Exam 3: Diseases of Urinary and Reproductive System Flashcards
What are the three bacterial diseases of the Urinary system we talked about?
- UTIs (Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
- Leptospirosis
- Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
What are the symptoms of a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?
- persistent urge to urinate
- burning when urinating
- freq. and small amount of urination
- cloudy urine
- bright pink or “cola colored” urine
- strong-smelling urine
What sex are UTIs MC in? Where is the referred pain for males and females?
MC in females
Females–> pelvic pain
Males–> rectal pain
What two organisms should we know that cause UTIs? Which is MC?
Escherichia coli (80-85% cases)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(others:
- Proteus mirabilis
- Providencia stuartii
- Morganella morganii
- Serratia marcescens
- Citrobacter sp.
- Klebsiella sp.)
What is the mode of transmission for UTIs?
often self-inoculate fecal bacteria into urethra
urinary catheters common source of nosocomial inf.
What is the MC cause of NON-nosocomial UTI’s?
Escherichia coli (bacteria)
What disease is rare in the U.S. and causes abrupt fever, myalgia, muscle stiffness, HA– and later meningitis, rash, kidney failure, and jaundice?
Leptospirosis
when severe = Weil’s disease
What organism causes Leptospirosis? What is the mode of transmission?
Leptospira interrogans (gram - bacteria)
transmitted by contact with urine of infected animal or urine-contaminated water
What disease causes a sudden appearance of edema, hematuria, proteineria, HTN, and in adults if not Tx could cause irreversible kidney damage?
Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
What organism causes Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis? How does one get this?
Streptococcus pyogenes
complication post-strep infection
MC in children
What are the three (bacterial or fungal) Nonvenereal diseases of the reproductive system we talked about?
- Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)
- Bacterial Vaginosis
- Vaginal Yeast Infection
(nonvenereal = not sexually transmitted)
What disease occurs via a sudden-onset fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, AND* extremely low BP, confusion, severe red rash, loss of sheets of skin, and if un-Tx leads to shock?
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)
What organism causes Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)? How does one get this?
Staphylococcus aureus (gram + bacteria)
strains producing TSS toxin grow in wound or in an abraded vagina
Who most commonly gets/ is more at risk of getting Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)?
associated with tampons– menstruating females more at risk
What disease causes a white vaginal discharge with a “fishy” odor, vaginal itching/irritation, pain during intercourse, and burning during urination?
Bacterial Vaginosis
What organism causes Bacterial Vaginosis? How does one get it?
various anaerobic bacteria
ass. with multiple sexual partners and vaginal douching; but has NO evidence of sexual transmission
What disease causes severe vaginal itching and burning, pain, thick white, odor-free* vaginal discharge with a cottage cheese appearance*?
Vaginal Yeast Infection
What organism causes a Vaginal Yeast Infection? How does one get this?
Candida albicans
normal microbiota–opportunistic inf; often secondary to antibiotics
What is an “aka” for Vaginal Yeast Infection?
aka fungal vaginitis/candidiasis
is an overgrowth from change in vaginal pH or microbiota changes
Is Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome a medical emergency?
YESS
What should we recommend to patients to help prevent them getting a Vaginal Yeast Infection?
take probiotic
Are STI’s common worldwide? Who is most at risk?
yes
female adolescents are at higher risk (cervical lining is prone to bacterial inf.)
What will the presence of lesions from STDs create a risk factor for?
transmission of HIV
What is an “aka” for Gonorrhea? What organism causes this? How does one get it?
aka clap
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
the “Gonococcus”
STD
What will cause acute inflammation in a male 2-5 days after infection and extremely painful urination and pus-filled discharge, called urethritis?
Gonorrhea
What are the symptoms in a female associated with Gonorrhea?
50-80% often asymptomatic
can trigger pelvic inflammatory disease
What organism causes Gonorrhea? How does one get it?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram - bacteria)
STD–> and can be infected multiple times
What individuals is Gonorrhea more common in?
19x more common in African Americans
MC in females (but more asymptomatic)
What disease is usually asymptomatic in females, but in males causes painful urination and pus discharge from penis (non-gonococcal urethritis)*?
Chlamydia
What organism causes Chlamydia? How does one get this?
Chalmydia trachomatis (gram - bacteria)
STD
What is the most common REPORTABLE STD in the U.S.?
Chlamydia
What will the infection of Chlamydia in adolescence increase the risk of?
cervical CA
What causes chronic lymphatic infection, genital lesion, and bubo* in the groin?
Lymphogranuloma venereum
What organism causes Lymphogranuloma venereum? How does one get it?
a different strain of Chlamydia trachomatis (so it doesn’t cause chlamydia)
STD
What causes small, painless nodules, then when open, is fleshy, oozing lesions called “beefy red lesion”?
