Exam 3: Diseases of Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the main symptom for Peptic Ulcers? What organism causes them in 90% of cases?
A
abdominal pain
Helicobacter pylori (Gram - bacteria)
2
Q
What is the mode of transmission for getting a Peptic Ulcer?
A
fecal-oral transmission
stress may worsen pain, but does NOT cause it
3
Q
What are good indications that one has a Duodenal ulcer or a Gastric ulcer?
A
Duodenal ulcer–> relieved by food
Gastric ulcer–> exacerbated by food
4
Q
What is Gastroenteritis?
A
inflammation of the stomach or intestines caused by bacteria (numerous diff kinds)
5
Q
What is gastroenteritis associated with?
A
contaminated food or water and poor living conditions
6
Q
How does gastroenteritis cause diarrhea?
A
Entero = large intestine
Enterotoxins are released–> activate adenylate cyclase–> causing diarrhea
7
Q
What are the general symptoms of Gastroenteritis? (all have similar manifestations despite diff causative agents)
A
- Nausea and vomiting (N/V)
- diarrhea
- abdominal pain
- cramps
8
Q
What are the 7 different types of bacterial Gastroenteritis we are talking about?
A
- Campylobacter Diarrhea
- E. coli gastroenteritis
- Salmonella food poisoning
- Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)–(also Salmonella inf.)
- Shigellosis
- Cholera
- Antimicrobial-ass. diarrhea/ Pseudomembranous colitis
9
Q
What disease causes a bloody and frequent diarrhea for 10+/day for 7-10 days?
A
Campylobacter Diarrhea
10
Q
What organism causes Campylobacter Diarrhea? What is the mode of transmission and the MC source of inf.?
A
Campylobacter jejuni (Gram - Bacteria)
- consuming contaminated food, milk, or water
- POULTRY is the MC source of inf.
11
Q
What is the MC causative organism of bacterial gastroenteritis in the U.S.?
A
Campylobacter jejuni causing Campylobacter Diarrhea
12
Q
What can one prevent getting Campylobacter jejuni?
A
- proper hygiene after handling raw poultry
- cook poultry properly to 165 degrees
13
Q
What disease causes watery diarrhea, cramps, nausea and vomiting, and is ass. with consuming under-cooked BEEF or unpasteurized milk/fruit juice?
A
E. coli gastroenteritis
14
Q
What is the organism that causes E. coli gastroenteritis? What toxin can it produce? What is the MC strain in U.S.?
A
Escherichia coli (gram - bacteria)
produces Shiga-like toxin
MC strain in U.S.-> 0157:H7
15
Q
What is the common cause of “Traveler’s Diarrhea”?
A
E. coli
16
Q
What is the number one disease E. coli causes?
A
Gastroenteritis
but it is NOT the number one causitive organism of gastroentritis
17
Q
What is the mode of transmission for E. coli gastroenteritis?
A
Fecal-oral, by consumption of undercooked BEEF or unpasturized milk/fruit juice contaminated with feces
18
Q
Are antidiarrheal drugs a good way to help treat E. coli gastroenteritis?
What is a good prevention strategy of E. coli gastroenteritis?
A
no, it will prolong the symptoms
Handwashing
19
Q
What two things can a Salmonella Infection cause (aka Salmonellosis)?
A
- Salmonella food poisoning (Acute bacterial gastroenteritis/Salmonellosis)
- Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)
20
Q
What disease causes NON-bloody diarrhea, N/V, fever, myalgia, HA, abd. cramps and it due to consuming contaminated eggs?
A
Salmonella food poisoning (aka Acute Bacterial Gastroenteritis/ Salmonellosis)
21
Q
What organisms cause Salmonella food poisoning?
A
Salmonella enterica serotypes:
- Enteritidis
- Typhimurium
(Gram - bacteria)
22
Q
What is Salmonella food poisoning’s mode of transmission? How is it Tx?
A
consuming contaminated EGGS, poultry, inadequately pasuerized milk
Tx– just self-limiting
23
Q
What organisms cause Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)?
