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Microbiology- Drover > Exam 3: Diseases of Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 3: Diseases of Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

In general, are upper or lower respiratory infections more severe?

A

lower respiratory infections tend to be more severe

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2
Q

What bacterial disease is characterized by sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, malaise, HA, inflam pharynx and has pus pockets (purulent abscesses) covering tonsils?

A

Strep Throat

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3
Q

What organism causes Strep Throat?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

Gram + bacteria

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4
Q

How is Strep Throat spread? What age is MC to get it?

A

respiratory droplets; ages 5-15

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5
Q

What is the number one cause of pharyngitis?

A

Strep throat

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6
Q

What three disease may Strep Throat progress to?

A
  1. Scarlet Fever
  2. Rheumatic Fever/Heart disease
  3. glomerulonephritis
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7
Q

What is given to treat Step Throat? Why?

A

anitbiotics–> to prevent developing into Rheumatic Fever/Heart Disease

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8
Q

What is another name for Scarlet Fever?

A

Scarletina

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9
Q

What can develop 1-2 days after pharyngitis often following a strep throat inf. (is involves lysogenized strain of Strep. pyogenes) and have a diffuse rash with a strawberry red tongue?

A

Scarlet Fever (aka Scarletina)

transmission = respiratory droplets

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10
Q

What organism causes Scarlet Fever (scarletina)? What toxins does it release?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

releases Erythrogenic (pyrogenic) toxins

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11
Q

What is characterized by a sore throat, localized pain, fever, pseudomembrane adheres to posterior throat structures?

A

Diptheria

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12
Q

What can occur in severe cases of Diptheria?

A

pseudomembrane occludes airway–> resulting in death by suffocation

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13
Q

What organism causes Diptheria? What can it produce? What does it characteristically form?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae –> virulence factor = diphtheria toxin

divides by snapping fission–> forms characteristic palisade arrangement

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14
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Diphtheria?

A

person to person via respiratory droplets OR skin contact

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15
Q

What is the diagnostic factor for Diphtheria? What was FORMLY used for Dx?

A

pseudomembrane

formerly used–> Schick Test

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16
Q

How is Diphtheria Tx? Can it be prevented?

A

antitoxin and antibiotics

in severe cases if blocks airway. surgery may be necessary

Prevention–> Immunization (DTap, TDaP)

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17
Q

What is characterized by pain and pressure of the affected sinus and a HA that worsens with bending forward?

A

sinusitis

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18
Q

What are the five MC organisms to cause Sinusitis and Otitis Media? Which one is MC to cause sinusitis, what about Otitiis Media?

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae (35% of OM)
  2. Haemophilus influenza b
  3. Staphylococcus aureus
  4. Moraxella catarrhalis (most sinusitis)
  5. Streptococcus pyogenes
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19
Q

What organism is MC cause of Otitis Media? What individuals is Otitis Media MC in?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

children

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20
Q

What organism MC causes Sinusitis? What individuals is sinusitis MC in?

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

adults

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21
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Sinusitis?

A

bacteria in pharynx spread to sinuses via the throat

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22
Q

What causes pain in the ears and is spread by bacteria colonizing in the ear after a cold or other respiratory infection? Tx?

A

Otitis Media

Tx: avoid diary and get adjusted!!!

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23
Q

Is the common cold a bacterial or viral infection? What organisms can cause it from MC to least?

A

viral: Cause by MC to least:
1. Rhinovirus
2. Coronavirus
3. Adenovirus

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24
Q

T/F. The common cold is a viral infeciton with sneezing, runny nose, congestion, sore throat, malaise, cough, and myalgia.

A

FALSE—(all is true) except there is NO myalgia–(myalgia is present with influenza though)

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25
Q

What is the MC cause of colds? What is the 2nd MC cause of colds?

A
  1. Rhinovirus
  2. Coronaviruses
    (3rd is Adenovirus)
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26
Q

What is the best prevention of the common cold?

A

Handwashing

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27
Q

How is the common cold spread?

