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Microbiology- Drover > Exam 3: Diseases of Digestive System > Flashcards

Exam 3: Diseases of Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main symptom for Peptic Ulcers? What organism causes them in 90% of cases?

A

abdominal pain

Helicobacter pylori (Gram - bacteria)

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2
Q

What is the mode of transmission for getting a Peptic Ulcer?

A

fecal-oral transmission

stress may worsen pain, but does NOT cause it

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3
Q

What are good indications that one has a Duodenal ulcer or a Gastric ulcer?

A

Duodenal ulcer–> relieved by food

Gastric ulcer–> exacerbated by food

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4
Q

What is Gastroenteritis?

A

inflammation of the stomach or intestines caused by bacteria (numerous diff kinds)

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5
Q

What is gastroenteritis associated with?

A

contaminated food or water and poor living conditions

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6
Q

How does gastroenteritis cause diarrhea?

A

Entero = large intestine

Enterotoxins are released–> activate adenylate cyclase–> causing diarrhea

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7
Q

What are the general symptoms of Gastroenteritis? (all have similar manifestations despite diff causative agents)

A
  • Nausea and vomiting (N/V)
  • diarrhea
  • abdominal pain
  • cramps
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8
Q

What are the 7 different types of bacterial Gastroenteritis we are talking about?

A
  1. Campylobacter Diarrhea
  2. E. coli gastroenteritis
  3. Salmonella food poisoning
  4. Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)–(also Salmonella inf.)
  5. Shigellosis
  6. Cholera
  7. Antimicrobial-ass. diarrhea/ Pseudomembranous colitis
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9
Q

What disease causes a bloody and frequent diarrhea for 10+/day for 7-10 days?

A

Campylobacter Diarrhea

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10
Q

What organism causes Campylobacter Diarrhea? What is the mode of transmission and the MC source of inf.?

A

Campylobacter jejuni (Gram - Bacteria)

  • consuming contaminated food, milk, or water
  • POULTRY is the MC source of inf.
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11
Q

What is the MC causative organism of bacterial gastroenteritis in the U.S.?

A

Campylobacter jejuni causing Campylobacter Diarrhea

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12
Q

What can one prevent getting Campylobacter jejuni?

A
  • proper hygiene after handling raw poultry

- cook poultry properly to 165 degrees

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13
Q

What disease causes watery diarrhea, cramps, nausea and vomiting, and is ass. with consuming under-cooked BEEF or unpasteurized milk/fruit juice?

A

E. coli gastroenteritis

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14
Q

What is the organism that causes E. coli gastroenteritis? What toxin can it produce? What is the MC strain in U.S.?

A

Escherichia coli (gram - bacteria)

produces Shiga-like toxin

MC strain in U.S.-> 0157:H7

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15
Q

What is the common cause of “Traveler’s Diarrhea”?

A

E. coli

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16
Q

What is the number one disease E. coli causes?

A

Gastroenteritis

but it is NOT the number one causitive organism of gastroentritis

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17
Q

What is the mode of transmission for E. coli gastroenteritis?

A

Fecal-oral, by consumption of undercooked BEEF or unpasturized milk/fruit juice contaminated with feces

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18
Q

Are antidiarrheal drugs a good way to help treat E. coli gastroenteritis?

What is a good prevention strategy of E. coli gastroenteritis?

A

no, it will prolong the symptoms

Handwashing

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19
Q

What two things can a Salmonella Infection cause (aka Salmonellosis)?

A
  1. Salmonella food poisoning (Acute bacterial gastroenteritis/Salmonellosis)
  2. Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)
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20
Q

What disease causes NON-bloody diarrhea, N/V, fever, myalgia, HA, abd. cramps and it due to consuming contaminated eggs?

A

Salmonella food poisoning (aka Acute Bacterial Gastroenteritis/ Salmonellosis)

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21
Q

What organisms cause Salmonella food poisoning?

A

Salmonella enterica serotypes:
- Enteritidis
- Typhimurium
(Gram - bacteria)

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22
Q

What is Salmonella food poisoning’s mode of transmission? How is it Tx?

A

consuming contaminated EGGS, poultry, inadequately pasuerized milk

Tx– just self-limiting

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23
Q

What organisms cause Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)?

A

Salmonella enterica serotypes:
- Typhi
- Paratyphi
(Gram - bacteria)

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24
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)?