A
Salmonella enterica serotypes:
- Typhi
- Paratyphi
(Gram - bacteria)
24
Q
What is the mode of transmission for Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)?
A
contaminated food or water
25
Who is the famous carrier of Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)?
Typhoid Mary
26
What disease causes fever, HA, muscle pains, malaise, loss of appetite, abd. pain, bacteremia, and a "rose-colored rash"?
Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)
27
What can Typhoid Fever (enteric fever) lead to?
peritonitis (if it perforates intestinal wall)
28
What is an "aka" for Shigellosis?
"Bacillary dysentery"
| this is a bacterial gastroenteritis
29
What disease causes abd. cramps, fever, diarrhea, and pus, blood, or mucus in stools? And can get from consuming cold foods and salads?
Shigellosis (aka "Bacillary dysentery")
30
What organism causes Shigellosis (aka "Bacillary dysentery") and give fraction of cases is causes in US? What diarrhea-toxin can it produce?
Species of Shigella:
- S. sonnei (2/3 US)
- S. flexneri (1/3 US)
(Gram - bacteria)
Shiga toxin
31
What is the mode of transmission for Shigellosis?
(aka Bacillary dysentery)
- Fecal-oral, by ingesting bacteria on contaminated hands
OR
- consuming contaminated foods (esp. COLD FOODs and SALADS)
32
What disease causes explosive watery diarrhea an vomiting and has a characteristic "rice-water stool"?
Cholera (type of bacterial gastroenteritis)
33
What organism causes Cholera? What toxin can it produce? What is unique about this species?
Vibrio cholerae (gram - bacteria)
cholera toxin
the ONLY Vibrio that can survive in freshwater-->therefore is the MC Vibrio to infect humans
(usually they survive in salt water)
34
What is the mode of transmission for Cholera?
Fecal-oral, through contaminated food and water
35
What causes diarrhea, inflammation of colon and formation of pseudo-membranes and any antimicrobial drug can trigger the disease? What can severe cases develop?
Antimicroial-Associated Diarrhea
severe cases can develop Pseudomembranous Colitis
(type of bacterial gastroenteritis)
36
What organism causes Antimicroial-Associated Diarrhea and in severe cases Pseudomembranous Colitis?
```
Clostridium difficile (Gram + bacteria)
produces 2 toxins
```
37
What can Antimicrobial-associated Diarrhea lead to?
severe cases can develop Pseudomembranous Colitis
life-threatening peritonitis due to massive internal inf. by fecal bacteria
38
What is the mode of transmission for Antimicrobial-associated Diarrhea?
extremely common opportunistic inf. after taking antimicrobials
common nosocomial infection
39
What disease causes N/V, diarrhea, and cramping, and is the MC food intoxication?
Staphylococcal Food poisoning
organism--> Staphylococcus aureus (gram + bacteria)
40
What organism causes Staphylococcal Food poisoning? What is the mode of transmission?
Staphylococcus aureus (gram + bacteria)
contaminated food (SALTY FOODS)
41
What disease causes abd. cramps and watery diarrhea, but NO fever or N/V, and is from ingestion of contaminated meat?
Clostridial Food Poisoning
42
What organism causes Clostridial Food Poisoning? What is the mode of transmission? How long does it manifest?
Clostridium perfringens (gram + bacteria)
ingestion of contaminated meat
fairly benign-- less than 24 hrs
43
What is the MC food intoxication?
Staph. aureus, causing Stapylococcal Food poisoning (is due to toxins from bacteria, not bacteria itself)
(recall: MC foodborne illness = Norovirus)
44
What disease causes inflammation of the intestinal tract, diarrhea and fever for weeks or months? And sometimes mimics appendicitis?
Yersinia Food Poisoning
45
What organism causes Yersinia Food Poisoning? What is the mode of transmission?
Yersinia enterocolitica (gram - bacteria)
consumption of contaminated PORK, milk, water, tofu
46
What age does Yerisnia Food poisoning like to infect? What are good preventing strategies?
likes to infect kids
Prevention:
- handwashing
- cook pork to 145 degrees
47
What disease is a mold food poisoning illness that is due to consumption of rice dishes cooked and held at warm temps for hours? What organism causes it?
