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Microbiology- Drover > Exam 1: Pt.3 Ch. 14** > Flashcards

Exam 1: Pt.3 Ch. 14** Flashcards

Ch. 14: Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology

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1
Q

What are organisms that colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease?

A

normal microbiota–> AKA normal flora and indigenous microbiota

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2
Q

What are the two kinds of normal flora?

A
  1. Resident microbiota

2. Transient microbiota

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3
Q

What are resident microbiota vs transient microbiota?

A

resident –> remain part of normal microbiota of a a person for life

Transient –> remain in body for few hours, days, months, before disappearing

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4
Q

What are sites that are free of any microbes and are never colonized by normal flora called?

A

Axenic

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5
Q

List the 5 sites that are Axenic in the human body.

A
  1. Alveoli of lungs
  2. CNS
  3. Circulatory System
  4. Upper Urogenital Regions
  5. Uterus
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6
Q

When in utero, is there exposure to microbiota?

A

NO! b/c uterus is axenic

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7
Q

When do humans begin to develop their normal microbiota?

A

during birthing process

  • mouth and nose through birth canal
  • first breath
  • handling by staff, family
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8
Q

When is most of one’s resident microbiota established?

A

during first months of life

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9
Q

What are normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances called?

A

opportunistic pathogens

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10
Q

What are three conditions that provide opportunities for opportunistic pathogens?

A
  1. intro of normal microbiota into unusual site in body
  2. immune suppression
  3. changes in the normal microbiota
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11
Q

Give an example of a how intro of normal microbiota into unusual site in body may be an opportunity for an opportunistic pathogen.

A

E. coli mutualistic in colon, but if enters urethra becomes opportunistic

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12
Q

Give an example of a how immune suppression may be an opportunity for an opportunistic pathogen.

A

AIDS and cancer patients often die from opportunistic infections

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13
Q

Give an example of a how changes in the normal microbiota may be an opportunity for an opportunistic pathogen.

A

take antibiotics, kills normal flora also, allows opportunistic yeast infection

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14
Q

T/F. Most pathogens cannot survive for long outside of their host; they must survive in some particular location.

A

true

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15
Q

What are sites where pathogens live until they can infect a new host?

A

reservoirs of infection

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16
Q

What are three types of reservoirs?

A
  1. Animal reservoirs
  2. human carriers
  3. nonliving reservoirs
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17
Q

What do we call disease that naturally spread from animal host to humans?

A

zoonoses

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18
Q

How do humans acquire zoonoses?

A
  • direct contact with animal or its waste
  • eating animals
  • bloodsucking arthropods (ticks, mosquitoes)
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19
Q

T/F. Humans are usually not dead-end host

A

False–humans are usually dead end hosts–> humans get disease from animals, animals do not get diseases from humans (usually)

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20
Q

What is the reservoir for the zoonose, malaria?

A

monkeys

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21
Q

What is the reservoir for the zoonose, toxoplasmosis?

A

cats

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22
Q

What is the reservoir for the zoonose, anthrax?

A

livestock

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23
Q

What is the reservoir for the zoonose, bubonic plaque?

A

rodents (rats, mice, squirrels, prairie dogs)

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24
Q

What is the reservoir for the zoonose, lyme disease?

A

deer

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25
Q

What is the reservoir for the zoonose, rabies?

A

bat

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26
Q

What is the reservoir for the zoonose, yellow fever?

A

monkeys

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27
Q

What are human carriers as a reservoir?

A

infected inds who are asymptomatic but invective to others

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28
Q

What do we refer to humans that have eventually develop the illness?

A

a case

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29
Q

What do we refer to humans that never get sick?

A

a carrier

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30
Q

What is the term that is used to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease?

A

isolation

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31
Q

What is it called to separate and restrict the movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease

A

quarantine

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32
Q

What are some non-living reservoirs? What is the presence of microorganisms here often due to?

A

soil, water, and food; often due to contamination by feces or urine

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33
Q

What is the mere presence of microbes in or on the body?

A

contamination

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34
Q

What is it called when an organism evades body’s external defense, multiples, and becomes established in the body?

A

infection

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35
Q

Does infection result in disease?

A

is MAY or MAY NOT results in disease

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36
Q

What are portals of entry?

A

sites through which pathogens enter the body

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37
Q

What are three major pathways of portal of entry?

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. placenta
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38
Q

What route is technically not a portal of entry, but a way to circumvent the usual portals of entry?

A

Parenteral route

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39
Q

What are ways a pathogen may get through the skin as its way of portal of entry?

A
  • openings or cuts
  • hair follicles or sweat glands
  • burrowing into or digesting outer layers of skin
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40
Q

T/F. The skin is the most common portal of entry for a microb.

A

False. Mucous membranes are. The skin’s outer layer of dead skin cells acts as a barrier to most pathogens (good at what it does)

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41
Q

What is the most common portal of entry, general and specifically?

A

mucous membranes; specifically respiratory tract (nose, mouth, eyes)

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42
Q

Describe the mucous membranes, and maybe why they are a good portal of entry?

