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Microbiology- Drover > Exam 2: Microbial Diseases of Cardiovascular System/Systemic Diseases > Flashcards

Exam 2: Microbial Diseases of Cardiovascular System/Systemic Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What refers the the presence of a microbial infection of the blood that causes illness?

A

septicemia

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2
Q

What are the three subcategories of septicemia?

A
  • Bacteremia
  • Toxemia
  • Viremia
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3
Q

What is invasion of the bloodstream by bacteria?

A

Bacteremia

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4
Q

What is it called when bacteria remain fixed at a site of infection but release toxins into the blood?

A

Toxemia

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5
Q

What is invasion of the bloodstream by viruses?

A

Viremia

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6
Q

What is an infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels called?

A

Lymphangitis

recall in micro, “-itis” = infection

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7
Q

T/F. Lymphangitis is the same as Cellulitis.

A

False— it is NOT cellulitis (Cellulitis = used to describe spreading bacterial skin infections)

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8
Q

What may cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malaise, septic shock, petechiae, and osteomyelitis?

A

Septicemia

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9
Q

When we see osteomyelitis, what organism should we associated with causing this?

A

Staph. aureus

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10
Q

What are the symptoms for Toxemia?

A

varies–

  • Exotoxins–> release from living microbes
  • Endotoxins –> released from Gram (-) bacteria–> like Lipid A –> ONLY when cell wall destroyed
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11
Q

How does one get septicemia?

A

often opportunistic or nosocomial infections (need to be immunocompromised–AIDS, child, elderly, CA, transplant patients)

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12
Q

T/F. Immunocompetent inds. commonly get septicemia.

A

FALSE–they rarely get speticemia

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13
Q

Does Gram (-) or Gram (+) bacteria produce more severe septicemia?

A

Gram (-) bacteria

due to endotoxin after destruction of cell wall

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14
Q

What is an extremely important sign that may need someone has Endocarditis?

A

new or changed heart murmur

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15
Q

What two organisms should we remember that may cause Endocarditis?

A

Steptococcus mutans–> causes cavities

Staphylococcus aureus

(Bacteria Gram +)

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16
Q

What bacterial disease causes a fever, fatigue, malaise, tachycardia, inflam. of heart valves, and may cause a new or changed heart murmur?

A

Endocarditis

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17
Q

What does Endocarditis may do to the valves of the heart?

A

created vegetations = colony of bacteria growth on heart valves

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18
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Endocarditis?

A

usually have obvious source of infection

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19
Q

What organism is one of the MC causes of cavities? What may it lead to?

A

Streptococcus mutans

Endocarditis

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20
Q

What may a person have that may increase they risk for Endocarditis?

A

abnormal heart have increased risk

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21
Q

What is a prevention strategy for Endocarditis for high-risk patients?

A

Prophylactic antibiotics–> given to patents before dental surgery (prevent S. mutans inf.)

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22
Q

What disease may cause joint inflammation, small nodules or hard round bumps under the skin, fever, fatigue,etc, and children 5-15 are most at risk?

A

Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic Heart Disease

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23
Q

What organism causes Rheumatic Fever/Heart Disease?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

Gram + Bacteria

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24
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Rheumatic Fever/Heart Disease?

A

occurs 1-5 weeks following Streptococcus pyogenes inf.–> such as STREP THROAT or Scarlet fever

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25
Q

How is at risk for Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic Heart Disease? Why is this age of concern? It is common in the U.S.?

A

children ages 5-15 are most at risk

    • if get strep throat this disease could develop 1-5 weeks following inf.
    • therefore Tx strep throat with prompt antibiotics

NOT common in U.S. due to access of antibiotics for strep throat

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26
Q

How is the Tx and prevention for Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic heart disease?

A
  • surgical valve repair or replacement if severe damage

- best prevention = prompt antibiotics if child develops strep throat

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27
Q

What are the two heart diseases that are caused by bacteria that we discussed?

A
  1. Endocarditis

2. Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic Heart Disease

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28
Q

What systemic disease causes one to have a fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon, along with chills, sweating, HA, myalgia, and weight loss?

