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Microbiology- Drover > Exam 1: Pt. 2 Ch.12, 13, 25 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Pt. 2 Ch.12, 13, 25 Flashcards

Ch.12: Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes Ch.13: Characterizing and Classifying Viruses and Prions Ch.25: Applied and Env. Microbiology

1
Q

What are the three eukaryotic microbes of clinical interest for us?

A
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths
    (F and P = microscopic)
    (P and H = “parasites”)
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2
Q

What microorganims are in the group of fungi?

A

yeast and mold

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3
Q

What do we call fungus that causes disease?

A

mycoses
(mycosis = singular)

30% cause disease of plants, animals, and humans

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4
Q

What type of eukaryotic microbes can spoil fruit, pickles, jams, and jellies?

A

fungi (b/c they love sugar, esp. yeast)

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5
Q

What is the non-reproductive part/body of the fungus called?

A

Thallus

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6
Q

What are the two types of Thallus of fungus?

A

(the non-reproductive body)
Hyphae–> long filaments = mold

Buds–> spherical = yeasts

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7
Q

What type of thallus do molds have?

A

Hyphae

- long filaments

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8
Q

What type of thallus do yeasts have?

A

spherical Buds

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9
Q

What do we call fungi that produce two types of thalli?

A

Dimorphic

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10
Q

Generally, what part of the dimorphic fungus causes disease?

A

the yeast form;

- breast in hyphae (long filaments) and then turn into yeast-like form

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11
Q

T/F. All fungi have some means of asexual reproduction.

A

True

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12
Q

What are two types of asexual reproduction of fungi?

A
  1. Budding

2. Spore Formation

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13
Q

Describe the Budding fungi reproduction form.

A
  • similar to prokaryotic budding

- makes pseudohypha

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14
Q

What are Pseudohypha?

A

what the budding form of fungal reproduction makes

= a series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent cell

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15
Q

Can fungi reproduce sexually?

A

yes, most also reproduce sexually (recall, all can reproduce asexually)

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16
Q

T/F. Protozoa are very pathogenic.

A

False, very few protozoa are pathogens

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17
Q

Do protozoa have a cell wall?

A

typically lack a cell wall–>therefore can burst if not in certain env.

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18
Q

What type of environments do protozoa require? What are they like morphologically? How do they reproduce?

A
  • require moist env.
  • great morphological diversity (pleiomorphic)
  • most reproduce asexually ONLY
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19
Q

What type of form to all protozoa have that is the motile feeding stage?

A

trophozoite

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20
Q

What type of form do SOME protozoa have that is their hardy resting stage/ encapsulated protozoa?

A

cyst (similar to endospores of bacteria)

- more successful at being pathogens

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21
Q

What do some protozoa have that actively pump water from the cells? Why important?

A

contractile vacuoles

- protect them from osmotic lysis

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22
Q

How do viruses pick their host? (very general)

A
  • may be specific–only infect particular kind of cell in particular host (Ex: HIV)
  • may be generalists– infect many kinds of cells in diff hosts (Ex: West Nile Virus)
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23
Q

What are the three kinds of viral capsid shapes?

A
  1. complex
  2. helical
  3. polyhedral
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24
Q