A

contaminated food or water

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25
Q

Who is the famous carrier of Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)?

A

Typhoid Mary

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26
Q

What disease causes fever, HA, muscle pains, malaise, loss of appetite, abd. pain, bacteremia, and a “rose-colored rash”?

A

Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)

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27
Q

What can Typhoid Fever (enteric fever) lead to?

A

peritonitis (if it perforates intestinal wall)

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28
Q

What is an “aka” for Shigellosis?

A

“Bacillary dysentery”

this is a bacterial gastroenteritis

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29
Q

What disease causes abd. cramps, fever, diarrhea, and pus, blood, or mucus in stools? And can get from consuming cold foods and salads?

A

Shigellosis (aka “Bacillary dysentery”)

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30
Q

What organism causes Shigellosis (aka “Bacillary dysentery”) and give fraction of cases is causes in US? What diarrhea-toxin can it produce?

A

Species of Shigella:
- S. sonnei (2/3 US)
- S. flexneri (1/3 US)
(Gram - bacteria)

Shiga toxin

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31
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Shigellosis?

A

(aka Bacillary dysentery)
- Fecal-oral, by ingesting bacteria on contaminated hands
OR
- consuming contaminated foods (esp. COLD FOODs and SALADS)

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32
Q

What disease causes explosive watery diarrhea an vomiting and has a characteristic “rice-water stool”?

A

Cholera (type of bacterial gastroenteritis)

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33
Q

What organism causes Cholera? What toxin can it produce? What is unique about this species?

A

Vibrio cholerae (gram - bacteria)

cholera toxin

the ONLY Vibrio that can survive in freshwater–>therefore is the MC Vibrio to infect humans
(usually they survive in salt water)

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34
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Cholera?

A

Fecal-oral, through contaminated food and water

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35
Q

What causes diarrhea, inflammation of colon and formation of pseudo-membranes and any antimicrobial drug can trigger the disease? What can severe cases develop?

A

Antimicroial-Associated Diarrhea

severe cases can develop Pseudomembranous Colitis

(type of bacterial gastroenteritis)

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36
Q

What organism causes Antimicroial-Associated Diarrhea and in severe cases Pseudomembranous Colitis?

A 
Clostridium difficile  (Gram + bacteria)
produces 2 toxins
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37
Q

What can Antimicrobial-associated Diarrhea lead to?

A

severe cases can develop Pseudomembranous Colitis

life-threatening peritonitis due to massive internal inf. by fecal bacteria

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38
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Antimicrobial-associated Diarrhea?

A

extremely common opportunistic inf. after taking antimicrobials

common nosocomial infection

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39
Q

What disease causes N/V, diarrhea, and cramping, and is the MC food intoxication?

A

Staphylococcal Food poisoning

organism–> Staphylococcus aureus (gram + bacteria)

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40
Q

What organism causes Staphylococcal Food poisoning? What is the mode of transmission?

A

Staphylococcus aureus (gram + bacteria)

contaminated food (SALTY FOODS)

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41
Q

What disease causes abd. cramps and watery diarrhea, but NO fever or N/V, and is from ingestion of contaminated meat?

A

Clostridial Food Poisoning

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42
Q

What organism causes Clostridial Food Poisoning? What is the mode of transmission? How long does it manifest?

A

Clostridium perfringens (gram + bacteria)

ingestion of contaminated meat

fairly benign– less than 24 hrs

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43
Q

What is the MC food intoxication?

A

Staph. aureus, causing Stapylococcal Food poisoning (is due to toxins from bacteria, not bacteria itself)

(recall: MC foodborne illness = Norovirus)

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44
Q

What disease causes inflammation of the intestinal tract, diarrhea and fever for weeks or months? And sometimes mimics appendicitis?

A

Yersinia Food Poisoning

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45
Q

What organism causes Yersinia Food Poisoning? What is the mode of transmission?

A

Yersinia enterocolitica (gram - bacteria)

consumption of contaminated PORK, milk, water, tofu

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46
Q

What age does Yerisnia Food poisoning like to infect? What are good preventing strategies?

A

likes to infect kids

Prevention:

  • handwashing
  • cook pork to 145 degrees
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47
Q

What disease is a mold food poisoning illness that is due to consumption of rice dishes cooked and held at warm temps for hours? What organism causes it?