A

Brucellosis

aka Undulant Fever

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29
Q

What organism causes Undulant Fever?

A

(aka Brucellosis)
Brucella melitensis

Gram - Bacteria–> endotoxin–> Lipid A

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30
Q

Where is Brucella melitensis typically found and what does it cause?

A

found in sheep and goats

causes Undulant Fever (aka Brucellosis)

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31
Q

How does one get Undulant Fever (aka Brucellosis)?

A

contact with contaminated dairy products or infected animal parts (typically sheep and goats)
–>therefore farmers and vets at higher risk

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32
Q

What is an AKA for Tularemia?

A

Rabbit Fever

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33
Q

What is an AKA for Brucellosis?

A

Undulant Fever

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34
Q

What are the symptoms of Rabbit Fever?

A

(aka Tularemia)
- skin lesions and swollen lymph nodes at inf. site
- ascending lymphangitis
- could cause possible death
(most ppl get skin lesions and will resolve)

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35
Q

What organism causes Rabbit Fever?

A

(aka Tularemia)

Francisella tularensis
(Grame - Bacteria)

lives mostly in rabbits

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36
Q

Someone that has been bitten by a tick and is experiences skin lesions, swollen lymph nodes at inf site, and ascending lymphagitis may have what disease?

A

Tularemia

aka Rabbit Fever

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37
Q

What is the vector and reservoir for the organism Francisella tularensis?

A

Reservoir = rabbits

Vector = inf. tick

(causes Rabbit Fever/Tularemia)

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38
Q

How is Francisella tularensis transmitted?

A

via infected rick or contact with infected animal

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39
Q

What is Tularemia/Rabbit Fever considered due to its high virulence?

A

Category A bioterrorist threat

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40
Q

What is a way to prevent getting Rabbit Fever/Tularemia?

A

wear rubber gloves when handling or skinning wild animals (rabbits, also rodents)

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41
Q

What are the two progressive states of the Plague and how are the transmitted?

A

Bubonic plague–> flea bite or contact with inf. rodent of flea feces
Pneumonic plague–> Person-to-person, can spread to others

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42
Q

If someone has buboes, what disease are we thinking they have? Where are they MC?

A

Plague
- groin, armpit, neck

(buboes = swollen painful lymph nodes)

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43
Q

What disease is characterized by high fever, buboes, bactermia, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), subcutaneous hemorrhaging, and death of tissues?

A

Bubonic plague

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44
Q

What is known as the “Black Death”, why?

A

Bubonic plague due to the necrotic skin darkening

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45
Q

What organism causes the Plague?

A

Yersinia pestis

Gram (-) Bacteria

46
Q

How is the Bubonic Plague spread?

A

flea bite or contact with infected rodent or flea feces

cannot spread to others yet

47
Q

How is the Pneumonic Plague spread?

A

one gets it once bacterium spread to lungs

now can spread person-to-person via aerosols and sputum

48
Q

What is the death rate for the pneumonic plague if it isn’t treated?

A

100% fatal if NOT treated w/in first 24 hours

49
Q

What is the death rate for the Bubonic plague?

A

untreated –> 50% fatal

treated –> 5-15% fatal

50
Q

What is the vector and reservoir for Bubonic plague?

A

vector = flea bite

reservoir = rodent (rats, mice, squirrels, prairie dogs)

51
Q

What is the Plague categorized as?

A

Category A Bioterrorist threat

–extremely virulent

52
Q

What are the three phases of Lyme Disease is untreated in patients?

A
  1. Expanding red “bull’s-eye” rash (in 75% of cases), lymphadenopathy
  2. Neurological symptoms, meningitis, encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy, Bell’s Palsy (10% cases)
  3. Severe, chronic arthritis
53
Q

If patient comes in with a red “bull’s-eye” rash and lymphadenopathy at the infection site and what are we thinking they have? What another name for this rash?

A

Lyme Disease

also called – erythema migrans
occurs in 75% of patients

54
Q

What organism causes Lyme Disease?