Bacillus cereus food poisoning (aka "Fried Rice Syndrome")
Bacillus cereus
48
What is an "aka" for Bacillus cereus food poisoning? How does one get it?
"Fried Rice Syndrome"
consumption of rice dishes cooked and held at warm temps for hours (Mexican and Chinese buffets)--> NOT from cereal
49
What disease causes painful enlargement of parotid salivary glands, called parotitis, and testicular swelling called orchitis?
Mumps
50
What may Mumps result in in males?
due to the orthcitis (swelling of testes) that can occur in males--> could result in sterility
51
What organism causes Mumps? How is it transmitted?
Mumps virus (Rubulavirus)
respiratory droplets person-to-person or fomites w/ infection saliva on them
52
What individuals could Mumps affect? Is there Tx?
unimmunized children ages 2-12
MMR vaccine alsmost eradicated mumps in industrialized world
53
What three viruses can cause Viral Gastroenteritis? Which is MC?
1. Norovirus (MC--90% )
2. Astrovirus
3. Rotavirus
54
How are the three vriuses that can cause Viral Gastroenteritis transmitted?
1. Norovirus
2. Astrovirus
3. Rotavirus
all by fecal-oral route
Norovirus-> also carried in food, esp. seafood, like oysters
55
What organisms MC causes Oral Herpes? How does one get them? Where does it go latent?
(cold sores)
Human Herpes Virus (HHV-1), (sometimes HHV-2)
close contact w/ active lesions
usually in trigeminal ganglia
56
What are the symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis? (all three viruses)
N/V, diarrhea, abd. pain, and cramps
EXCEPT--> Astrovirus causes NO vomiting
57
What causes 90% of Viral Gastroenteritis?
Norovirus
58
What is the number one cause of foodborne illness in the US?
Norovirus (via fecal-oral transmission; like in seafood like oysters)
59
Which of the three viruses that can cause Viral Gastroenteritis is an emerging disease?
Norovirus
60
Which of the three viruses that can cause Viral Gastroenteritis is the MC cause of infantile gastroenteritis?
Rotavirus
61
What are the 5 types of pathogens that can cause Viral Hepatitis?
1. HAV
2. HBV
3. HCV
4. HDV
5. HEV
62
In general what symptoms does Viral Hepatitis cause?
- JAUNDICE
- abd. pain
- fatigue
- vomiting
- anorexia
63
What type of Viral Hepatitis causes jaundice, abd. pain, fatigue, vomiting, appetite loss?
Hepatitis A
caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
64
What should we think when we we see....
1. Hepatitis A
2. Hepatitis B
3. Hepatitis C
4. Hepatitis D
5. Hepatitis E
1. "ASS" --> fecal-oral route
2. "Blood, Banging, Babies"
3. "Chronic"
4. "Dependent" on Hep. B inf.
5. "Enteric" --> also think belly and prego women have big belly
65
What type of Hepatitis survives on various surfaces and is resistant to common household disinfectants?
Hepatitis A
66
What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?
through fecal-oral route
| think "ASS"
67
What are the symptoms for Hepatitis B? What can is cause?
many inds are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms
severe liver damage
coinfection with Hep. D virus increases risk of permanent liver damage
ass. with liver cancer
68
What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis B?
infected needles, sexual intercourse, and passage to babies during birth
(think "Blood, Banging, Babies")
69
What type of Hepatitis causes a chronic infection with few if any symptoms?
Hepatitis C
| think "Chronic"
70
What can occur with a Hepatitis C infection?
liver damage and liver failure
71
What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis C?
Needles (piercings and tattoos), organ transplants, blood transfusions, and sexual activity
72
What does Hepatitis D require in order to be virulent? What is its nickname b/c of this?
requires an HBV infection too, or else can't attach to liver cells
"satellite virus"
(think "Dependent")
73
Which type of Hepatitis is nicknamed the "satellite virus"? why?
Hepatitis D; b/c it requires a HBV inf in order to attach to liver cells
74
What can a Hepatitis D infection play a role in triggering?
liver cancer
75
What is the mode of transmission for a Hepatitis D infection?
