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Microbiology- Drover > Exam 1: Pt. 2 Ch.12, 13, 25 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Pt. 2 Ch.12, 13, 25 Flashcards

Ch.12: Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes Ch.13: Characterizing and Classifying Viruses and Prions Ch.25: Applied and Env. Microbiology

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1
Q

What are the three eukaryotic microbes of clinical interest for us?

A
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths
    (F and P = microscopic)
    (P and H = “parasites”)
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2
Q

What microorganims are in the group of fungi?

A

yeast and mold

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3
Q

What do we call fungus that causes disease?

A

mycoses
(mycosis = singular)

30% cause disease of plants, animals, and humans

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4
Q

What type of eukaryotic microbes can spoil fruit, pickles, jams, and jellies?

A

fungi (b/c they love sugar, esp. yeast)

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5
Q

What is the non-reproductive part/body of the fungus called?

A

Thallus

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6
Q

What are the two types of Thallus of fungus?

A

(the non-reproductive body)
Hyphae–> long filaments = mold

Buds–> spherical = yeasts

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7
Q

What type of thallus do molds have?

A

Hyphae

- long filaments

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8
Q

What type of thallus do yeasts have?

A

spherical Buds

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9
Q

What do we call fungi that produce two types of thalli?

A

Dimorphic

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10
Q

Generally, what part of the dimorphic fungus causes disease?

A

the yeast form;

- breast in hyphae (long filaments) and then turn into yeast-like form

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11
Q

T/F. All fungi have some means of asexual reproduction.

A

True

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12
Q

What are two types of asexual reproduction of fungi?

A
  1. Budding

2. Spore Formation

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13
Q

Describe the Budding fungi reproduction form.

A
  • similar to prokaryotic budding

- makes pseudohypha

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14
Q

What are Pseudohypha?

A

what the budding form of fungal reproduction makes

= a series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent cell

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15
Q

Can fungi reproduce sexually?

A

yes, most also reproduce sexually (recall, all can reproduce asexually)

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16
Q

T/F. Protozoa are very pathogenic.

A

False, very few protozoa are pathogens

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17
Q

Do protozoa have a cell wall?

A

typically lack a cell wall–>therefore can burst if not in certain env.

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18
Q

What type of environments do protozoa require? What are they like morphologically? How do they reproduce?

A
  • require moist env.
  • great morphological diversity (pleiomorphic)
  • most reproduce asexually ONLY
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19
Q

What type of form to all protozoa have that is the motile feeding stage?

A

trophozoite

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20
Q

What type of form do SOME protozoa have that is their hardy resting stage/ encapsulated protozoa?

A

cyst (similar to endospores of bacteria)

- more successful at being pathogens

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21
Q

What do some protozoa have that actively pump water from the cells? Why important?

A

contractile vacuoles

- protect them from osmotic lysis

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22
Q

How do viruses pick their host? (very general)

A
  • may be specific–only infect particular kind of cell in particular host (Ex: HIV)
  • may be generalists– infect many kinds of cells in diff hosts (Ex: West Nile Virus)
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23
Q

What are the three kinds of viral capsid shapes?

A
  1. complex
  2. helical
  3. polyhedral
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24
Q

What type of viral capsid shape is…

  1. spiral
  2. many shapes
  3. geodesic dome
A
  1. helical
  2. complex
  3. polyhedral
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25
Q

What is the MC viral capsid shape?

A

icosahedron (20 sides) polyhedral

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26
Q

What is Lysogeny?

A

modified replication cycle of viruses

- infected host cells grow and reproduce normally for generations before they lyse

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27
Q

What is it called when phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium, changing them from harmless to harmful?

A

lysogenic conversion

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28
Q

What is the lysogenic replication cycle in bacteriophages?

A

added steps that cause replication of chromosome and virus and cell division of the bacteria–> until the virus decides it wants to kill the bacteria and release the replicated viruses

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29
Q

What is it called when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells?

A

latent viruses or proviruses

- could be years with no viral activity

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30
Q

Latent viruses can have a temporary or permanent change, what do those terms mean?

A
  • Temporary = some latent viruses do not become incorporated into host chromosome
  • Permanent = incorporation of provirus into host DNA
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31
Q

What are proteinaceous infectious agents that lack nucleic acid?

A

prions

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32
Q

T/F. Prion are living organisms.

A

False

33
Q

How can prions affect cells?

A

Prion PrP converts cellular PrP into a prion PrP, by inducing conformational change

34
Q

What two things can only destroy prions?

A
  • incineration

- autoclaving in sodium hydroxide

35
Q

Where is the body is the expression of prion diseases predominantly occur?

A

nervous system*

can occur in other tissues too

36
Q

What effect do prion disease have on the brain?

A
  • form large vacuoles in brain

- spongy appearance

37
Q

What is the name of conditions that are caused by prions and affect the brain and NS?