A
  • line body cavities that are open to env.
  • provide a moist, warm env. hospitable to pathogens
  • GI tract may be route of entry (must survive acidic pH of stomach
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43
Q

How common is the placenta as a portal of entry for pathogens? If they do cross, what can occur?

A

typically forms effective barrier to pathogens

Pathogens may cross placenta and infect fetus:

  • spontaneous abortion
  • birth defects
  • premature birth
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44
Q

What are the 7 pathogens that can cross the placenta?

A
  1. Toxoplasma gondii
  2. Treponema pallidum
  3. Listeria monocytogenes
  4. Cytomegalovirus
  5. Erythrovirus
  6. Lentivirus (HIV)
  7. Rubivirus
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45
Q

What are the 7 conditions in adults that can cross the placenta?

A
  1. Toxoplasmosis
  2. Syphilis
  3. Listeriosis
  4. (—Cytomegalovirus is asymptomatic)
  5. Erythema infectiosum
  6. AIDS
  7. German measles
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46
Q

What is the Parenteral Route?

A

NOT a true portal of entry

  • means by which portal of entry can be bypassed
  • pathogens deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes
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47
Q

What are some examples of a pathogen entering the body via the parenteral route of “portal of entry”?

A
  • Needles
  • tattoos
  • piercings
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48
Q

The invasion of the host by a pathogen.

A

infection

49
Q

Results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions (aka morbidity).

A

disease

50
Q

Ability of a microorganism to cause disease.

A

pathogenicity

51
Q

Degree of pathogenicity (how easy it is for the organism to cause disease).

A

virulence

52
Q

T/F. Pathogenicity and Virulence refer to the severity of the disease.

A

False– they do NOT refer to the severity of the disease

53
Q

The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses.

A

antigenicity

54
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

55
Q

What are signs?

A

Objective manifestation of disease observed or measured by others (what we as a DC would observe)

56
Q

What is a group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition?

A

syndrome

57
Q

Pain, nausea, headache, chills, sore throat, fatigue, malaise, itching, abdominal cramps…are all signs or symptoms?

A

symptoms (sensed by the patient)

58
Q

Swelling, rash or redness, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, pus, anemia, leukocytosis/leukopenia, bubo (swollen lymph node), tachycardia/bradycardia…are all signs or symptoms?

A

signs (detected or measured by an observer)

59
Q

What are virulence factors and can you name the 5?

A

contribute to virulence (degree of pathogenicity)

  1. Adhesion factors
  2. Biofilms
  3. Extracellular ezymes
  4. Toxins
  5. Antiphagocytic factors
60
Q

If an infectious agent has more virulent factors, what does that mean?

A

increase in virulence of the pathogen (how easy it is for it to cause disease)

61
Q

What aids in adhesion for microorganisms?

A

attachment proteins

62
Q

What renders a microorganism avirulent?

A

inability to make attachment proteins or adhesins

63
Q

What do we call it when some bacterial pathogens attach to each other?

A

biofilm
Ex: dental plaque
(not always the same species)

64
Q

Describe what extracellular enzymes do for a microorganism to increase its virulence?

A

are secreted by the pathogen
- dissolve structural chemicals in the body
- help pathogen maintain inf, invade, and avoid body defenses
Ex: hyaluronidase and collagenase break down tissue and allow bacteria to penetrate deeper

65
Q

What are hyaluronidase and collagenase examples of, that help break down tissue and allow bacteria to penetrate deeper?

A

the virulence factor, Extracellular enzymes

66
Q

What type of virulence factor are chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage?

A

Toxins

67
Q

What are the two types of toxins that pathogens can release as a virulence factor? Give examples of each.

A
  1. Exotoxins (cytotoxins, neurotixins, enterotoxins)

2. Endotoxins (aka lipid A)

68
Q

What are protective molecules (antibodies) formed by the host or may be administered artificially?

A

antitoxins

69
Q

What type of virulence factor prevents phagocytosis by the host’s phagocytic cells??

A

Antiphagocytic factors

70
Q

What are two kinds of antiphagocytic factors?

A
  1. Bacterial Capsule

2. Antiphagocytic chemicals

71
Q

What does a bacterial capsule do for the pathogen?

A

(type of Antiphagocytic factor)

  • not recognized as foreign
  • slippery, difficult for phagocytes to engulf
72
Q

What do antiphagocytic chemicals do for a pathogen?

A

(type of antiphagocytic factor)

  • allow bacteria to survive inside phagocytes
  • produce leukocidins which destroy phagocytic WBCs
73
Q

What are the 5 stages of Infectious Disease?

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal period
  3. Illness
  4. Decline
  5. Convalescence
74
Q

What stage of infectious disease is when the patient recovers from illness, and the tissues are repaired and returned to normal?

A

Stage 5: Convalescence

75
Q

What stage of infectious disease is considered the most severe stage and signs/symptoms are most evident?

A

Stage 3: illness

76
Q

What stage of infectious disease is between infection and first symptoms or signs?

A

Stage 1: Incubation period

77
Q

What stage of infectious disease is the short period of generalized, mild symptoms?