A

Bacillus cereus food poisoning (aka “Fried Rice Syndrome”)

Bacillus cereus

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48
Q

What is an “aka” for Bacillus cereus food poisoning? How does one get it?

A

“Fried Rice Syndrome”

consumption of rice dishes cooked and held at warm temps for hours (Mexican and Chinese buffets)–> NOT from cereal

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49
Q

What disease causes painful enlargement of parotid salivary glands, called parotitis, and testicular swelling called orchitis?

A

Mumps

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50
Q

What may Mumps result in in males?

A

due to the orthcitis (swelling of testes) that can occur in males–> could result in sterility

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51
Q

What organism causes Mumps? How is it transmitted?

A

Mumps virus (Rubulavirus)

respiratory droplets person-to-person or fomites w/ infection saliva on them

52
Q

What individuals could Mumps affect? Is there Tx?

A

unimmunized children ages 2-12

MMR vaccine alsmost eradicated mumps in industrialized world

53
Q

What three viruses can cause Viral Gastroenteritis? Which is MC?

A
  1. Norovirus (MC–90% )
  2. Astrovirus
  3. Rotavirus
54
Q

How are the three vriuses that can cause Viral Gastroenteritis transmitted?

  1. Norovirus
  2. Astrovirus
  3. Rotavirus
A

all by fecal-oral route

Norovirus-> also carried in food, esp. seafood, like oysters

55
Q

What organisms MC causes Oral Herpes? How does one get them? Where does it go latent?

A

(cold sores)
Human Herpes Virus (HHV-1), (sometimes HHV-2)

close contact w/ active lesions

usually in trigeminal ganglia

56
Q

What are the symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis? (all three viruses)

A

N/V, diarrhea, abd. pain, and cramps

EXCEPT–> Astrovirus causes NO vomiting

57
Q

What causes 90% of Viral Gastroenteritis?

58
Q

What is the number one cause of foodborne illness in the US?

A

Norovirus (via fecal-oral transmission; like in seafood like oysters)

59
Q

Which of the three viruses that can cause Viral Gastroenteritis is an emerging disease?

60
Q

Which of the three viruses that can cause Viral Gastroenteritis is the MC cause of infantile gastroenteritis?

61
Q

What are the 5 types of pathogens that can cause Viral Hepatitis?

A
  1. HAV
  2. HBV
  3. HCV
  4. HDV
  5. HEV
62
Q

In general what symptoms does Viral Hepatitis cause?

A
  • JAUNDICE
  • abd. pain
  • fatigue
  • vomiting
  • anorexia
63
Q

What type of Viral Hepatitis causes jaundice, abd. pain, fatigue, vomiting, appetite loss?

A

Hepatitis A

caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

64
Q

What should we think when we we see….

  1. Hepatitis A
  2. Hepatitis B
  3. Hepatitis C
  4. Hepatitis D
  5. Hepatitis E
A
  1. “ASS” –> fecal-oral route
  2. “Blood, Banging, Babies”
  3. “Chronic”
  4. “Dependent” on Hep. B inf.
  5. “Enteric” –> also think belly and prego women have big belly
65
Q

What type of Hepatitis survives on various surfaces and is resistant to common household disinfectants?

A

Hepatitis A

66
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis A?

A

through fecal-oral route

think “ASS”

67
Q

What are the symptoms for Hepatitis B? What can is cause?

A

many inds are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms

severe liver damage

coinfection with Hep. D virus increases risk of permanent liver damage

ass. with liver cancer

68
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis B?

A

infected needles, sexual intercourse, and passage to babies during birth

(think “Blood, Banging, Babies”)

69
Q

What type of Hepatitis causes a chronic infection with few if any symptoms?

A

Hepatitis C

think “Chronic”

70
Q

What can occur with a Hepatitis C infection?

A

liver damage and liver failure

71
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis C?

A

Needles (piercings and tattoos), organ transplants, blood transfusions, and sexual activity

72
Q

What does Hepatitis D require in order to be virulent? What is its nickname b/c of this?

A

requires an HBV infection too, or else can’t attach to liver cells

“satellite virus”

(think “Dependent”)

73
Q

Which type of Hepatitis is nicknamed the “satellite virus”? why?

A

Hepatitis D; b/c it requires a HBV inf in order to attach to liver cells

74
Q

What can a Hepatitis D infection play a role in triggering?