What type of viral capsid shape is…

  1. spiral
  2. many shapes
  3. geodesic dome
A
  1. helical
  2. complex
  3. polyhedral
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25
What is the MC viral capsid shape?
icosahedron (20 sides) polyhedral
26
What is Lysogeny?
modified replication cycle of viruses | - infected host cells grow and reproduce normally for generations before they lyse
27
What is it called when phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium, changing them from harmless to harmful?
lysogenic conversion
28
What is the lysogenic replication cycle in bacteriophages?
added steps that cause replication of chromosome and virus and cell division of the bacteria--> until the virus decides it wants to kill the bacteria and release the replicated viruses
29
What is it called when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells?
latent viruses or proviruses | - could be years with no viral activity
30
Latent viruses can have a temporary or permanent change, what do those terms mean?
- Temporary = some latent viruses do not become incorporated into host chromosome - Permanent = incorporation of provirus into host DNA
31
What are proteinaceous infectious agents that lack nucleic acid?
prions
32
T/F. Prion are living organisms.
False
33
How can prions affect cells?
Prion PrP converts cellular PrP into a prion PrP, by inducing conformational change
34
What two things can only destroy prions?
- incineration | - autoclaving in sodium hydroxide
35
Where is the body is the expression of prion diseases predominantly occur?
nervous system* | can occur in other tissues too
36
What effect do prion disease have on the brain?
- form large vacuoles in brain | - spongy appearance
37
What is the name of conditions that are caused by prions and affect the brain and NS?
Spongiform encephalopathies
38
What are two spongiform encephalopathies?
- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)---mad cow disease | - Variant Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (vCID)---humans inf.
39
Prions composed of different proteins MAY lie behind other muscular and neuronal degenerative diseases like...
- Alzheimer's disease - Parkinson's disease - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
40
T/F. Viruses are considered acellular.
True. Required a host in order to replicate
41
What is the most common human prion disease?
Variant Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (vCID)
42
What causes mad cow disease?
Prion disease; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)*
43
How does one get a foodborne illness?
due to consumption of spoiled foods, or foods containing harmful microbes or their products (toxins)
44
What are symptoms of foodborne illnesses?
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, fatigue, and muscle cramps
45
What are the two categories of food poisoning?
1. Food infections | 2. Food intoxications
46
What type of foodborne illness is consumption of the living microorganisms?
food infections
47
What type of food borne illness is consumption of microbial toxins, NOT the microbe?
food intoxications
48
Where is the most common place that foodborne illnesses come from? What is second and third?
60 % -- restaurants 14% caterers/banquets 12% home preparation 7% other 7% unknown
49
What are number 1-3 MC organism to cause foodborne illness in the US?
1. Norovirus 2. Salmonella spp. 3. Shigella spp.
50
What are two organisms that are responsible for foodborne illnesses that can grow at refrigerator temperature?
- Listeria monocytogenes | - Yersinia enterocolitica
51
What is the MC cause of foodborne illness in the US?
norovirus
52
What are 4 of the MC bacterial and protozoan agents to cause foodborne illnesses?
- Salmonella spp. (2nd MC) - Shigella spp. (3rd MC) Grow at fridge temp: - Listeria monocytogenes - Yersinia enterocolitica
53
T/F. Waterborne diseases are common in the US.
False, they are RARE
54
What are the two MC waterborne agents and the diseases they cause?
Norovirus --> acute gastroenteritis Giardia intestinalis--> giardiasis
55
What is the term for water that is considered safe to drink?
potable water
56
T/F. Potable water is devoid of microorganisms and chemicals.
False. Water is not devoid of microorganisms and chemicals-- levels are just low enough that it is not a health concern
57
What is the indicator bacteria of presence of fecal contamination in water?
Coliform bacteria | - is an indicator of sanitary quality
58
What are the two levels of treatment of water?
1. Municipal Water Treatment-- aka drinking water | 2. Wastewater Treatment --- aka sewage
59
What level of water treatment is clean water that is used in homes and businesses?
Municipal water treatment (aka drinking water)
60
What level of water treatment involves water that leaves homes or businesses after use?
Wastewater Treatment (aka sewage)
61
What does "remediate" mean?
to solve a problem
62
What is it called to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater?
"Bio-remediate"
63
What is the use of organisms to clean up toxic, hazardous, or recalcitrant compounds by degrading them to harmless compounds?
bioremediation
64
What is the term for using microbes or their toxins to terrorize human populations?
Bioterrorism
65
What is the term for using microbes to terrorize human populations by destroying the food supply?
Agroterrorism
66
What is the ability of hospitals and clinics to handle the casualties?
public health impact
67
What is the term for how easily agent cant be introduced into the population?
delivery potential
68
What is the term for the effect of public fear on ability to control an outbreak?
public perception
69
What term is used for existing response measures?
public health preparedness
70
What are the four criteria for Assessing Biological threats to humans?
1. Public health impact 2. Delivery potential 3. Public perception 4. Public health preparedness
71
T/F. Category A is the worst bioterrorist threats.
true
72
What are the top 6 (in order) of the diseases in Category A of Microbial Bioterrorist Threats to Humans?
1. Smallpox 2. Anthrax 3. Plague 4. Botulism 5. Tularemia 6. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, etc,)
73
What are the Biosafety Levels established by CDC?
Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)----through---> BSL-4
74
What Biosafety Level is handling of moderately hazardous agents?
BSL-2
75
What Biosafety Level is handling pathogens that do not cause disease in healthy humans?
BSL-1
76
What Biosafety Level is handling of microbes in safety cabinets or handling microbes that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease after inhalation?
BSL-3
77
What Biosafety Level is handling of microbes that cause severe or fatal disease?
BSL-4 | Ex: working with Ebola virus cultures--must where self-contained suit
78
What is the part of the fungus that is typically subterranean called?
mycelium (basically a tangled mass of hyphae)

Microbiology- Drover (17 decks)

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