Bodily fluids, sexual activity, and contaminated needles
76
What type of Hepatitis inf. also has the name Enteric Hepatitis?
Hepatitis E
| think "Enteric"
77
What Hepatitis infection do we worry about pregnant women? In what percentage is it fatal for them?
Hepatitis E inf.
fatal in 20% of pregnant women
78
What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis E?
fecal-oral route
79
How does one prevent contracting a Hepatitis inf?
good hygiene and protected sex or abstinence
Vaccines: HAV and HBV
80
How is Hepatitis initial Dx?
by jaundice
81
What types of Hepatitis are transmitted via the fecal-oral route?
A and E
82
What types of Hepatitis ahve vaccines available or in the making?
HAV and HBV
HEV in the making
83
What types of Hepatitis can be transmitted via body fluids, sexual intercourse, or needles?
B, C, D
84
What is an "aka" for Giardiasis?
Beaver Fever
85
What organism causes Giardiasis, aka Beaver Fever?
Giardia intestinalis (protazoan)
86
What disease causes severe watery diarrhea, abd. pain, bloating, N/V, ineffective absorption of nutrients, low-grade fever, and "rotten egg" smelling stools?
Giardiasis (aka Beaver Fever)
87
What is one of the most common waterborne GI diseases in the US that one can get form ingesting cysts in contaminated water or when swimming?
Giardiasis (aka Beaver Fever)
hikers/campers drinking unfiltered water--their pets too
88
What is a not very common waterborne disease that causes severe diarrhea that can last up to 2 weeks, cause a HA, muscular pain, cramping, severe fluid and weight loss?
Cryptosporidiosis
| aka Cryptosporidium enteritis
89
What organism causes Cryptosporidiosis? What is the mode of transmission?
Cryptosporidium parvum (protozoa)
Drinking contaminated water; Fecal-oral transmission
90
What organism causes Amebiasis? How is it transmitted?
Entamoeba histolytica (protozoa)
consumption of cycsts--> via contaminated food or water, from contaminated hands or oral-anal intercourse
91
What are the three types/manifestations of Amebiasis?
1. Luminal Amebiasis
2. invasive Amebic Dysentery
3. invasive Extraintestinal Amebiasis
92
What makes up 90% of Amebiasis cases? How does it manifest?
Luminal Amebiasis--> is asymptomatic
93
What type of Amebiasis causes severe diarrhea, colitis, and appendicitis?
Invasive Amebic Dysentery
94
What type of Amebiasis causes necrotic lesionss in various organs?
Invasive extraintestinal amebiasis
95
What disease causes cramps, watery diarrhea, myalgia, and a fever, and is more severe in AIDS patients, and is considered an emerging disease?
Cyclosporiasis
96
What organism causes Cyclosporiasis? What is the mode of transmission?
Cyclospora cayetanensis (protozoa)
ingestion of oocysts in contaminated food or drin--> outbreaks have been linked to raspberries
97
What is a prevention strategy of Cyclosporiasis?
thoroughly wash fruits and veggies and cooking or freezing also kills ococysts
98
What are the four protozoan disease we talked about in the Digestive system?
1. Giardiasis (Beaver Fever)
2. Cryptosporidiosis
3. Amebiasis
4. Cyclosporiasis
99
What are the six Helminthic infestations we talked about in the Digestive Tract?
1. Tapeworms (Beef, Pork, Fish, Canine)
2. Ascariasis
3. Hookworm
4. Pinworms
5. Dracunculiasis
6. Trichinosis
100
What are the four types of Tapeworm infestations we talked about in the digestive system?
1. Beef tapeworm
2. Pork tapeworm
3. Broad or Fish Tapeworm (aka diphyllobothriasis)
4. Canine Tapeworm
101
What organism causes Beef Tapeworm? What organism causes Pork Tapeworm? How is it transmitted?
Beef--> Taenia saginata
- consume undercooked beef w/ cysts in it
Pork--> Taenia solium
- consume undercooked pork w/ cysts in it
(Helminth)
102
What infestations are mostly asymptomatic*, but with symptoms cause nausea, abd. pain, weight loss*, and diarrhea and id Dx based on proglottids in fecal sample?