A

liver cancer

75
Q

What is the mode of transmission for a Hepatitis D infection?

A

Bodily fluids, sexual activity, and contaminated needles

76
Q

What type of Hepatitis inf. also has the name Enteric Hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis E

think “Enteric”

77
Q

What Hepatitis infection do we worry about pregnant women? In what percentage is it fatal for them?

A

Hepatitis E inf.

fatal in 20% of pregnant women

78
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis E?

A

fecal-oral route

79
Q

How does one prevent contracting a Hepatitis inf?

A

good hygiene and protected sex or abstinence

Vaccines: HAV and HBV

80
Q

How is Hepatitis initial Dx?

A

by jaundice

81
Q

What types of Hepatitis are transmitted via the fecal-oral route?

82
Q

What types of Hepatitis ahve vaccines available or in the making?

A

HAV and HBV

HEV in the making

83
Q

What types of Hepatitis can be transmitted via body fluids, sexual intercourse, or needles?

84
Q

What is an “aka” for Giardiasis?

A

Beaver Fever

85
Q

What organism causes Giardiasis, aka Beaver Fever?

A

Giardia intestinalis (protazoan)

86
Q

What disease causes severe watery diarrhea, abd. pain, bloating, N/V, ineffective absorption of nutrients, low-grade fever, and “rotten egg” smelling stools?

A

Giardiasis (aka Beaver Fever)

87
Q

What is one of the most common waterborne GI diseases in the US that one can get form ingesting cysts in contaminated water or when swimming?

A

Giardiasis (aka Beaver Fever)

hikers/campers drinking unfiltered water–their pets too

88
Q

What is a not very common waterborne disease that causes severe diarrhea that can last up to 2 weeks, cause a HA, muscular pain, cramping, severe fluid and weight loss?

A

Cryptosporidiosis

aka Cryptosporidium enteritis

89
Q

What organism causes Cryptosporidiosis? What is the mode of transmission?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum (protozoa)

Drinking contaminated water; Fecal-oral transmission

90
Q

What organism causes Amebiasis? How is it transmitted?

A

Entamoeba histolytica (protozoa)

consumption of cycsts–> via contaminated food or water, from contaminated hands or oral-anal intercourse

91
Q

What are the three types/manifestations of Amebiasis?

A
  1. Luminal Amebiasis
  2. invasive Amebic Dysentery
  3. invasive Extraintestinal Amebiasis
92
Q

What makes up 90% of Amebiasis cases? How does it manifest?

A

Luminal Amebiasis–> is asymptomatic

93
Q

What type of Amebiasis causes severe diarrhea, colitis, and appendicitis?

A

Invasive Amebic Dysentery

94
Q

What type of Amebiasis causes necrotic lesionss in various organs?

A

Invasive extraintestinal amebiasis

95
Q

What disease causes cramps, watery diarrhea, myalgia, and a fever, and is more severe in AIDS patients, and is considered an emerging disease?

A

Cyclosporiasis

96
Q

What organism causes Cyclosporiasis? What is the mode of transmission?

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis (protozoa)

ingestion of oocysts in contaminated food or drin–> outbreaks have been linked to raspberries

97
Q

What is a prevention strategy of Cyclosporiasis?

A

thoroughly wash fruits and veggies and cooking or freezing also kills ococysts

98
Q

What are the four protozoan disease we talked about in the Digestive system?

A
  1. Giardiasis (Beaver Fever)
  2. Cryptosporidiosis
  3. Amebiasis
  4. Cyclosporiasis
99
Q

What are the six Helminthic infestations we talked about in the Digestive Tract?

A
  1. Tapeworms (Beef, Pork, Fish, Canine)
  2. Ascariasis
  3. Hookworm
  4. Pinworms
  5. Dracunculiasis
  6. Trichinosis
100
Q

What are the four types of Tapeworm infestations we talked about in the digestive system?

A
  1. Beef tapeworm
  2. Pork tapeworm
  3. Broad or Fish Tapeworm (aka diphyllobothriasis)
  4. Canine Tapeworm
101
Q

What organism causes Beef Tapeworm? What organism causes Pork Tapeworm? How is it transmitted?

A

Beef–> Taenia saginata
- consume undercooked beef w/ cysts in it
Pork–> Taenia solium
- consume undercooked pork w/ cysts in it

(Helminth)

102
Q

What infestations are mostly asymptomatic, but with symptoms cause nausea, abd. pain, weight loss, and diarrhea and id Dx based on proglottids in fecal sample?