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

38
Q

What are two spongiform encephalopathies?

A
  • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)—mad cow disease

- Variant Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (vCID)—humans inf.

39
Q

Prions composed of different proteins MAY lie behind other muscular and neuronal degenerative diseases like…

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
40
Q

T/F. Viruses are considered acellular.

A

True. Required a host in order to replicate

41
Q

What is the most common human prion disease?

A

Variant Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (vCID)

42
Q

What causes mad cow disease?

A

Prion disease; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)*

43
Q

How does one get a foodborne illness?

A

due to consumption of spoiled foods, or foods containing harmful microbes or their products (toxins)

44
Q

What are symptoms of foodborne illnesses?

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, fatigue, and muscle cramps

45
Q

What are the two categories of food poisoning?

A
  1. Food infections

2. Food intoxications

46
Q

What type of foodborne illness is consumption of the living microorganisms?

A

food infections

47
Q

What type of food borne illness is consumption of microbial toxins, NOT the microbe?

A

food intoxications

48
Q

Where is the most common place that foodborne illnesses come from? What is second and third?

A

60 % – restaurants

14% caterers/banquets
12% home preparation
7% other
7% unknown

49
Q

What are number 1-3 MC organism to cause foodborne illness in the US?

A
  1. Norovirus
  2. Salmonella spp.
  3. Shigella spp.
50
Q

What are two organisms that are responsible for foodborne illnesses that can grow at refrigerator temperature?

A
  • Listeria monocytogenes

- Yersinia enterocolitica

51
Q

What is the MC cause of foodborne illness in the US?

A

norovirus

52
Q

What are 4 of the MC bacterial and protozoan agents to cause foodborne illnesses?

A
  • Salmonella spp. (2nd MC)
  • Shigella spp. (3rd MC)

Grow at fridge temp:

  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Yersinia enterocolitica
53
Q

T/F. Waterborne diseases are common in the US.

A

False, they are RARE

54
Q

What are the two MC waterborne agents and the diseases they cause?

A

Norovirus –> acute gastroenteritis

Giardia intestinalis–> giardiasis

55
Q

What is the term for water that is considered safe to drink?

A

potable water

56
Q

T/F. Potable water is devoid of microorganisms and chemicals.

A

False. Water is not devoid of microorganisms and chemicals– levels are just low enough that it is not a health concern

57
Q

What is the indicator bacteria of presence of fecal contamination in water?

A

Coliform bacteria

- is an indicator of sanitary quality

58
Q

What are the two levels of treatment of water?

A
  1. Municipal Water Treatment– aka drinking water

2. Wastewater Treatment — aka sewage

59
Q

What level of water treatment is clean water that is used in homes and businesses?

A

Municipal water treatment (aka drinking water)

60
Q

What level of water treatment involves water that leaves homes or businesses after use?

A

Wastewater Treatment (aka sewage)

61
Q

What does “remediate” mean?

A

to solve a problem

62
Q

What is it called to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater?

A

“Bio-remediate”

63
Q

What is the use of organisms to clean up toxic, hazardous, or recalcitrant compounds by degrading them to harmless compounds?

A

bioremediation

64
Q

What is the term for using microbes or their toxins to terrorize human populations?

A

Bioterrorism

65
Q

What is the term for using microbes to terrorize human populations by destroying the food supply?

A

Agroterrorism

66
Q

What is the ability of hospitals and clinics to handle the casualties?

A

public health impact

67
Q

What is the term for how easily agent cant be introduced into the population?

A

delivery potential

68
Q

What is the term for the effect of public fear on ability to control an outbreak?

A

public perception

69
Q

What term is used for existing response measures?

A

public health preparedness

70
Q

What are the four criteria for Assessing Biological threats to humans?

A
  1. Public health impact
  2. Delivery potential
  3. Public perception
  4. Public health preparedness
71
Q

T/F. Category A is the worst bioterrorist threats.

A

true

72
Q

What are the top 6 (in order) of the diseases in Category A of Microbial Bioterrorist Threats to Humans?

A
  1. Smallpox
  2. Anthrax
  3. Plague
  4. Botulism
  5. Tularemia
  6. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, etc,)
73
Q

What are the Biosafety Levels established by CDC?

A

Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)—-through—> BSL-4

74
Q

What Biosafety Level is handling of moderately hazardous agents?

A

BSL-2

75
Q

What Biosafety Level is handling pathogens that do not cause disease in healthy humans?

A

BSL-1

76
Q

What Biosafety Level is handling of microbes in safety cabinets or handling microbes that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease after inhalation?

A

BSL-3

77
Q

What Biosafety Level is handling of microbes that cause severe or fatal disease?

A

BSL-4

Ex: working with Ebola virus cultures–must where self-contained suit

78
Q

What is the part of the fungus that is typically subterranean called?

A

mycelium (basically a tangled mass of hyphae)

Microbiology- Drover (17 decks)

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