Beef Tapeworm and Pork Tapeworm
103
What infestations are Dx based on the presence of proglottids in the fecal sample?
= tapeworm segments
Beef and Pork Tapeworm
104
What infestation causes diarrhea, abd. pain, vomiting, weight loss*, fatigue, constipation; possible megaloblastic anemia*, and B12 deficiency? But in 80% of cases it is asymptomatic.
Broad or Fish Tapeworm
| aka Diphyllobothriasis
105
What organism causes Broad/Fish Tapeworm? How is it transmitted?
Diphyllobothrium
consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish (Ex: salmon)
106
What percentage of cases of Diphyllobothrium as asymptomatic?
80%
| Broad or Fish Tapeworm
107
How can one prevent getting Fish/Broad Tapeworm?
adequate cooking for freezing will kill the tapeworm
108
What infestation is caused by the larvae traveling throughout the body and forming hydatid cysts? What organ does this primarily occur in?
Canine Tapeworm
primarily in liver, but can occur in any organ
109
What organism causes Canine Tapeworm? How does one get it?
Echinococcus granulosus (Helminth)
consumption of food or water contaminated from dog feces
110
How is Canine tapeworm Dx? Tx?
Dx--> use x-ray and see hydatid cyst
Tx--> surgery to remove cysts
111
What infestation is mostly asymptomatic, but can cause intestinal and pulmonary issues and one gets it by ingesting its eggs in water or on veggies?
Ascariasis
| pic with worms coming out of butthole
112
We know Ascariasis is mostly asymptomatic, but can cause intestinal and pulmonary issues. What are those symptoms?
Intestinal:
- abd. pain
- N/V
- complete intestinal obstruction--> MAY BE FATAL
Pulmonary:
- dry cough
- difficulty breathing
- bloody sputum
113
What organism causes Ascariasis? How does one get it?
Ascari lumbricoides (Helminth--nematode)
eggs are ingested in water or on vegetables
114
What is the MC helminth infection of humans worldwide?
Ascariasis
115
What is the largest nematode to infect humans?
Ascariasis
116
What infestation causes ground itch* at the site of larvae penetration and also causes chronic anemia*, iron and protein deficiencies*?
Hookworm
117
What organsisms can cause Hookworm? How does one get Hookworm?
Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
(helminth-nematode)
Larvae penetrate the skin, usually of the foot
118
What is the second MC helminth infecting humans worldwide and in the U.S.?
Hookworm
--wear shoes in endemic areas
119
What infestation causes intense perianal itching (esp. at night), irritability, and decreased appetite?
Pinworm
(1/3 cases are asymptomatic
"Scotch Tape Test"
120
What organism causes Pinworm? How does one get Pinworms?
Enterobius vermicularis (Helminth--nematode)
Females deposit eggs in perianal region at night--easily spread on bedding, and transfer person to person after scratching
121
What is the most common helminthic (parasitic worm) infestation in the U.S.? What age group is it common in?
Enterobius
causes Pinworms
children
122
What infestation will cause after many years a blister on the skin, generally on the foot, that breaks open and a worm pokes its head out?
Dracunculiasis
aka Guinea worm disease
123
What organism causes Dracunculiasis? How does one get it?
Dracunculus medinensis (Helminth--nematode)
ingesting water containing infected copepods
124
How is Dracunculiasis Tx?
winding worm out on a stick over a period of hours to weeks
125
What infestation usual is mild cases that are asymptomatic, but can cause diarrhea, abd cramps, fever, muscle pain and weakness*, and facial swelling around the eye?
Trichinosis (aka Trichinellosis)
126
What organism causes Trichinosis?
```
Trichinella spiralis
(Helminth --nematode)
```
127
How does one get Trichinosis? Is it common in the US? How can it be prevented?
ingesting undercooked pork containing cysts
NOT common in US
cook pork and meat thoroughly (145 degrees) or freezing 3-4 wks kills orgs. too
