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Microbiology- Drover > Exam 2: Disease of NS--Bacterial > Flashcards

Exam 2: Disease of NS--Bacterial Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of environment is the CNS?

A

axenic

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2
Q

What are 4 ways a pathogen may access the CNS?

A
  • Breaks in bones and meninges
  • Medical procedures
  • Travel from PNS to CNS
  • Infect and kill cells of meninges, causing meningitis
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3
Q

What are the four bacterial diseases of the nervous system we are covering?

A
  1. Meningitis
  2. Leprosy
  3. Botulism
  4. Tetanus
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4
Q

What are the two ways bacteria cause nervous system disease?

A
  1. INFECT cells of NS

2. Bacteria growing elsewhere RELEASE toxins that affect neurons

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5
Q

What serious condition is characterized by a sudden high fever, severe stiff neck (nuchal ridigity), severe HAs, and severe meningeal inflammation?

A

Bacterial Meningitis

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6
Q

What signs and symptoms may someone with Bacterial Meningitis have?

A
  • high fever, nuchal rigidity, severe HA
  • severe meningeal inflammation
  • vomiting
  • photophobia and phonophobia
  • disorientation
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7
Q

T/F. Bacterial Meningitis has a slow onset.

A

False–it CAN DEVELOP RAPIDLY–death could occur within 24 hours

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8
Q

Within 24 hours of someone with Bacterial Meningitis what can happen?

A

Encephalitis–> which can result in behavioral changes, coma, and death

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9
Q

What are the 5 species that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis cases and what age they are related to?

A
  1. Steptococcus agalactiae (infants < 3 months)
  2. Haemophilus influenzae b (children < 5 yrs)
  3. Neisseria meningitidis (MC <20)
  4. Listeria monocytogenes (pregnant women, elderly, babies)
  5. Streptococcus pneumoniae (MC one in adults)
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10
Q

What bacterial organism is most likely to cause meningitis in premature babies and infants under 3 months? How does the infant get it?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

at birth via passage through birth canal or from health care provider

(it is part of normal vaginal flora)

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11
Q

What bacterial organism is most likely to cause meningitis in children under 5 and most often they are under 18 months? How is it transmitted?

A

Haemophilus influenzae b

transmitted via respiratory droplets

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12
Q

What is the most common bacterial meningitis in adults?

A

“The Pneumococcus”

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

How is Streptococcus pneumoniae, also know as “the Pneumococcus”, transmitted?

A

via respiratory droplets or opportunistic

it is present in the throat of 75% of humans

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14
Q

What type of bacterial meningitis creates the biggest risk for pregnant women? What other groups are at risk too?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

babies and elderly

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15
Q

How is Listeria monocytogenes. which causes bacterial meningitis, transmitted?

A

contaminated food and drink

pregnant women at biggest risk, also babies and elderly

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16
Q

What organism is known to cause “The Meningococcus”? What else it is referred to as?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

meningococcal meningitis

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17
Q

What organism causes the typical symptoms of bacterial meningitis and a characteristic purple spotted rash?

A

Neissseria meningitidis

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18
Q

Who is more prevalent, and by what degree, to contract Neisseria meningitidis?

A

college students in dorms are 23x more prevalent

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19
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis in individuals under 20?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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20
Q

How is Neisseria meningitidis spread?

A

via respiratory droplets

transmitted among people living in close contact

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21
Q

How is bacterial meningitis diagnosed? How it is treated?

A

symptoms and culturing of bacteria from CSF–> do a spinal tap

Tx–> with IV antibiotics, they will be hospitalized

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22
Q

Which is severe and which is more common b/w bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis?

A

Bacterial = more severe

viral = more common

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23
Q

What is another name form Leprosy?

A

Hansen’s Disease

24
Q

What organisms is responsible for causing Leprory (aka Hansen’s Disease)? What type of pathogen is this?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

Bacteria (acid-fast)

25
Q

T/F. Death from Leprosy is common.

A

False– it is RARE

–is disfiguring, but not fatal

26
Q

What are the symptoms of Leprosy?

A

(aka Hansen’s Disease)

  • skin sores
  • nerve damage
  • muscle weakness (due to nerve damage)
  • erosion of digits
27
Q

What are the two “kinds” of Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)?

