Exam 2: Disease of NS--Bacterial

Question 1

What type of environment is the CNS?

Answer 1

axenic

Question 2

What are 4 ways a pathogen may access the CNS?

Answer 2

• Breaks in bones and meninges
• Medical procedures
• Travel from PNS to CNS
• Infect and kill cells of meninges, causing meningitis

Question 3

What are the four bacterial diseases of the nervous system we are covering?

Answer 3

1. Meningitis
2. Leprosy
3. Botulism
4. Tetanus

Question 4

What are the two ways bacteria cause nervous system disease?

Answer 4

1. INFECT cells of NS

2. Bacteria growing elsewhere RELEASE toxins that affect neurons

Question 5

What serious condition is characterized by a sudden high fever, severe stiff neck (nuchal ridigity), severe HAs, and severe meningeal inflammation?

Answer 5

Bacterial Meningitis

Question 6

What signs and symptoms may someone with Bacterial Meningitis have?

Answer 6

• high fever, nuchal rigidity, severe HA
• severe meningeal inflammation
• vomiting
• photophobia and phonophobia
• disorientation

Question 7

T/F. Bacterial Meningitis has a slow onset.

Answer 7

False–it CAN DEVELOP RAPIDLY–death could occur within 24 hours

Question 8

Within 24 hours of someone with Bacterial Meningitis what can happen?

Answer 8

Encephalitis–> which can result in behavioral changes, coma, and death

Question 9

What are the 5 species that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis cases and what age they are related to?

Answer 9

1. Steptococcus agalactiae (infants < 3 months)
2. Haemophilus influenzae b (children < 5 yrs)
3. Neisseria meningitidis (MC <20)
4. Listeria monocytogenes (pregnant women, elderly, babies)
5. Streptococcus pneumoniae (MC one in adults)

Question 10

What bacterial organism is most likely to cause meningitis in premature babies and infants under 3 months? How does the infant get it?

Answer 10

Streptococcus agalactiae

at birth via passage through birth canal or from health care provider

(it is part of normal vaginal flora)

Question 11

What bacterial organism is most likely to cause meningitis in children under 5 and most often they are under 18 months? How is it transmitted?

Answer 11

Haemophilus influenzae b

transmitted via respiratory droplets

Question 12

What is the most common bacterial meningitis in adults?

Answer 12

“The Pneumococcus”

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 13

How is Streptococcus pneumoniae, also know as “the Pneumococcus”, transmitted?

Answer 13

via respiratory droplets or opportunistic

it is present in the throat of 75% of humans

Question 14

What type of bacterial meningitis creates the biggest risk for pregnant women? What other groups are at risk too?

Answer 14

Listeria monocytogenes

babies and elderly

Question 15

How is Listeria monocytogenes. which causes bacterial meningitis, transmitted?

Answer 15

contaminated food and drink

pregnant women at biggest risk, also babies and elderly

Question 16

What organism is known to cause “The Meningococcus”? What else it is referred to as?

Answer 16

Neisseria meningitidis

meningococcal meningitis

Question 17

What organism causes the typical symptoms of bacterial meningitis and a characteristic purple spotted rash?

Answer 17

Neissseria meningitidis

Question 18

Who is more prevalent, and by what degree, to contract Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 18

college students in dorms are 23x more prevalent

Question 19

What is the most common cause of meningitis in individuals under 20?

Answer 19

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 20

How is Neisseria meningitidis spread?

Answer 20

via respiratory droplets

transmitted among people living in close contact

Question 21

How is bacterial meningitis diagnosed? How it is treated?

Answer 21

symptoms and culturing of bacteria from CSF–> do a spinal tap

Tx–> with IV antibiotics, they will be hospitalized

Question 22

Which is severe and which is more common b/w bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis?

Answer 22

Bacterial = more severe

viral = more common

Question 23

What is another name form Leprosy?

Answer 23

Hansen’s Disease

Question 24

What organisms is responsible for causing Leprory (aka Hansen’s Disease)? What type of pathogen is this?

Answer 24

Mycobacterium leprae

Bacteria (acid-fast)

Question 25

T/F. Death from Leprosy is common.

Answer 25

False-- it is RARE --is disfiguring, but not fatal

Question 26

What are the symptoms of Leprosy?

Answer 26

(aka Hansen's Disease) - skin sores - nerve damage - muscle weakness (due to nerve damage) - erosion of digits

Question 27

What are the two "kinds" of Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)?

Answer 27

1. Tuberculoid leprosy (strong immune system) | 2. Lepromatous leprosy (weak immune system)

Question 28

If one has a strong immune system and they contract Leprosy, which kind would it be? How does it manifest?

