cell have in conjugation type of horizontal gene transfer?

- Donor cell requires F plasmid (F+) | - Recipient cell LACKS F plasmid (F-)

Exam 1- Microbiology Ch.1, 3, 11, 6, 7 Flashcards

Ch. 1: A Brief History of Microbiology Ch. 3: Cell Structure and Function Ch. 11: Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes Ch. 6: Microbial Growth Ch. 7: Prokaryotic Genetics