A

coughing/sneezing, fomites, or person-to-person contact

highly infective

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28
Q

What are the 6 Upper Respiratory disease we talked about?

A
  1. Step Throat
  2. Scarlet Fever (scarletina)
  3. Diphtheria
  4. Sinusitis
  5. Otitis Media
  6. Common cold (viral)
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29
Q

In general, what has lung inflammation with fluid-filled alveoli and bronchioles?

A

Bacterial Pneumonias (4 we talked about)

  1. Pneumococcal Pneumonia (typically pneumonia)
  2. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (atypical pneumonia)
  3. Klebsillea Pneumonia
  4. “other” bacterial pneumonias
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30
Q

What disease is the most serious and the most frequent in adults?

A

Bacterial Pneumonias

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31
Q

What is another name for Pneumococcal Pneumonia? What organism causes it?

A

“Typical Pneumonia” or “The Pneumococcus”

caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

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32
Q

What is characterized by short, rapid breathing, high fever, cough, and rust-colored sputum, and consolidation an x-ray?

A

Pneumococcal Pneumonia (typically pneumonia)

consolidation on x-ray = Dx

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33
Q

How is Pneumococcal Pneumonia (typically pneumonia) spread?

A

inhalation of bacteria

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34
Q

What is another name for Mycoplasmal Pneumonia? What organism causes it?

A

“atypical pneumonia” or “walking pneumonia”

caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (recall no cell wall)

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35
Q

How is Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (atypical/walking pneumonia) spread?

A

spread by nasal secretions

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36
Q

What type of pneumonia has fever, malaise, sore throat, excessive sweating, consolidation, but could be asymptomatic?

A

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (atypical/walking pneumonia)

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37
Q

What type of pneumonia is opportunistic and immuno-compromised individuals are most at risk?

A

Klebsiella Pneumonia

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38
Q

What has pneumonia symptoms, combined with a thick, blood sputum called “currant jelly sputum”?

A

Klebsiella Pneumonia

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39
Q

What organism causes Klebsiella Pneumonia and what is its mode of transmission?

A

Klebsiella pneumonia (bacteria)

spread by normal digestive respiratory microbiota that is an opportunistic infection

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40
Q

What are four other miscellaneous Bacterial Pneumonias (besides the 3 main ones we talked about)?

A
  1. Haemophilus influenzae b
  2. Staphylococcus aureus
    - –both similar to Pneumococcal pneumonia
  3. Yersinia pestis–> causes pneumonic plague
  4. Chlamydophila pneumoniae–> causes pneumonia and bronchitis
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41
Q

What is another name for Ornithosis? What organism causes it?

A

psittacosis

caused by Chlamydophila psittaci (Gram - bacteria)

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42
Q

What are the symptoms of Ornithosis (psittacosis) and how is it transmitted?

A

flu-like symptoms w/in 10 days of exposure

  • inhalation of aerosolized feces/respiratory secretions; - ingested from fingers/fomites that have contacted inf. birds
  • direct beak-to-mouth contact
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43
Q

What causes a fever, chills, nonproductive cough, HA, and pneumonia, and is transmitted from inhalation o bacteria in aerosols from water sources?

A

Legionnaires’ Disease

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44
Q

What organism causes Legionnaires’ Disease? How is it transmitted? How is most at risk?

A

Legionella pneumophila

via inhale bacteria in aerosols from water sources

children, elderly, immuno-compromised

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45
Q

What else can Legionella pneumophila cause besides Legionnaires’ Disease?

A

Pontiac Fever–> non fatal

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46
Q

What are the three types of Tuberculosis (TB) if it is symptomatic? What organism causes them?

A
  1. Primary TB
  2. Secondary TB
  3. Disseminated TB

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (waxy-myocolic acid cell wall–> VERY anitbiotic resistant)

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47
Q

What individuals is Primary TB most common in?

A

children

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48
Q

What TB results from the initial infection with M. tuberculosis and forms fibrotic nodules called granulomas or tubercles seen on x-rays?