Granuloma inguinale
What organism causes Granuloma inguinale? How does one get it?
Klebsiella granulomatis (gram - bacteria)
STD
T/F. Granuloma inguinale is the same as lymphogranulomas venereum.
False– they are NOT the same
Granuloma inguinale–> “beefy-red lesion”
lymphogranulomas venereum–> bubo in groin
What STD has 4 stages (3 of those being clinical)? What are they?
Syphilis
- Primary–> painless chancre
- Secondary–> widespread rash
- Latent–> 2/3 do not progress
- Tertiary –> dementia and gummas
What organism causes Syphilis? What should we remember about this organism? How does one get it?
Treponema pallidum pallidum (gram - bacteria)
–> is a spirochete
STD; also mother to child (occurs worldwide)
What will mother to child transmission of Syphilis result in?
congenital syphilis
Can Syphilis be treated?
Penicillin G can be used to Tx it in Primary or Secondary stage; but once it reaches the tertiary stage it CANNOT be Tx
Which stage of Syphilis is characterized by a widespread rash that has no pain or itching?
Stage 2: Secondary Stage
What stage of Syphilis does it go Latent? How often does an ind. just stay in this stage?
Stage 3
about 2/3 stay here and 1/3 progress into stage 4: Tertiary
What stage of Syphilis will cause painless, reddened chancre? When do these occur after infection?
Stage 1: primary
occurs at site of inf. ~ 10-21 days following exposure
What stage of Syphilis can effect any organ/tissue and causes dementia and gummas?
Stage 4: Tertiary
~1/3 cases progress to this from the Latent stage
What STD causes soft chancres that are painful?
Chancroid
What are the symptoms in males and females in someone with Chancroid?
soft chancres that are painful
women are often asymptomatic
What organism causes Chancroid? How does one get it?
Haemophilus ducreyi (gram - bacteria)
STD
(most cases in US are due to foreign travel)
What should we remember about the difference between the chancre occurring in Syphilis and Chancroid?
Syphilis–> painless (more red, usually 1 or 2)
Chancroid–> painful (more white, usually a cluster)
What are the 6 bacterial STDs we talked about?
- Gonorrhea
- Chlamydia
- Lymphogranuloma venereum
- Granuloma inguinale
- Syphilis
- Chancroid
What are the three viral STD’s we talked about?
- Genital Herpes
- Genital Warts
- AIDS (–Kaposi’s Sarcoma)
What causes blisters around or on the genitals or rectum? Where does it go latent?
Genital Herpes
sacral ganglia
What organism causes Genital Herpes? How does one get it? What will it increase the risk of getting?
Human Herpes Virus (HHV-2)–sometimes HHV-1
4x risk of HIV infection
What causes warts on the genitalia and surrounding areas? What large growths can it cause?
Genital warts
condylomata acuminata (“cauliflower-like” large growths)
What organism causes Genital warts? How does one get them?
Human Papillomavirus (30 diff strains)
STD
What is the MC STD in the US?
Genital Warts
does not need to be reported if someone has it
What are Genital warts associated with increasing the risk of getting later on?
ass. with cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer
How many cases per year is HPV in women ass. with cancer? What cancer is MC?
20,000+ HPV-ass. cancers
MC = cervical cancer
How many cases per year in males is HPV ass. with cancer? What caner is the MC?
11,000+ HPV-ass. cancers
MC = oropharyngel cancer
T/F. AIDS is a disease.
False– it is NOT a disease; it is a SYNDROME
What organism causes AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
How can one get AIDS?
- found in blood, semen, saliva, vaginal secretions
- breast milk
- must be introduced into body via sexual activity, tear, or lesion in skin or mucous membranes or injected into body
What is the most well known retrovirus?
HIV
T/F. If someone is HIV positive that means they have AIDS.
False– it does not mean they have AIDS
How is AIDS Dx?
ELISA/Western Blot tests
What is the cancerous tumors of CT that is associated with AIDS and has a bluish-red or purple bumps with it?
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
How organism causes Kaposi’s Sarcoma? How does one get this?
Human Herpes Virus (HHV-8)
aka Rhadinovirus
opportunistic inf seen primarily in AIDS patients (rarely see in immunocompenent inds)
What are some other infections that someone with AIDS may get due to being immunocompromised?
- Candidiasis
- PCP
- Shingles
- CMV
- Kaposi’s Sarcoma
- Disseminated herpes (all over)
- TB
- Toxoplasmosis
What is the only protozoan STD we talked about?
Trichomoniasis
What organism causes Trichomoniasis? How does one get it?
Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoa)
primarily via sexual activity
What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis?
females–> vaginal discharge that is “frothy green” and irritation
males–> typically asymptomatic
What is the MC curable STD in women?
Trichomoniasis
Tx: single dose of oral metronidazole (an antibiotic used to protozoan inf)