A
  1. Tuberculoid leprosy (strong immune system)

2. Lepromatous leprosy (weak immune system)

28
Q

If one has a strong immune system and they contract Leprosy, which kind would it be? How does it manifest?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy

  • nonprogessive
  • regions of lost sensation of skin as result of nerve damage
29
Q

If one has a weaker immune system and contract leprosy, what kind do they have? How does it manifest?

A

Lepromatous leprosy (more severe)

  • progressive, gradual loss of facial features, digits, other body parts
  • very slow and may take years to develop signs/symptoms
30
Q

Based on the signs and symptoms of Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease), what type of region does the organism Mycobacterium leprae prefer?

A

prefers cooler regions of body–> peripheral nerve endings and skin cells of fingers, toes, lips, and earlobes

31
Q

How is Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) transmitted?

A

person to person–direct contact or breaks in the skin

can also acquire from handling or consuming armadillos

32
Q

How is Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) treated?

A

with multiple antibodies due to it being a Mycobacterium and have a resistant waxy mycolic acid cell wall

33
Q

What is disease is caused by an extremely potent toxin that binds to cholinergic nerve terminals and decreases the release of ACh? What does this cause?

A

Botulism

causes flaccid paralysis

34
Q

What is the organism that causes Botulism? What are its virulent factors?

A

Clostiridium botulinum
(Bacteria- Gram +)
- produces 7 neurotoxins
- endospores

35
Q

What are the three forms of Botulism?

A
  1. Foodborne botulism
  2. Infant botulism
  3. Wound botulism
36
Q

How would one get foodborne botulism?

A

from consumption of toxin in home-canned foods or preserved fish–> will appear w/in 1-2 days

37
Q

What are the signs/ symptoms of foodborne botulism?

A

Initially–> weak and dizzy, diplopia,

Followed by–> progressive paralysis

Death can occur –> from asphyxiation–cannot inhale

38
Q

How can death occur from botulism?

A

death from asphyxiation–> cannot inhale (due to diaphragm becoming paralyzed

39
Q

What is the MC form of Botulism in the U.S.?

A

Infant Botulism

aka “Floppy Baby Syndrome”

40
Q

How does Infant Botulism occur? How can we try and prevent it?

A

ingestion of endospores that colonize infant’s GI tract

DO NOT give infants less than 1 honey or corn syrup

41
Q

How does Wound botulism occur? What are they signs/symptoms?

A

contamination of a wound by endospores; usually begins 4 days after

same as foodborne botulism, except NO GI system involvement

42
Q

What is the treatment for Botulism?

A
  • repeated washing if intestinal tract to remove Clostridium
  • administer antitoxin
  • antimicrobial drugs for infant botulism
43
Q

What disease is caused by a toxin blocking the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, resulting in unregulated excitation of the motor neurons?

A

Tetanus

44
Q

What organism causes Tetanus? What neurotoxin does it produce?

A

Clostridium tetani–> produces tetanospasmin

Bacteria (Gram +)

45
Q

How is Botulism transferred? (3 ways)

A
  1. contaminated food–home-canned foods
  2. infants eating honey
  3. endospores enter wound
46
Q

What is an “aka” for Tetanus?

A

lockjaw

47
Q

What are the earliest to later signs of Tetanus?

A
  • lockjaw
  • risus sardonicus (smiling spasm)
  • severe, unrelenting spasms (spastic paralysis)
  • constant back spasms
  • DEATH– from asphyxiation–> cannot exhale
48
Q

What disease is characterized by spastic paralysis, lockjaw, risus sardonicus, sweating, drooling, grouchiness, constant back spasms, and possible death from asphyxiation and cannot exhale?

A

Tetanus

49
Q

How does one acquire tetanus?

A

through break in skin or mucous membrane

50
Q

T/F. Tetanus is caused by rust.

A

FALSE– it is ass. with rust b/w the organism thrives in an oxidative env. and the sign of rust means there is an oxidative env.

51
Q

What is the mortality rate of patients with Tetanus that go untreated?

A

~ 50%

52
Q

What is the Neonatal tetanus mortality rate? How does a neonate get tetanus?

A

greater than 90%

MC from infected umbilical stump

53
Q

What is the treatment for tetanus?

A
  • clean wound to remove endospores
  • antitoxin (passive imunotherapy)
  • tetanus toxoid (active immunization–vaccine)
54
Q

How can one prevent Tetanus?

A

by tetanus vaccine–> should get a booster vaccine every 10 years

55
Q

What is the highest mortality rate for people that get tetanus?

A

unvaccinated people and people over 60 years of age

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