A

Primary TB

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49
Q

What is it called when the center of the granuloma/tubercle in Primary TB decays/necroses? What if the center fills with air instead?

A

decays–> caseous necrosis

fills w/ air–> tuberculous cavity

50
Q

What is a Ghon’s complex characteristic of? What is it?

A

Primary TB

tubercle plus lymph node calcification–> can see on x-ray

51
Q

What is the leading killer of HIV positive individuals?

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

52
Q

What is Tuberculosis called when it is in the spine?

A

Pott’s Disease

53
Q

What is it called when there is reestablishment of active infection of TB after period of dormancy? Who is the most likely to occur in?

A

Secondary TB

common in suppressed immune system individuals

54
Q

What is it called when the TB infection spreads throughout the body via the blood and lymph? What is characteristic of this type of TB?

A

Disseminated TB

“consumption”– wasting of body from multiple sites

55
Q

Is Tuberculosis a reemerging disease? Why do we think this is occurring?

A

yes; due to drug-resistant strains developing–> MDR and XDR

56
Q

How is tuberculosis spread? What organism causes it? Where in the world is it esp. a pandemic?

A

respiratory droplets

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid-fast)

Africa

57
Q

How is Tuberculosis Dx?

A

Tuberculin skin test

tubercles on chest x-rays

58
Q

What is another name for Pertussis? What organism causes this?

A

Whooping Cough

Bordetella pertussis (Gram - bacteria)

59
Q

What are the four phases of Pertussis (whooping cough)?

A
  1. incubation (no symptoms)
  2. catarrhal (rhinorrhea, sneezing, malaise, fever)
  3. paroxysmal (repetitive cough, whooping noise)
  4. convalescent (decrease in cough)
60
Q

What phase of Pertussis (whooping cough) is the repetitive cough with the whoops present?

A

phase 3: paroxysmal

61
Q

What age are most cases of Pertussis in? Is it a reemerging disease? How is it Dx?

A

children

yes

whooping sound

62
Q

How is Pertussis spread?

A

(whooping cough)
via airborne droplets–> highly contagious

(not a fatal illness)

63
Q

What is characterized by stridor, chills, shaking, cyanosis, drooling, difficulty breathing or swallowing, hoarseness and may see in the tripod position?

A

Epiglottitis

64
Q

Is Epiglottitis a medical emergency?

A

YES! call 911

tripod position is indicator–> child sits upright and lean slightly forward to breathe

65
Q

What organism causes Epiglotitis? How is it transmitted?

A

Haemophilus influenzae b

person to person; direct contact; or droplet inhalation

(reservoir = livestock)

66
Q

What is a Cat A bioterrorist threat that causes cold or flu symptoms, then a high fever, difficulty breathing, severe coughing, lethargy, shock, and death? Whats the mortality rate?

A

Inhalational Anthrax

100% fatal; but w/ early Tx reduce to 50% fatality

67
Q

What organism causes Inhalational Anthrax? What is the mode of transmission?

A

Bacillus anthracis (gram + bacteria)

inhalation of endospores (NOT spread person to person)

68
Q

T/F. Inhalational Anthrax is rare in humans, but has an increased risk due to bioterrorism.

A

true

69
Q

What are the 7 bacterial lower respiratory infections we talked about?

A
  1. Pneumonia (Pneumococcal, Mycoplasmal, Klebsiella, other)
  2. Ornithosis
  3. Legionnaires’ Disease
  4. TB (Primary, Secondary, Disseminated)
  5. Pertussis
  6. Epiglottis
  7. Inhalational Anthrax
70
Q

What are the 6 viral lower respiratory infections we talked about?

A
  1. Influenza
    2, Bronchitis
  2. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
  3. RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inf.)
  4. HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)
  5. Croup
71
Q

How are new strains of Influenza created?

A

mutations in Ha or Na proteins

can occur via

  1. Antigenic Drift
  2. Antigenic Shift
72
Q

What is the difference between Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shift?