A

Beef Tapeworm and Pork Tapeworm

103
Q

What infestations are Dx based on the presence of proglottids in the fecal sample?

A

= tapeworm segments

Beef and Pork Tapeworm

104
Q

What infestation causes diarrhea, abd. pain, vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, constipation; possible megaloblastic anemia, and B12 deficiency? But in 80% of cases it is asymptomatic.

A

Broad or Fish Tapeworm

aka Diphyllobothriasis

105
Q

What organism causes Broad/Fish Tapeworm? How is it transmitted?

A

Diphyllobothrium

consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish (Ex: salmon)

106
Q

What percentage of cases of Diphyllobothrium as asymptomatic?

A

80%

Broad or Fish Tapeworm

107
Q

How can one prevent getting Fish/Broad Tapeworm?

A

adequate cooking for freezing will kill the tapeworm

108
Q

What infestation is caused by the larvae traveling throughout the body and forming hydatid cysts? What organ does this primarily occur in?

A

Canine Tapeworm

primarily in liver, but can occur in any organ

109
Q

What organism causes Canine Tapeworm? How does one get it?

A

Echinococcus granulosus (Helminth)

consumption of food or water contaminated from dog feces

110
Q

How is Canine tapeworm Dx? Tx?

A

Dx–> use x-ray and see hydatid cyst

Tx–> surgery to remove cysts

111
Q

What infestation is mostly asymptomatic, but can cause intestinal and pulmonary issues and one gets it by ingesting its eggs in water or on veggies?

A

Ascariasis

pic with worms coming out of butthole

112
Q

We know Ascariasis is mostly asymptomatic, but can cause intestinal and pulmonary issues. What are those symptoms?

A

Intestinal:

  • abd. pain
  • N/V
  • complete intestinal obstruction–> MAY BE FATAL

Pulmonary:

  • dry cough
  • difficulty breathing
  • bloody sputum
113
Q

What organism causes Ascariasis? How does one get it?

A

Ascari lumbricoides (Helminth–nematode)

eggs are ingested in water or on vegetables

114
Q

What is the MC helminth infection of humans worldwide?

A

Ascariasis

115
Q

What is the largest nematode to infect humans?

A

Ascariasis

116
Q

What infestation causes ground itch* at the site of larvae penetration and also causes chronic anemia, iron and protein deficiencies?

117
Q

What organsisms can cause Hookworm? How does one get Hookworm?

A

Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
(helminth-nematode)

Larvae penetrate the skin, usually of the foot

118
Q

What is the second MC helminth infecting humans worldwide and in the U.S.?

A

Hookworm

–wear shoes in endemic areas

119
Q

What infestation causes intense perianal itching (esp. at night), irritability, and decreased appetite?

A

Pinworm

(1/3 cases are asymptomatic
“Scotch Tape Test”

120
Q

What organism causes Pinworm? How does one get Pinworms?

A

Enterobius vermicularis (Helminth–nematode)

Females deposit eggs in perianal region at night–easily spread on bedding, and transfer person to person after scratching

121
Q

What is the most common helminthic (parasitic worm) infestation in the U.S.? What age group is it common in?

A

Enterobius

causes Pinworms

children

122
Q

What infestation will cause after many years a blister on the skin, generally on the foot, that breaks open and a worm pokes its head out?

A

Dracunculiasis

aka Guinea worm disease

123
Q

What organism causes Dracunculiasis? How does one get it?

A

Dracunculus medinensis (Helminth–nematode)

ingesting water containing infected copepods

124
Q

How is Dracunculiasis Tx?

A

winding worm out on a stick over a period of hours to weeks

125
Q

What infestation usual is mild cases that are asymptomatic, but can cause diarrhea, abd cramps, fever, muscle pain and weakness*, and facial swelling around the eye?

A

Trichinosis (aka Trichinellosis)

126
Q

What organism causes Trichinosis?

A 
Trichinella spiralis 
(Helminth --nematode)
127
Q

How does one get Trichinosis? Is it common in the US? How can it be prevented?

A

ingesting undercooked pork containing cysts

NOT common in US

cook pork and meat thoroughly (145 degrees) or freezing 3-4 wks kills orgs. too

Microbiology- Drover (17 decks)

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