Exam 2: Skin and Wounds-- Bacteria Flashcards
What is an abscess?
pus-filled pockets in skin resulting from BACTERIAL inf.; can occur on skin surface and w/in the deeper structures of the skin
What is another term used for abscesses?
pimple (but NOT the same as acne)
What is a large, painful, raised nodular extension of folliculitis into surrounding tissue?
Furuncle or boil
What is coalescence of several furuncles, and extends deeper into tissues, and can spread and involve multiple organs/systems?
Carbuncle
What is a type of skin abscess that involves the hair follicle?
folliculitis
What do we call it when a folliculitis occurs at the eyelid base?
sty
What are some signs and symptoms abscesses and folliculitis? What may it drain?
swollen, red, itching, burning
may drain pus, blood, or both
What organisms most commonly causes abscesses/folliculitis? What type of pathogen are they?
Staphylococcus
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Staphylococcus aureus
(Gram + Bacteria)
Of the two pathogens on the skin that may cause abscesses/folliculitis, which is most predominant on the skin?
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Of the two pathogens on the skin that may cause abcesses/folliculitis, which is more virulent?
(more likely to cause inf.)
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the mode of tranmission for Abscess/Folliculitis?
Direct contact or indirect contact (fomite)
What are the drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus?
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant S. aureus
VRSA (Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
What are the drug resistant strains of Staphlococcus aureus considered?
emerging diseases
abscesses/folliculitis
T/F. S. aureus infections are common nosocomial infections, but also seeing an emergence of community acquired strains.
True
What is the prevention method of abscesses/folloculitis?
handwashing
What is characterized by many small pimples on stomach, buttocks, arms, and legs?
“Hot Tub” Folliculitis
What is the organism that causes “Hot Tub” Folliculitis? What type of pathogen is it?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram - Bacteria
How is “Hot Tub” Folliculitis transmitted?
direct contact through a poorly chlorinated hot tub or spa
What disease is characterized by reddening of skin, begins near mouth, then spreads over entire body, following by large blisters, and then w/in 2 days skin peels off in sheets?
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
What organism causes Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)? What type of pathogen is it?
Staphylococcus aureus– 5% of this strain that secrete 1 or 2 exfoliative toxins
(Gram + Bacteria)
What is the mode of transmission for Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)?
person-to-person spread
direct or indirect contact
How is Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) diagnosed?
by sloughing of skin
Tx with antibiotics; requires hospitalization
What is the MC age group to have Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)?
occurs primarily in infants and children under 5
What disease has small, flattened red patches on face and limbs, and has pus-filled vesicles with honey-colored crust?
Impetigo (aka Pyoderma)
Pyoderma = the sign of honey-colored crust
What disease is a fiery red rash with sharply defined raised borders?
Erysipelas
NO blisters–like Impetigo has
What organims and type of pathogen cause Impetigo (aka Pyoderma)?
80%– Staphylococcus aureus
20%– Streptococcus pyogenes
(both Gram + Bacteria)
What age group is Impetigo (Pyoderma) MC in?
children
How is Impetigo or Erysipelas transmitted?
person-to-person or via fomites
direct or indirect contact
What age group is Erysipelas MC in?
elderly, peak incidence is ages 60-80
What organism causes Erysipelas? What type of pathogen is it?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram + Bacteria
How Impetigo diagnosed?
by the presence of vesicles that are pus filled with bacteria and WBCs
What disease is know as “Flesh-eating bacteria”?
Necrotizing Fasciitis
– secretes enzymes and toxins that destroy tissues
What is the fatality rate of Necrotizing Fasciitis?
greater than 50%; it is very dangerous and severe
emerging disease
What are the symptoms of Necrotizing Fasciitis?
starts with big, purplish-red blisters–> are intensely painful
destroys muscle and fat tissue (necrosis)
How does necrotizing Fasciitis spread in the body? What can it eventually cause?
spreads along fascia
may cause multiple organ failure
What organism causes Necrotizing fasciitis? What pathogen type is it?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram + Bacteria
What is the mode of transmission for Necrotizing fasciitis?
Direct contact: enters via breaks in the skin
What do we call dead and dying bacteria and sebum forming a blockage of the pore?
blackhead
What do we call inflamed skin the swells over the pore when bacteria infect the hair follicle, causing the accumulation of colonizing bacteria and sebum?