Answer 28

Tuberculoid leprosy - nonprogessive - regions of lost sensation of skin as result of nerve damage

Question 29

If one has a weaker immune system and contract leprosy, what kind do they have? How does it manifest?

Answer 29

Lepromatous leprosy (more severe) - progressive, gradual loss of facial features, digits, other body parts - very slow and may take years to develop signs/symptoms

Question 30

Based on the signs and symptoms of Leprosy (Hansen's Disease), what type of region does the organism Mycobacterium leprae prefer?

Answer 30

prefers cooler regions of body--> peripheral nerve endings and skin cells of fingers, toes, lips, and earlobes

Question 31

How is Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) transmitted?

Answer 31

person to person--direct contact or breaks in the skin can also acquire from handling or consuming armadillos

Question 32

How is Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) treated?

Answer 32

with multiple antibodies due to it being a Mycobacterium and have a resistant waxy mycolic acid cell wall

Question 33

What is disease is caused by an extremely potent toxin that binds to cholinergic nerve terminals and decreases the release of ACh? What does this cause?

Answer 33

Botulism causes flaccid paralysis

Question 34

What is the organism that causes Botulism? What are its virulent factors?

Answer 34

Clostiridium botulinum (Bacteria- Gram +) - produces 7 neurotoxins - endospores

Question 35

What are the three forms of Botulism?

Answer 35

1. Foodborne botulism 2. Infant botulism 3. Wound botulism

Question 36

How would one get foodborne botulism?

Answer 36

from consumption of toxin in home-canned foods or preserved fish--> will appear w/in 1-2 days

Question 37

What are the signs/ symptoms of foodborne botulism?

Answer 37

Initially--> weak and dizzy, diplopia, Followed by--> progressive paralysis Death can occur --> from asphyxiation--cannot inhale

Question 38

How can death occur from botulism?

Answer 38

death from asphyxiation--> cannot inhale (due to diaphragm becoming paralyzed

Question 39

What is the MC form of Botulism in the U.S.?

Answer 39

Infant Botulism aka "Floppy Baby Syndrome"

Question 40

How does Infant Botulism occur? How can we try and prevent it?

Answer 40

ingestion of endospores that colonize infant's GI tract DO NOT give infants less than 1 honey or corn syrup

Question 41

How does Wound botulism occur? What are they signs/symptoms?

Answer 41

contamination of a wound by endospores; usually begins 4 days after same as foodborne botulism, except NO GI system involvement

Question 42

What is the treatment for Botulism?

Answer 42

- repeated washing if intestinal tract to remove Clostridium - administer antitoxin - antimicrobial drugs for infant botulism

Question 43

What disease is caused by a toxin blocking the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, resulting in unregulated excitation of the motor neurons?

Answer 43

Tetanus

Question 44

What organism causes Tetanus? What neurotoxin does it produce?

Answer 44

Clostridium tetani--> produces tetanospasmin Bacteria (Gram +)

Question 45

How is Botulism transferred? (3 ways)

Answer 45

1. contaminated food--home-canned foods 2. infants eating honey 3. endospores enter wound

Question 46

What is an "aka" for Tetanus?

Answer 46

lockjaw

Question 47

What are the earliest to later signs of Tetanus?

Answer 47

- lockjaw - risus sardonicus (smiling spasm) - severe, unrelenting spasms (spastic paralysis) - constant back spasms - DEATH-- from asphyxiation--> cannot exhale

Question 48

What disease is characterized by spastic paralysis, lockjaw, risus sardonicus, sweating, drooling, grouchiness, constant back spasms, and possible death from asphyxiation and cannot exhale?

Answer 48

Tetanus

Question 49

How does one acquire tetanus?

Answer 49

through break in skin or mucous membrane

Question 50

T/F. Tetanus is caused by rust.

Answer 50

FALSE-- it is ass. with rust b/w the organism thrives in an oxidative env. and the sign of rust means there is an oxidative env.

Question 51

What is the mortality rate of patients with Tetanus that go untreated?

Answer 51

~ 50%

Question 52

What is the Neonatal tetanus mortality rate? How does a neonate get tetanus?

Answer 52

greater than 90% MC from infected umbilical stump

Question 53

What is the treatment for tetanus?

Answer 53

- clean wound to remove endospores - antitoxin (passive imunotherapy) - tetanus toxoid (active immunization--vaccine)

Question 54

How can one prevent Tetanus?

Answer 54

by tetanus vaccine--> should get a booster vaccine every 10 years

Question 55

What is the highest mortality rate for people that get tetanus?

Answer 55

unvaccinated people and people over 60 years of age