A

Drift–> small changes to Ha or Na pieces

Shift–> brand new Ha and Na pieces

73
Q

What lower respiratory infection causes a sudden fever, pharyngitis, congestion, cough, HA, and myalgia?

A

Influenza
(will be NO vomiting or diarrhea)

(recall: myalgia is NOT present in common cold!!)

74
Q

What organism causes Influenza?

A

Influenze virus (Orthomyxovirus)- Type A and B

75
Q

How is Influenza spread? What are flu patients susceptible to?

A

inhalation of virus or self-inoculation

susceptible to secondary bacterial infs.

76
Q

Who is the most at risk group for complications from Influenza?

A

elderly, children, and inds with chronic diseases

77
Q

Is there a Tx for Influenza?

A

yes, but the anti-virals must be administered w/in first 48 hrs of infection (which people usually don’t go see doc when have these symptoms)

78
Q

Is there a prevention available for Influenza?

A

Trivalent Flu Vaccine–> but only protective against the strains included in the vaccine (and there are over 200 strains)

79
Q

What are the 5 famous strains of Influenza we should know about?

A
  1. 1918 Spanish Flu* (H1N1)
  2. 1957 Asian Flu (H2N2)
  3. 1968 Hong Kong Flu (H3N2)
  4. 2003 Bird Flu (H5N1)
  5. 2009 “Swine” Flu* (H1N1)
80
Q

What famous cases of Influenza is considered an emerging disease? why?

A

2009 Swine flu–> b/c has same strain- H1N1– as the 1918 Spanish Flu

81
Q

What flu was in 1918 and lasted 2 years and killed over 50 million people?

A

Spanish Flu (H1N1)

82
Q

What flu was in 1957 and lasted 1 year and killed about 2 million people?

A

Asian Flu (H2N2)

83
Q

What flu was in 1968 and killed about 1 million people, but was milder?

A

Hong Kong Flu (H3N2)

84
Q

What flu was in 2003 and was found in 400 people, but killed 200 of them?

A

Bird Flu (H5N1)

85
Q

What flu was in 2009 and is believed to be a descendant of 1918 flue pandemic virus?

A

Swine Flu (H1N1)

killed more than 18,000 ppl

86
Q

What lower respiratory disease is characterized by a cough, sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, low-grade fever, malaise, wheezing, and has multiple organisms that can cause it?

A

Bronchitis

87
Q

What percentage of Bronchitis is viral? What is bacterial?

A

90% viral

10% bacterial

88
Q

What are the viral organisms that cause 90% cases of bronchitis?

A

Rhinovirus
Adenovirus
Influenza Virus

89
Q

What are the bacterial organism that cause 10% cases of Bronchitis?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydophila pneumonia
Bordetella pertussis

90
Q

How is Bronchitis spread?

A

person-to-person via direct and indirect contact

91
Q

What lower respiratory disease requires BSL-3 and causes a high fever, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, cough and pneumonia

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

92
Q

What organism causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)? How is it transmitted?

A

Coronavirus (SARS virus)

transmitted via large droplets form upper respiratory tract

93
Q

What disease is a medical emergency that can be fatal, causing bluish skin, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, and rapid breathing?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)

94
Q

What is the MC lower respiratory childhood disease?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)

95
Q

What organism causes Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)? How is it transmitted?

A

RSV - Respiratory Syncytial Virus

transmission occurs via fomites, hands, respiratory droplets

96
Q

What severe fatal infection can Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV) cause?

A

Bronchiolitis

97
Q

What lower respiratory disease causes a cough, shock, and labored breathing that is OFTEN FATAL, and is considered an emerging disease and requires BSL-4?

A

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

98
Q

What organism causes Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)? How is it transmitted?

A

Hantavirus

inhalation of virions in dried mouse urine or feces

no Tx

99
Q

What causes a characteristic “Seal-bark” cough along with inflammation of larynx, trachea, and bronchi?