A

caused by a spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi

recall spirochete shape also causes syphilis

55
Q

What is the other name some may give for Lyme Disease?

A

Lyme Borreliosis

56
Q

What is the number one tick borne illness in the U.S.?

A

Lyme Disease

– also is one of the most common vector-borne diseases in the U.S.

57
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Lyme Disease?

A

via a tick

tick= the vector

58
Q

Where is Lyme Disease more localized in the U.S.?

A

states in northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and north-central regions

59
Q

What systemic bacterial disease is characterized by recurring episdoes of septicemia and fever due to body’s repeated effort to remove the spirochetes?

A

Relapsing Fever

60
Q

What are the two pathogens that cause Relapsing Fever and what do we call they diseases they manifest with?

A
  1. Louse-borne Relapsing Fever : spirochete Borrelia recurrentis
  2. Endemic Relapsing Fever: Several Borrelia spp.
61
Q

How is Louse-borne relapsing fever transmitted?

How is Endemic relapsing fever transmitted?

A

human body louse

soft ticks

62
Q

What disease is characterized by a severe sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and in 50% of cases an enlargement of the spleen, and may effect the liver?

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

63
Q

What causes Infectious Mononucleosis?

A

Human Herpes Virus-4 (HVV-4)

aka Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

64
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Infectious Mononucleosis?

A

via saliva; known as the “kissing disease”

will establish a latent infection

ass. with many other conditions

65
Q

What disease is mostly asymptomatic; but typically symptomatic in fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients causing birth defects, mono-like symptoms and eye infections?

A

Cytomegalovirus

66
Q

What causes Cytomegalovirus?

A

HHV-5 (human herpes virus-5)

aka Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

67
Q

How is Cytomegalovirus transmitted?

A
  • bodily secretions
  • usually occurs via sexual intercourse
  • in utero exposure, vaginal birth
68
Q

What individuals are we most worried about Cytomegalovirus causing issue sin?

A

fetuses, newborns, and esp. immunocompromised inds–> AIDS patients

69
Q

What systemic disease manifests in three stages and the third stage one experiences jaundice, and hemorrhaging (blood in vomit), called “black vomit”?

A

Yellow Fever (virus)

70
Q

What organism causes Yellow Fever?

A

Yellow Fever Virus

an arbovirus = athropod borne

71
Q

What are the three stages of Yellow Fever?

A
  1. fever, HA, muscles aches
  2. period of remission
  3. jaundice and “Black vomit”
72
Q

How is Yellow Fever transmitted? Where do most cases occur today?

A

vector = mosquito

South America and Africa
Hx of traveling there

73
Q

What percentage of people is Dengue Fever usually asymptomatic in?

A

80%

74
Q

What are the two types of disease caused by Dengue Viruses?

A
  1. Dengue Fever (aka “break-bone fever”)

2. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

75
Q

What type of disease that is caused by Dengue Viruses is more severe? What percentage of cases does this occur in? How does it manifest?

A

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever; occurs in ~5% of cases

– internal bleeding, shock, and possibly death

76
Q

How does Dengue Fever manifest?

A

(aka “break-bone fever”)
First Phase: fever, edema, head and muscle pain
Second Phase: return of fever and red rash

77
Q

How is Dengue Fever or Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever transmitted?

A

mosquito vector

is an arbovirus

78
Q

Is there a treatment for Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever?

A

no

79
Q

What systemic disease is characterized by severe internal hemorrhaging and uncontrolled bleeding under the skin and from every body opeing?

A

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

80
Q

What causes Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever? Is it dangerous, as in is categorized as anything?

A

Ebolavirus

Category A bioterrorist threat
BSL-4 (bio-safety level 4)

81
Q

Where does Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever occur? How is it spread?

A

Africa

spread person to person by contaminated body fluids and syringes

(mode of transmission to humans in unknown)

82
Q

What is the death rate for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

A

up to 90% of human victims die

83
Q

What are the three Protozoan systemic disease we discussed?

