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Microbiology- Drover > Exam 1- Microbiology Ch.1, 3, 11, 6, 7 > Flashcards

Exam 1- Microbiology Ch.1, 3, 11, 6, 7 Flashcards

Ch. 1: A Brief History of Microbiology Ch. 3: Cell Structure and Function Ch. 11: Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes Ch. 6: Microbial Growth Ch. 7: Prokaryotic Genetics

1
Q

What is the working definition of microbiology?

A

study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye

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2
Q

What are the three main questions Scientists searched for in The Golden Age of Microbiology?

A
  1. What causes fermentation?
  2. What causes disease?
  3. How can we prevent infection and disease?
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3
Q

Who is Louis Pasteur?

A

“Father of Microbiology”

- responsible for pasturization, fermentaiton, and the Germ Theory of Disease

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4
Q

What may be the most important microbiological event–one that has had a greater impact upon culture and society than that of any disease or epidemic?

A 
Domestication of the yeast used by bakers:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ("sugar fungus that makes beer")
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5
Q

What is the Germ Theory of Disease and who do we have to thank for it?

A

Discovery: bacteria responsible for spoiling wine + Hypothesis: microbes responsible for diseases

Thank you, Louis Pasteur

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6
Q

What are the components of the Triad or Triangle of Health?

A
  1. host (chiro’s focus)
  2. environment (public health’s focus)
  3. agent (allopathic medicine focus)
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7
Q

Who is credited with handwashing in preventing infection and disease? How was it discovered?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis —> noted births vs mortality of mothers giving birth; med students 20x higher than midwives; “cadaver particles” from the hands of the medical students caused puerperal fever

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8
Q

Who is credited with antiseptic technique? How?

A

Joseph Lister –> surgeon, noted consequences of inf. of wounds; began spraying wounds, incisions, dressings with carbolic acid and decreased deaths of patients by 2/3

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9
Q

Who is credited with infection control/ filed of epidemiology? How?

A

John Snow –> determined cause of cholera transmission in London; officials reluctant to believe him, but it stopped outbreak of cholera

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10
Q

Who is credited with smallpox vaccine/ field of immunology?

A

Edward Jenner–> showed vaccination with pus collected from cowpox lesions prevented small pox

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11
Q

What are the Processes of Life (what organism needs to be able to do in order to be considered alive)?

A

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism

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12
Q

What is the single most important distinguishing characteristic between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A

nucleus

  • Eukaryotes have a nucleus
  • Prokaryotes DO NOT have a nucleus
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13
Q

What are the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

  1. nucleus
  2. DNA
  3. size
  4. structure
  5. examples
A
  1. P-No nucleus; E- nucleus
  2. P-circular; E-linear
  3. P-smaller; E-larger
  4. P-simple; E-complex
  5. P-bacteria and archaea; E-protozoa, fungi, animals, plants, and algae
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14
Q

What are inclusions and what type of cells have them?

A

bacteria (prokaryotes)–> little area of cell where store nutrients; may include reserve deposits of chemicals; stored when nutrients abundant, and used when nutrients scarce

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15
Q

What are endospores? What organisms can produce them?

A

unique, produced by SOME bacteria, is a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions

Genes: Bacillus and Clostridium

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16
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis in a cell?

A

ribosomes

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17
Q

What are the size of prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

70S

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18
Q

What are the size of Eukaryotic ribosomes? What about their mitochondria?

A

80S

mitochondria have 70S

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19
Q

What is the importance of knowing that eukaryotic mitochondria contain 70S ribosomes?

A

b/c prokaryotes contain 70S ribosomes, and tha can be a target for antimicrobial drugs (therefore impacting human ribosomes too)

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20
Q

Which cells contain 70S ribosomes?

A

BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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21
Q

What are four functions of bacterial cell walls?

A
  1. give bacterial cells characteristic features
  2. protect cell from osmotic forces
  3. assist some cells in attaching to other cells
  4. often a target of antimicrobial drugs
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22
Q

What are the four categories of Bacteria based on cell walls? Which one does not have a cell wall?

A
  1. Gram (+)
  2. Gram (-)
  3. Mycobacteria
  4. Mycoplasma (only one w/o cell wall)
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23
Q

Which type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer? What color do they stain after a Gram stain?

A

Gram (+) bacteria; stain purple

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24
Q

How many lipid bilayers do Gram (-) bacteria have? Size of peptidoglycan layer? What do they stain after Gram staining?

A
  • 2 lipid bilayers
  • thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • stains magenta
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25
Q

What does a Gram (-) bacteria membrane contain that is of importance and unique to it?

A

lipopolysaccharide, known as Lipid A

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26
Q

Which type of bacteria has a cell wall and contains waxy, mycolic acid?

A

Acid-Fast Bacteria, in the genus: Mycobacterium

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27
Q

What does a bacteria with the genus Mycoplasma tell us?

A
  • NO cell wall!!!
  • has distinctive “fried egg” appearance
  • colonize osmotically protected habitats
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28
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water through semipermeable membrane, from an area of lower solute conc. to an area of higher solute conc.