A

Croup

100
Q

What organism causes Croup? How is it transmitted? How is particularly susceptible?

A

Parainfluenze virus (75% cases)

transmitted via respiratory droplets and person-to-person contact

children

101
Q

What are the 6 Fungal lower respiratory disease we talked about?

A
  1. Coccidiodomycosis (San Joaquin Valley Fever)
  2. Pulmonary Blastomycosis
  3. Paracoccidioidomycosis
  4. Histoplasmosis (Ohio River Valley disease)
  5. Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
  6. Asperigillosis
102
Q

What fungal disease resembles pneumonia and TB and forms spherules in the lungs that are seen on x-rays and w/o Tx if it spreads to the CNS it can be fatal?

A

Coccidiodomycosis (aka San Joaquin Valley Fever)

Dx: based on spherules

103
Q

What organism causes Coccidiodomycosis (San Joaquin Valley Fever)? Who is most at risk?

A

Coccidioides immitis (fungus)

immunocompromised

104
Q

How is Coccidiodomycosis (San Joaquin Valley Fever) transmitted?

A

enters body through inhalation –> dust that coats materials (from Native American pots and blankets) can serve as a vehicle of infection

105
Q

What fungal disease is mostly asymptomatic; but may have muscle aches, cough, fever, chills, malaise, weight loss (flu-like*) and is an emerging disease?

A

Pulmonary Blastomycosis

resolves in most people

106
Q

What organism causes Pulmonary Blastomycosis? How is it transmitted? Where is it an endemic?

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis (fungus)

inhalation of dust carrying fungal spores

in Southeastern US north to Canada

107
Q

What disease is similar to blastomycosis and coccidiodomycosis, but have chronic inflammation of mucous membranes causing mouth ulcers?

A

Paracoccidioidomycosis

108
Q

What organism causes Paracoccidioidomycosis? How is it transmitted? What is it MC found?

A

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (fungus)

enters body through inhalation

in farm workers in endemic areas

109
Q

What disease is 95% of the time asymptomatic, but often find granulomas on chest x-ray?

A

Histoplasmosis (aka Ohio River Valley Disease)

110
Q

We know Histoplasmosis (aka Ohio River Valley Disease) is 95% of the time asymptomatic, but what can occur in the other 5%?

A

develop clinical histoplasmosis–> coughing w/ bloody sputum or skin lesions

mainly in immunocompromised could occur)

111
Q

What organism causes Histoplasmosis (aka Ohio River Valley Disease)? How is it transmitted?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

humans inhale airborne spores from the soil

112
Q

What is the MC fungal pathogen INFECTING humans?

A

Histoplasmosis (aka Ohio River Valley Disease)

recall: MC fungal pathology = candidiasis

113
Q

Where is Histoplasmosis mostly in the US?

A

eastern/midwestern US–> esp states along Ohio River Valley and lower Mississippi River)

114
Q

Where is the fungi found that causes Histoplasmosis (aka Ohio River Valley Disease)? What is the reservoir?

A

moist soils containing high nitrogen levels, such as from droppings of bats and birds

reservoir = soil (NOT birds)

115
Q

What disease causes widespread inflammation, fever, difficulty breathing, nonproductive cough, anemia, hypoxia, and fever and is a fungal inf. but resembles protozoa more than fungi?

A

Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)

116
Q

What organism causes Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii (aka Pneumocystis carinii)– a fungus, but more resembles a protozoa

117
Q

What inds is Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) common in? How is it spread?

A

common opportunistic fungal inf in AIDS patients–> inhalation of droplets

presence of disease is almost Dx for AIDS

118
Q

What disease most commonly only causes allergies and is associated with cereal and grains and nuts?

A

Aspergillosis

119
Q

What organism causes Aspergillosis? What can it release?

A

Aspergillus sp. (fungus)–> releases toxin called Aflatoxin

120
Q

How is Aspergillosis transmitted? Is it an emerging disease?

A

inhalation of the fungal spores

yes

Microbiology- Drover (17 decks)

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