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Toxoplasmosis
  3. Chages’ Disease
84
Q

What systemic disease is caused by a protozoa and the vector is a mosquito and it will cause fever, chills, diarrhea, HA, ~cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction, anemia, weakness, fatigue, and jaundice?

A

Malaria

85
Q

What is the most severe form of Malaria called?

A

blackwater fever (Plasmodium falciparum)

86
Q

What form of Malaria causes extreme fever, erythrocyte lysis, renal failure, and dark urine and can be fatal within 24 hours?

A

Blackwater fever caused by Plasmodium flaciparum

87
Q

What organism causes Malaria? What are the four species that can?

A
  1. Plasmodium ovale (mild)
  2. Plasmodium vivax (chronic, MC)
  3. Plasmodium malariae (more serious)
  4. Plasmodium falciparum (MOST severe)
88
Q

What organism causes the MC form of malaria?

A

Plasmodium vivax

89
Q

What organism causes the generally mild disease of Malaria?

A

Plasmodium ovale

90
Q

What organism causes the more serious form of malaria, but not the most severe form?

A

Plasmodium malariae

91
Q

What organism causes the most SEVERE form of malaira?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

92
Q

What is the vector for Malaria?

A

mosquitoes

93
Q

Where is Malaria an endemic?

A

throughout tropics and subtropics

a child dies every minute from malaria

94
Q

What systemic disease is caused by either inhalation of ingestion of the organism and a majority of cases have no symptoms, but if there are symptoms they have fever, malaise, inflam of lungs, liver, and heart, and it is a protozoan?

A

Toxoplasmosis

cauesed by Toxoplasma gondii

95
Q

What two populations is Toxoplasmosis more severe in?

A

AIDS patients and fetuses

therefore pregnant women should not clean cat litter boxes

96
Q

T/F. Pregnant women are at great risk of Toxoplasmosis.

A

FALSE–it is the fetus that is at risk (NOT the mom)

97
Q

How does one get Toxoplasmosis?

A
  • consuming undercooked, contaminated meat

- ingestion or inhalation of feces contaminated soil

98
Q

T/F. Toxoplasmosis can cross the placenta.

A

True–hence why pregnant women shouldn’t clean out litter boxes

99
Q

What disease has characteristic chagomas in its first stage and in its forth stage has congestive heart failure following formation of pseudocysts?

A

Chagas’ Disease

100
Q

What organism causes Chagas’ Disease?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

a protozoa

101
Q

How is Chagas’ Disease transmitted?

A

vector = bite of reduviid bugs (aka True Bugs and “Kissing bugs”)
or transfusion with infected blood

102
Q

Where is Chagas’ Disease and endemic?

A

throughout Central and South America and now Texas

103
Q

What are the two Helminthic cardiovascular and systemic disease we talked about?

A
  1. Lymphatic filariasis

2. Schistosomiasis

104
Q

What disease can remain asymptomatic for up to 17 years and then the chronic lymphatic damage can result in elephantiasis?

A

Lymphatic Filariasis

105
Q

What organism causes Lymphatic Filariasis?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

a nematode (roundworm)

106
Q

What is the vector for Lymphatic FIlariasis? Where is it an endemic?

A

mosquito

in tropical and sub-tropical regions (of Asia, Africa, Central, South america, pacific island nations)

107
Q

What is the other name for Snail Fever?

A

Schistosomiasis

108
Q

What disease has a Swimmer’s itch at infection site and causes cirrhosis of lungs and liver and distended stomach

A

Schistosomiasis

aka Snail Fever

109
Q

What organisms cause Schistosomiasis?

A 
(aka Snail Fever)
3 species of Blood flukes (trematodes) in genus Schistosoma
- S. mansoni
- S. haemotobium
- S. japonicum
110
Q

How does one contract Schistosomiasis (aka Snail Fever)?

A

contact with contaminated water and it burrows through skin

111
Q

What is the reservoir for Schistosomiasis?

A

(aka Snail Fever)

snails

112
Q

T/F. Snail Fever is a reemerging disease, but is not found in the U.S. but is potentially fatal and one of the major public health problems in the world.

A

True

aka Schistosomiasis

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