A

Stage 2: prodromal period

78
Q

What stage of infectious disease consists of immune response/treatment vanquishes pathogens, and the body slowly returns to normal?

A

Stage 4: Decline

79
Q

What do we call the ways pathogens leave the host?

A

Portals of Exit

relatively same as portals of entry, but these contain FLUIDS

80
Q

What are the five portals of exit?

A
  1. bodily secretions (earwax, tears, nasal secretions, saliva, sputum, respiratory droplets
  2. blood
  3. vaginal secretions or semen
  4. breast milk
  5. bodily wastes (urine, excrement, sweat)
81
Q

Transmission is from a _____ or a ______ to another host’s ______.

A

reservoir or a portal of exit; to portal of entry

82
Q

What are the four Modes of Transmission?

A
  1. Contact transmission
  2. Vehicle transmission
  3. Vector transmission
  4. Perinatal
83
Q

What is an inanimate object called that is involved in indirect transmission?

A

fomite

84
Q

What are the three subcategories of Contact transmission?

A

direct, indirect, or droplet

85
Q

What type of mode of transmission is airborne, waterborne, foodborne, fecal-oral, or bodily fluids considered?

A

Vehicle transmission

86
Q

What kind of transmission is it when an arachnid or insect trasfers it? What are the two subcategories?

A

Vector transmission

  1. biological vector
  2. mechanical vector
87
Q

What do you call an arachnid/insect that carries the pathogen and drops it off?

A

mechanical vector (picks up pathogen but is never infected)

88
Q

What do you call an arachnid/insect that serves as a host and transfers pathogen that way?

A

biological vector (must infect the host and then be carried)

89
Q

What is the mode of transmission called when it is transmitted from mom to baby?

A

Perinatal

DO NOT confuse with Parenteral

90
Q

What are the two ways that perinatal transmission can occur?

A

placenta

breast milk

91
Q

What are animals that carry pathogens called?

A

arthropod vectors

92
Q

What do we call the type of arthropod vector only carries the pathogen?

A

mechanical vector

93
Q

What do we call the type of arthropod that serves as a host for the pathogen and transfers it that way?

A

biological vector

94
Q

What are the two classes of arthropod?

A

Arachnids (ticks and mites)

Insects (fleas, lice, flies, mosquitoes, true bugs)

95
Q

What are the types of arachnids that are disease vectors? How many legs?

A

4 pairs of legs
- ticks
- mites
(NOT SPIDERS)

96
Q

What are the most important arachnid vectors?

A

ticks

97
Q

What are the insect vectors? How many legs?

A

3 pairs of legs

  • fleas
  • lice
  • flies
  • mosquitoes
  • kissing bugs (true bugs or reduriid)
98
Q

What are true bugs also called?

A

kissing bugs or reduriid

are an insect vector

99
Q

What are the most important insect vector?

A

mosquitoes

100
Q

What are the most important and common vector of all?

A

mosquitoes (even over ticks)

101
Q

What are the 6 steps in the chain of an infection?

A
  1. agent
  2. reservoir
  3. portal of exit
  4. mode of transmission
  5. portal of entry
  6. the new host
102
Q

What two words are used when we talk about the frequency (occurrence) of disease?

A

Incidence

Prevalence

103
Q

What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time?

A

indidence

104
Q

What is the term for the number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time?

A

Prevalence

105
Q

What do we call a disease that normally(commonly) occurs at regular intervals at a relatively stable incidence w/in a give population of geographical area?

A

endemic

106
Q

What do we call a disease where only a few scattered cases are within an area or population?

A

sporadic

random

107
Q

What do we call a disease that occurs at a greater frequency than is usual for an area or population?

A

epidemic

no specific number attached

108
Q

What do we call an epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent?

A

pandemic

109
Q

What two things does descriptive epidemiology involve?

A
  • careful tabulation of data concerning a disease (location, time, patient info)
  • index case
110
Q

What is the first case of the disease called?

A

index case

111
Q

What is included in careful tabulation of data concerning a disease?

A
  • record location and time of the cases of disease

- collect patient information

112
Q

What are infections acquired in a health-care setting called?

A

Nosocomial infections

could be patients or employees

113
Q

What are the three subtypes of Nosocomial infections?

A
  1. Exogenous
  2. Endogenous
  3. iatrogenic
114
Q

What do we call a pathogen that is acquired from the healthcare environment?

A

exogenous

outside body

115
Q

What do we call a pathogen that arises from normal microbiota due to factors in the healthcare setting?

A

Endogenous

inside body

116
Q

What do we call an infection that results from modern medical procedures?

A

iatrogenic

ex: surgery

117
Q

What is the most effective way at reducing nosocomial infections?

A

hand washing

118
Q

What is the term for diseases which any healthcare professional is required to report cases of to the state health department? Where does it go from there?

A

Notifiable diseases

then to CDC

119
Q

What is the scheme for reporting notifiable diseases?

A

Doctors, clinics, hospitals –> local health department—> state health department —-> CDC

Microbiology- Drover (17 decks)

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