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29
Q

What happens to a cell without a cell wall that is placed in an isotonic solution? What if cell has a cell wall?

A

Both are the same; water moves in and out of cell evenly (due to solutes being equal inside of and outside cell)

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30
Q

What happens to a cell with no cell wall that is placed in a hypertonic solution? What can occur? What if cell has a cell wall?

A

cell loses water;
crenation can occur –> which is loss of cell function due to loss of TOO much water

~same thing

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31
Q

What happens to a cell with no cell wall that is placed in a hypotonic solution? What if cell has a cell wall?

A

water will rush into the cell and cell will burst

w/ cell wall–> water will rush inside, but cell will NOT burst

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32
Q

How can we tell by the genus name if a cell if a Gram (+) Bacteria? What are the exceptions?

A 
Genus name ends in -us or -um
Exceptions:
- Listeria
- Nocardia
- Actinomyces
- Streptomyces
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33
Q

How can we tell by the genus name if a cell is a Gram (-) Bacteria? What are the exceptions?

A 
Ends in - a or -er
Exceptions:
- Pseudomonas
- Haemphilus
- Vibrio
- Proteus
- Bacteroides
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34
Q

How can we tell by the name if it is an Acid-Fast Bacteria?

A

Genus name is “mycobacterium”

TB, Leprosy

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35
Q

How can we tell by the name if it is a bacteria with no cell wall?

A

Genus name is “mycoplasma”

pneumonia

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36
Q

What are the 5 typical prokaryote morphologies?

A
  1. coccus
  2. bacillus
  3. vibrio
  4. spirochete
  5. pleomophic
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37
Q

What does morphology mean? What does arrangements mean?

A

the shape of ONE cell

how cells “hang out” in groups

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38
Q

What do these morphologies mean?

  1. coccus
  2. bacillus
  3. vibrio
  4. spirochete
  5. pleomorphic
A
  1. round/sphere
  2. rod shape
  3. bent rod, comma shape
  4. corkscrew
  5. all diff shapes
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39
Q

T/F. We know it is a vibrio shaped prokaryote b/c “Vibrio” is always in the name.

40
Q

What are the two disease caused by prokaryotes with the morphology spirochete?

A
  1. Lyme’s disease

2. syphilis

41
Q

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce? What are the 3 main methods?

A 
ALL reproduce asexually
Main Methods:
1. Binary Fission (MC)
2. Snapping division
3. Budding
42
Q

What occurs in Binary fission?

A
  1. replicates DNA
  2. elongation of membrane and separate DNA
  3. cell wall forms and membrane invaginates
  4. cross wall forms completely
  5. daughter cells separate
43
Q

What occurs in Snapping Division?

A

(variation of binary fission)

  • copies DNA and forms new cell wall
  • start to separate on 1/2, but one part stays in tack and that becomes hinge point
44
Q

What are the two genus names that reproduce by Snapping Division?

A
  1. Clostridium
  2. Corynebacterium

(therefore, Palisade bacilli arrangement)

45
Q

What occurs in Budding asexual reproduction?

A
  1. DNA is replicated
  2. cell elongates and forms a bud
  3. young bud forms
  4. bud totally separates and daughter cell is formed
46
Q

What are the different arrangements of cocci?

A
  1. Diplococci
  2. Streptococci
  3. Tetrads
  4. Sarcinae
  5. Staphylococci
47
Q

Describe these arrangements:

  1. Diplococci
  2. Streptococci
  3. Tetrads
  4. Sarcinae
  5. Staphylococci
A
  1. two cell; (1 plane)
  2. chain, row, line; (1 plane)
  3. “4 square”; (2 planes)
  4. cube: (3 planes)–rare
  5. cluster (all planes)–common
48
Q

What are the different arrangements of bacilli?

A
  1. Single bacillus
  2. Diplobacilli
  3. Streptobacilli
  4. V-shape or Palisade
49
Q

Describe these arrangements:

  1. Single bacillus
  2. Diplobacilli
  3. Streptobacilli
  4. V-shape or Palisade
A
  1. one cell–so rod shaped
  2. two rod shape cells attached at ends
  3. a chain of rods
  4. occur due to snapping division
50
Q

What are the two genus names that have a Palisade bacilli arrangement?

A
  1. Clostridium
  2. Corynebacterium

(therefore snapping division reproduction)

51
Q

What are the 7 growth requirements of bacteria?

A
  1. oxygen
  2. temp
  3. pH
  4. moisture
  5. osmotic pressure
  6. light
  7. food
52
Q

T/F. Organisms vary widely in their oxygen requirements for growth

53
Q

What is the most important factor for affecting the growth of microorganisms?

A

temperature; organisms can grow w/in a range of temps

54
Q

What are organisms called that prefer cold temperatures for optimal growth?

A

psychrophilic

55
Q

What are organisms called that prefer moderate temperatures?

A

mesophilic

56
Q

What temperature classification are most pathogenic organisms in?

A

mesophilic; usually about normal human temperature

57
Q

What are organisms called that prefer high temperatures?

A

thermophilic

58
Q

What pH do most animal pathogens work best near?