Whitehead
What do we call severe inflammation of the hair follicle causing pustule formation and rupture, producing cystic acne, which is often causes scars?
Pustule formation
What is the MC organism that causes acne?
Propionibacterium ances
causes 85% of cases
What is the most severe form of acne?
cystic acne
What is the mode of transmission for acne?
Propionibacterium ances is part of normal microbiota
–> it is an opportunistic pathogen (Gram + Bacteria)
What is the incidence of acne?
75% of adolescents and young adults
What causes a bump (papule) or blister (pustule) at site of injury and then lymph node swelling (lymphadenopathy) near the site of the scratch of bite?
Cat Scratch Disease
What organism causes Cat Scratch Disease?
Bartonelle henselae
(“Bart the barn cat is a hen slayer”)
(Gram + Bacteria)
What actually makes you sick from Cat Scratch Disease?
Bartonella henselae has an endotoxin as a virulence factor
How is Cat Scratch Disease transmitted?
by cat bites or scratches
If someone is experiencing fever, chills, and a production of purulent matter, and produces a blue-green pigment called pyocyanin that contributes to tissue damage, what organisms could be causing this?
Pseudomonas Infection
caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(Bacteria Gram -)
2/3 of burn victims develop what type of infections?
Pseudomonas infections
What is Pseudomonas infections considered that allows it to manifest in burn victims?
it is a thermophilic
What organism produces pyocyanin appearance?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a blue-green pigment
What is the mode of transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
opportunistic infection often occurs in burn victims
How is a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infeciton diagnosed?
(hard to Dx b/c burn victim already has a lot going on)
–Pyocyanin discoloration indicates massive inf
What is the treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
difficult to treat due to multidrug resistance
T/F. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widespread so prevention is difficult, but infections typically don’t occur in healthy individuals.
True
What disease manifests with a fever, HA, chills, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting and a non-itchy spotted rash on trunk and appendages, including soles and palms?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
What do about 50% of individuals with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever develop?
petechiae
What organism causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii
Gram - Bacteria
What is the most severe and common Rickettsial illness?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever transmitted?
reservoir = rodents
vector = ticks–> get a tick bite
What is so crucial about the Dx of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
early diagnosis crucial–> diff b/w recovery and death
What percent of patients still die even with Tx for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
~5% of patients die, even with treatment
What disease is characterized by painless, solid, raised nodules at the site of inf. and spreads to form painless, swollen, black, crusty, ulcers? What are these ulcers called?
Cutanesous Anthrax
called eschar
What organism causes Cutaneous Anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
Gram + Bacteria
What makes Bacillus anthracis so virulent?
(causes Cutaneous Anthrax)
- can form endospore
- 3 toxins–> therefore causing toxemia
If left untreated, in what percent of patients in Cutaneous Anthrax fatal?
20%
When we see the word eschar, what disease should we ass. with it?
Anthrax
What is the mode of transmission for Cutaneous Anthrax?
direct contact with anthrax spores–> from inf animals
resivor for anthrax = lifestock
What disease causes intense pain at initial site of inf. and necrosis of inf. muscles and skin and produces abundant, foul-smelling, gas bubbles?
Gas Gangrene
What will often occur within 1 week of someone with Gas Gangrene?
shock, kidney failure, and death
What organism causes Gas Gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens (can form endospore)
Gram + Bacteria
What makes the organism, Clostridium perfingens, that causes Gas Gangrene so virulent?
- forms endospores
- secretes 11 toxins that can cause irreversible damage to body
T/F. Rapid treatment of Gas Gangrene is not crucial.
FALSE–it is crucial
What is the mortality rate of patients with Gas Gangrene?
greater than 40%
What is the mode of transmission for Gas Gangrene?
traumatic event that introduces endospores into tissue–from fecally contaminated soil/water
What is the treatment of Gas Gangrene?
rapid Tx = crucial
- surgical removal of dead tissue
- *administer antitoxin and penicillin
How does one prevent Gas Gangrene?
proper cleaning of wounds
What bacterial skin disease that one can get through direct contact is a Category A Bioterrorist threat?
Cutaneous Anthrax