A

pH 7, human bodies physiological pH = 7.4 (so makes sense)

59
Q

What pH range do most microorganisms thrive in?

A

pH range of 6-9

60
Q

What is a way to alter pH when preserving food?

A

“pickling”; use acidic medium (i.e. vinegar)

61
Q

When it comes to Moisture for growth, do vegetative cells maintenance and growth require water?

A

yes;

  • food and waste are transported through cell wall in water solutions
  • water is a building material necessary in cell synthesis
62
Q

How is osmotic pressure created?

A

by osmosis

63
Q

Describe what occurs to a cell in a hypertonic env. and in a hypotonic env.

A

hypertonic env. – water drawn out of cell and cell shrinks and may die = crenation

hypotonic env. – water is drawn into cell, cell swells OR may even burst (will not burst if has cell wall)

64
Q

T/F. Most pathogens can survive in direct sunglight.

A

False– most pathogens are killed by direct sunlight–think about it, our bodies are dark on the inside

(both UV rays and warmth harm bacteria)

65
Q

Do organisms require food? Why?

A

yes, to build cell components and proteins for energy necessary for cell survival

66
Q

What are two factors that allow bacteria to survive in a food scarce env.?

A
  1. inclusions – store extra nutrients

2. endospores – dormant; ensaced (Bacillus or Clostridium)

67
Q

What is a term for the sample/ thing tyring to grow?

68
Q

What is the term for the collection of nutrients that you use to grow organisms?

A

medium

  • broth (liquid)
  • solid
69
Q

What is a term for microorganisms that grow from an inoculum?

70
Q

What is a term for the act of cultivating microorganisms?

71
Q

What is the term for cultures that are visible on the surface of solid media?

72
Q

What is the type of media that contains substances that favor or inhibit the growth of particular organisms?

A

Selective Media

- dyes or salts added; specific nutrients left out

73
Q

What is an example of a Selective media?

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar

74
Q

What is Sabouraud dextrose agar? What does it do?

A

a type of Selective Media
- inhibits bacteria; and is selective for (favors) fungi

(fungi LOVE sugar!!)

75
Q

What type of media causes presence of visible changes in medium or differences in the appearance of colonies to help differentiate organisms?

A

Differential media

76
Q

What is an example of Differential media?

A 
Blood agar
(- Different steptococcus organisms react diff, changing appearance of blood agar)
77
Q

What will a Both Selective AND Differential Media?

A
  • will do BOTH functions

- will be selective, but also help differentiate b/w organisms

78
Q

What is an example of a Both Selective AND Differential Media?

A

MacConkey agar

- only allows Gram (-) bacteria to grow; and differentiates b/w Gram (-) bacteria

79
Q

What are Plasmids?

A

small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA that replicated independently

80
Q

T/F. Plasmids are essential for life.

A

False; plasmids are NOT essential for normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction

81
Q

What is the function of plasmids since they are not essential to life?

A

can confer survival advantages (offer bacteria a special skill and can exchange them with their friends)

82
Q

Talking about a prokaryotic genome, what are 4 different types of plasmids?

A
  1. Fertility Factors (F plasmids)
  2. Resistance factors (R plasmids)
  3. Bacteriocin factors
  4. Virulence plasmids
83
Q

What type of plasmid carries instructions for conjugation pilus?

A

Fertility Factors (F Plasmids)

84
Q

What type of plasmids carry genes for resistence to antibiotics?

A

Resistance factors (R plasmids)

85
Q

What type of plasmids carry genes for toxins called bacteriocins? What are those toxins?

A 
Bacteriocin factors 
(recall: -cin = death)

they can kill competitors

86
Q

What type of plasmid carries instructions that enable bacterium to become pathogenic?

A

Virulence plasmids (they go harmless –> to harmful)

87
Q

What is the normal process of organisms (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) replicated their genomes to provide copies to descendants called?

A

Vertical gene transfer

88
Q

What is it called when prokaryotic cells contribute part of their genome to another prokaryotic cell of the same generation*?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

transferring plasmids

89
Q

T/F. Horizontal gene transfer may occur between different species.

90
Q

What are the three types of Horizontal gene transfer?

A
  1. transformation
  2. transduction
  3. bacterial conjugation
91
Q

What type of horizontal gene transfer involves the recipient cell taking up DNA from env.?

A

Transformation
(recipient cell in charge)
- can take up plasmids from living OR dead cells

92
Q

What are the cells called that take up DNA in transformation type of horizontal gene transfer?

93
Q

T/F. Transformation type of horizontal gene transfer occurs in almost all bacteria.

A

False. only a few types of bacteria can do this

94
Q

What type of horizontal gene transfer involves transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus?

A

Transduction
can be:
- Generalized–random DNA
- Specialized–certain donor DNA

95
Q

What is a virus called that attacks bacteria?

A

bacteriophage

96
Q

What type of horizontal gene transfer involves transfer of DNA from one cell to another, mediated by conjugation pili?

A

Conjugation

97
Q

What does the donor cell have in conjugation type of horizontal gene transfer?

A
  • Donor cell requires F plasmid (F+)

- Recipient cell LACKS F plasmid (F-)

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